Krivično zakonodavstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini poznaje dva različita pristupa kada je u pitanju krivično gonjenje za djelo seksualnog uznemiravanja. S jedne strane, krivično gonjenje se preduzima po službenoj dužnosti u skladu s odredbama Zakona o ravnopravnosti polova u Bosni i Hercegovini, dok Krivični zakonik Republike Srpske nalaže da se krivično gonjenje preduzima po prijedlogu oštećenog. Nedostatak ovog rješenja u Republici Srpskoj je što povećava mogućnost da počinilac utiče na žrtvu kako bi spriječio eventualno podnošenje prijedloga za krivično gonjenje, zbog odnosa podređenosti ili zavisnosti između aktivnog i pasivnog subjekta. Zaštićene grupe, između ostalih, mogu biti djeca ili osobe sa posebnim potrebama koje imaju zakonske zastupnike ovlaštene za podnošenje prijedloga za krivično gonjenje, čime je ova odluka prepuštena ovim zastupnicima koji postaju procjenitelji da li određeno ponašanje predstavlja krivično djelo. Posebno je problematično kada su upravo zakonski zastupnici zaštićenih kategorija ti koji vrše seksualno uznemiravanje djece o kojoj se brinu.

Razumijevanje odnosa svjesnih i nesvjesnih procesa koji se odvijaju unutar čovjekovog uma pomoću kojih se izraţavaju određena pozitivna ili negativna ponašanja, implicitna ili eksplicitna - predstavlja područje istraţivanja mnogih nauka. Buđenjem svijesti posebno u posljednjih petnaest godina akcenat se stavlja na uzroke ponašanja koja diskriminiraju po bilo kojoj osnovi i ukazuju na potrebu razvijanja boljih socijalnih odnosa na temelju ravnopravnosti, tolerancije, čovjekoljublja i isti su intencijom brojnih školskih programa.Škola i druge institucije koncipirane su tako da predstavljaju resurs društvu, pa čak i onda kada isto modeluje neprihvatljive oblike ponašanja budućim generacijama. Odgojno-obrazovni sistem djeluje interventnim i preventivnim programima radi preveniranja ovih oblika ponašanja dok djeca istodobno usvajaju raznovrsne predrasudne i stereotipne modele ponašanja, izgraĎujući stavove o drugima, čak i onda kada “te druge” nikada nisu sreli. Implicira da kompetitivna sredina, nedostatak saradnje, pasivnost i sankcionisanje kritičkog mišljenja predstavlja pogodno tlo za diskriminaciju svih kategorija društva te da načinom rada heterogene skupine nastavnog osoblja, ni škola nije imuna na nedostatak kvalitete. U radu se upravo bavimo procjenom jačine djelovanja kvalitete rada nastavnika i stručnih saradnika i to onih, fokusiranih na prevenciju neprihvatljivih obrazaca ponašanja kroz minimum tj. samo sedam radionica stručnih saradnika i nastavnika. Pred test i post test obuhvataju 246 učenika različitih uzrasta iz osnovnih i srednjih škola i 147 radionica od strane 21 nastavnika/stručnog saradnika. Rezultati govore u prilog potreba za intervencijama u slučajevima pojave nasilja u školama, te o promjenama ponašanja učenika prilikom rješavanja problema u situacijama prije i poslije učestvovanja u radionicama Programa. Više od 50% odgovora nastavnika i saradnika govore u prilog pozitivnih efekata nakon primjene sedam radionica. Rad je empirijskog karaktera zasnovan na imenovanju pojava koje ugroţavaju kvalitet (su)ţivota, a koje djeca internalizuju u budućim ponašanjima, te nudi smjernice za uspostavljanje prakse bazirane na obrazovanju koje poziva na mir u svim aspektima života trenutnih i budućih generacija.

Rehabilitacija predstavlja pravo osuđene osobe da se nakon proteka određenog vremena od izdrţane kazne, te pod uslovima odreĎenim zakonom, smatra osobom koja nije počinila krivično djelo. Znači, svrha rehabilitacije je da obustavi negativno dejstvo pravnih posljedica osude, te da se na taj način bivši osuđenik izjednači u svim pravima sa ostalim građanima. Autorice u radu govore o pojmu, vrstama te historijskom toku razvoja sistema rehabilitacije. Ukazuju na probleme u vezi sa nastupanjem rehabilitacije, kao i na razlike u odnosu na slične krivičnopravne instute, koji mogu stvarati zabunu u poimanju ovog instituta. U najvećem dijelu rada, daju osvrt na aktuelna rješenja u propisima Bosne i Hercegovine, Republike Hrvatske i Republike Srbije, nagalašavajući važne sličnosti i razlike između navedenih rješenja i ukazujući na specifične institute, kaznene evidencije i posebne registre spesifičnih učinilaca pojedinih krivičnih djela.

