Indoor air quality may be compromised by elevated radon levels, a naturally occurring radioactive gas. Prolonged exposure to increased radon levels can adversely affect human health. This paper presents the results of indoor radon activity concentration measurements conducted at 20 locations using a passive method. CR-39-based radon detectors were deployed over three different exposure periods, from January to April. The aim of the study was to compare and analyse average indoor radon activity concentrations obtained over different detector exposure periods, and to determine whether reliable information on indoor air quality can be obtained using shorter exposure durations. The measured indoor radon activity concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 727 Bq/m 3 , 10.1 to 561 Bq/m 3 , and 15.1 to 480 Bq/m 3 for the three-