Cilj rada je utvrditi zastupljenost pojedinih rizičnih ponašanja kod djece osnovnoškolske dobi s obzirom na porodičnu strukturu i uključenost roditelja u preventivne aktivnosti. Uzorak ispitanika u ovom istraţivanju čine 450 učenika osnovne škole, uzrasta 12-13 godina, oba spola. Istraţivanje je realizovano u Općini Doboj Istok i Gračanica. Pojavni oblici rizičnih ponašanja ispitivani su primjenom Ahenbahovog integrisanog sistema procjene, verzijom za samoprocjenu adolescenata (ASEBA Youth Self-Report - YRS, Achenbach, 2007), dok je za podatke o stepenu rizika korišten Modificirani upitnik za procjenu nivoa rizičnosti/potreba (YLS/MCI) autora Andrews i Hoge (1994). Za statističku obradu podataka korištene su metode deskriptivne i inferencijalne statistike. Rezultati pokazuju da postoje jasne razlike u prisutnosti poremećaja u ponašanju učenika s obzirom na različitu porodičnu strukturu i učešće roditelja. Postoje značajne razlike izmeĎu adolescenata koji ţive sa oba roditelja i čiji su roditelji uključeni u preventivne aktivnosti i onih koji su iz nepotpune porodice i čiji se roditelji manje zalaţu. Statistički značajne razlike uočene su na skalama Agresivno ponašanje (t = - 3,55; p 0,00), Ponašanje kojim se krše pravila (t = -3,99; p 0,00) i dimenziji Eksternalizacije (t = -2,45; p 0,00). Nastojali smo ispitati i vezu strukturno poremećene porodice sa internaliziranim problemima i uočeno je da ne postoje statistički značajne razlike. Kroz interpretacije dobivenih rezultata moguće je zaključiti da razmatrana obiljeţja učenika znatno doprinose fenomenologiji rizičnih ponašanja, što upućuje na mogućnost i opravdanost kreiranja različitih intervencija usmjerenih prevenciji rizičnih ponašanja različitih skupina djece i mladih.

On a sample of 147 students (78 male and 69 female), in the first year of the Faculty of Security Studies from Banja Luka, research was conducted with the aim of determining the differences between the achieved grade and the selfassessment of motor skills between male and female students, based on the results obtained by applying adequate tests for assessment and self-assessment of students motor status. Assessment of the motor abilities was performed through a battery of six tests: the maximum number of push-ups performed in 10 seconds (MSKL) - used to assess the dynamic strength of the arms and shoulder girdle, the standing long jump (MSDM) - used to assess the explosive power of the lower extremities, agility with with a club (MOKP) - used to assess the coordination of the whole body, the maximum number of trunk lifts performed in 30 seconds (MPTR) - used to assess the dynamic strength of the trunk, hand tapping (MTAR) - used to assess the frequency of arm movements, forwardroll – back roll - running (MKNT) – used to assess the motor ability of agility. For the self-assessment of motor skills, a constructed questionnaire with six answers was used: excellent (5), above average (4), average (3), below average (2), bad (1) and very bad (0). The respondents showed a good self-assessment of motor skills, where a statistically significant difference between male and female students was recorded only in the variable for self-assessment of dynamic arm and shoulder girdle strength. Male students showed better self-assessment in the variables for assessing dynamic arm and shoulder girdle strength, dynamic trunk strength, body coordination and hand movement frequency, while female students showed better self-assessment in variables for assessing explosive leg strength and agility. The authors recommendation is that the method of self-assessment of motor skills be implemented in the teaching process, when teaching the subject Special Physical Education 1, in order to improve awareness of the role and importance of the anthropological status of students and to encourage them to exercise regularly.

Abstract Hypertensive syndrome in pregnancy complicates up to 15% of pregnancies, and preeclampsia (PE) occurs in about 3–10% of pregnant women. Inadequate prenatal care is associated with higher mortality from PE, possibly due to reduced monitoring, detection, and missed opportunities for early intervention. The imperative of the clinician’s work is to monitor the symptoms and clinical signs of PE, and stratification of patients in relation to the risk of PE is essential. PE represents a multisystem inflammatory response, and the consequences can be expected in all organs. The question of the effect of PE on long-term maternal health is raised. The aim of the paper is to present the effect of PE on the patient’s health through the prism of low-income countries.

The method of power transformer neutral point grounding is very important for power distribution network operation because it strongly affect the shapes and values of overvoltages and fault currents. Many methods of grounding are used in medium voltage (MV) power distribution networks. The selection of grounding method largely depends on the characteristics of power network connected to the substation. It is also necessary to consider the advantages and disadvantages of various neutral grounding methods during selection process to find the best solution from a technical and economical point of view. The effects of grounding methods on the characteristics of single-phase short circuit fault are discussed in this paper on the example of 110/20 kV substation ′′Bugojno′′. Modeling and simulation of the considered substation, power transmission and distribution lines are implemented in EMTP-RV software.

Significance The depth and sharpness of a midmantle seismic discontinuity, associated with the phase transition from mineral olivine to its higher-pressure polymorphs, provide essential clues to understanding the temperature and composition of Martian mantle. Using data from NASA’s InSight mission, we examined five marsquakes located 3,400 to 4,400 km away from the InSight lander and observed triplications of the P and S waves that resulted from the interaction with a seismic discontinuity produced by the postolivine transition. Our observations indicate that the Martian mantle is more iron rich than Earth,and both planets have a similar potential temperature. Our geodynamic modeling further constrains the mantle composition and surface heat flow and indicates that the mantle was cold in the early Noachian.

Poticajni uvjeti porodičnog okruženja, zajednice u kojoj se uči i po(d)učava temeljnim ljudskim vrijednostima, imperativ su svakog odgojno – obrazovnog djelovanja sa ciljem da se djeci obezbijedi mogućnost njihovog optimalnog rasta i razvoja. U tom smislu, roditelji imaju primarnu odgovornost i nezamjenjivu ulogu u životu djeteta. Ipak, brojni su slučajevi da djeca bivaju izložena različitim oblicima netrpeljivosti, straha, boli, kontinuiranim svađama ili nepovoljnim životnim uvjetima usljed niskog socio – ekonomskog statusa porodice. To je dovoljnim razlogom za alternativno zbrinjavanje djece odnosno izuzimanje djeteta iz njegove biološke porodice i smještaja u neki od oblika alternativne brige. Alternativni oblici brige uključuju hraniteljstvo, usvojenje i smještaj u odgovarajuće institucije za brigu o djeci, a odluka o obliku alternativne brige ovisi o više faktora. Međutim, onaj najvažniji odnosi se na princip najboljeg interesa svakog djeteta individualno tokom cjelokupnog postupka odlučivanja. Na osnovu brojnih istraživanja, hraniteljstvo uvažava najbolji interes djeteta te se, shodno tome, preferira i preporučuje u odnosu na institucionalne oblike zbrinjavanja.Cilj rada je predstaviti osnovne karakteristike hraniteljstva kao alternativnog oblika brige, njegovo formalno utemeljenje u zakonskoj regulativi, te iskustva u implementaciji. U tu svrhu korištena je deskritivno – analitička metoda te intervjuiranje ključnih aktera uključenih u proces donošenja odluke i izmještanja u hraniteljsku porodicu kako bi se ispitala njihova iskustva. Rad predstavlja svojevrstan doprinos promišljanju teorije i prakse hraniteljstva kao alternativnog oblika brige u najboljem interesu djeteta.

Molecular-genetic diagnostics of polygenic diseases is a new and interesting area in laboratory diagnostics, especially in the area of cardiovascular diseases, as one of the leading causes of mortality in the world population. Aims: The aim of the paper was to analyse variants of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) (Glu298Asp/G894T) in the human population of Tuzla Canton in relation to cardiovascular diseases. Study Design: The study included 112 respondents of both sexes over 18 years old. The experimental group for the analysis of the polymorphism (Glu298Asp) of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene included 56 respondents of both sexes with cardiovascular disease (hypertension), while the control group comprised 56 healthy respondents of both sexes without a prior history of cardiovascular disease (sample/control). Place and Duration of Study: Blood sampling was performed at Medical Center "Plava Poliklinika", “Plava Medical Group”, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Genetics, Tuzla. DNA isolation and molecular-genetic analysis of the samples were performed in Laboratory for scientific research at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Tuzla. Methodology: The genotyping of eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism for all respondents was determined by an optimized method based on PCR-RFLP reaction. Results: In the total sample of respondents, the highest genotype frequencies of the eNOS gene were recorded for the GG genotype (53.5%) and the GT genotype (35.7%). The lowest frequency was recorded for the TT genotype, which was 10.8%. Conclusion: The results obtained in the study provide good guidelines for further study of a molecular-genetic association between a high number of gene candidates and cardiovascular diseases, which will contribute to the incorporation of these results into the existing regional and European genetic database.

BACKGROUND Pulpitis characterized by spontaneous pain can result in debilitating pain. Dogma has existed to offer only have two treatment options, namely, root canal treatment (RCT) or extraction although, pulpotomy has always remained a potential treatment modality. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to answer the following research question: "Does pulpotomy (partial or full)(I) result in better patient and clinical reported outcomes (O), compared to RCT (C) in permanent teeth with pulpitis characterized by spontaneous pain (P) evaluated at various time intervals? (T). METHODS Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The literature search was conducted in the following electronic databases: Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. English language clinical trials comparing the patient and clinical reported outcomes between RCT and pulpotomy were included. The meta-analysis was performed on a fixed-effect model and the quality of evidence assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Two randomised clinical trials, were included. Among two trials, one has published four reports at different time points involving same cohorts. The meta-analysis revealed no difference in postoperative pain (Day 7) between RCT and pulpotomy (OR= 0.99,95% CI 0.63 - 1.55,I2 =0%) and quality of evidence was graded as "High". Clinical success was high at year 1, 98% for both interventions, however decreased over time to 78.1% (pulpotomy) and 75.3% (RCT) at 5 years. DISCUSSION Pulpotomy is a definitive treatment modality that is as effective as RCT . This could have a significant impact on treatment of such patients affording the advantages of retaining a vital pulp and preventing the need for RCT. CONCLUSION This review could only include two trials, hence there is insufficient evidence to draw robust conclusions. The clinical data accumulated so far suggests no difference in pain between RCT and pulpotomy at day 7 postoperatively and a single randomised control trial suggests that the clinical success rate for both treatment modalities is similar long term. There is a need for more well-designed trials by different research groups to develop a stronger evidence base in this area.

Sodium benzoate (SB) as an additive in various food products prevents the growth of microbes. Although SB is considered safe, many studies have reported adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dandelion extract on cell damage and hematological and biochemical disorders induced by SB in male albino rats. Different doses of SB (200 and 600 mg/kg) and ethanolic dandelion root extract (D) (40 mg/kg) were used in a 2‐week treatment of rats. Rat mortality and a higher frequency of behavioral alterations such as apathy, anxiety, and aggression have been reported at a higher dose of SB. Changes in urine pH, proteinuria, nitrituria, and bilirubinemia caused by SB were regulated by adding dandelion extract. Analysis of specific serum and urine parameters, as well as microscopic analysis of hepatocytes, showed liver and kidney failure. Anemia associated with hemolytic disorder due to erythrocyte impaired the presence of acanthocytes, and decreased values of erythrocyte blood count, hemoglobin concentration, average red blood cell size, hemoglobin amount per red blood cell, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were caused by SB treatment. As a dietary supplement, dandelion extract can be useful in the prevention of SB‐induced liver and kidney injury, and also a remedy against induced anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and reduction of inflammatory responses.

The approach used in the present work involves investigating the corrosion protection properties of mixed inhibitors for copper and aluminium substrates in chloride-containing solutions, which serve as a benchmark for studies of the alloy AA2024, with Cu and Al being the main culprits for localized corrosion. A synergistic mixture of inhibitors could find potential applications in novel blending combinations, such as in cooling water as an inhibitor in closed systems or incorporated in various protective coatings as additives, nano-containers, etc. If possible, the protective inhibitor film should show irreversibility of inhibition which can be defined as the ability to, once formed, retains its protective properties when the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor decreases. This irreversibility of the protective properties is essential for long-term protection. Inhibitory action of organic molecules, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and octylphosphonic acid (OPA) and their binary combinations on aluminium, copper and aluminium alloy 2024-T3 was investigated in chloride environments by conventional electrochemical methods and surface-analytical techniques [1,2]. In addition, the influence of pre-treatment of the metal surface and the choice of solvent for liquid-phase deposition on adsorption of MBI and OPA was studied on individual metals, Al and Cu [3]. Although OPA is not an inhibitor for Cu, it can synergistically boost corrosion inhibition of copper when added to MBI. In contrast, a synergistic effect between MBI and OPA as corrosion inhibitors was not observed for AA2024-T3. The mechanism was proposed where the thickness and structure of the surface layer are dependent on the pH. For the sample exposed to MBI at pH 5.5, where the Cu2O is stable, a thin Cu(I)MBI film is formed. In contrast, when exposed to the mixture of MBI and OPA at a pH of 4, the amount of produced Cu+ ions is boosted, and a much thicker Cu(I)MBI film forms by dissolution-precipitation mechanism. This layer exhibits high inhibitory effectiveness on copper substrate. At even lower pH, the thick compact Cu(I)MBI film does not form due to intensive dissolution of the Cu2O underlayer, resulting in a voluminous product. The postulated mechanism is confirmed by electrochemical data and composition of the layer by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and focused-ion beam scanning electron microscopy with chemical analysis. Immersion of AA2024 in an OPA-containing solution caused significant localized corrosion, while no local electrochemical activity on AA2024 was detected in an MBI-containing solution, indicating that the MBI inhibitor was very effective against pitting corrosion. Figure shows FIB/SEM (cross-section) analysis of local corrosion induced by Al2CuMg phase after 24 h immersion of AA2024 in 3 wt.% NaCl containing 1 mM MBI. The chemical analysis employed at the cross-section (yellow rectangles) of the Al2CuMg revealed that the MBI layer reduces the dissolution rate of dealloying of this phase and the rate of oxygen reduction on the copper remnant sites. This study shows that the behaviour of each combination of inhibitor and metal substrate is unique and cannot be translated to the more complex system such as alloy. Therefore, a profound understanding of the inhibition mechanism of individual metals is a prerequisite for further investigation of the corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloys. Acknowledgements: The financial support of the project by the Slovenian Research Agency is acknowledged (grants No. P1-0134, P2-0393 and BI-US/22-24-140) is acknowledged. Barbara Kapun, BSc, is acknowledged for FIB-SEM-EDS analysis. References: [1] D.K. Kozlica, A. Kokalj, and I. Milošev, Corros. Sci., 182 (2021) 109082 [2] D.K. Kozlica, J. Ekar, J. Kovač, and I. Milošev, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168 (2021) 031504 [3] D.K. Kozlica, and I. Milošev, to be submitted. Figure 1

Dried apples improve your health owing to their mineral contents. The main function of packaging dried apples is to protect the packaged product from external factors that may affect the contents' physicochemical, mechanical, and sensory changes during the storage period. The study investigates the sensory characteristics and content of hydroxymethyl-furfural and polyphenols in dried apples and health-related considerations. To gratify that aim, the mixed apple sample was calibrated (precise sorting according to the size and color of the apples), selected, washed, and cut into slices. The product is sulfurized with SO2, the procedure takes several hours, and it is immediately introduced into the dryer. The mass is dried in a dryer "Iverak" (Valjevo, Serbia) with warm air at a temperature of max 65 ° C for 15-18 hours. Packaging materials used in the study are: 1. Monomaterial, polyethylene (PE), thickness 95μ m (PE (95) μ m); 2. Combined packaging material, oriented polypropylene metallized (OPP), thickness 20 μ m (OPPmet (20) μ m); 3.Combined packaging material, oriented polypropylene (OPP) / polyethylene (PE) thickness 20 / 50μ m (OPP / PE (20/50) μ m); 4.Combined packaging material, oriented polypropylene metallized (OPPmet) / polyethylene (PE) thickness 20 / 50μ m (OPPmet / PE (20/50) μ m); 5.Combined packaging materials, polyester (PET) / oriented polypropylene metallized (OPP) met / polyethylene thickness 12/38/30 (PET/OPPmet/PE(12/38/30) μ m). The study presents the results of testing in changes of content of hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF), polyphenols and sensory properties, dried apples packed in different combinations of packaging materials, including PE (95) μ m, OPP met (20) μ m, OPP / PE (20/50) μ m, OPP met / PE (20/50) μ m, PET / OPP met / PE (12/38/30 μ m), considering health issues. The article's findings can make a notable contribution to the knowledge of the thermal kinetics of antioxidant impacts and phenolic content over the production of apple chips.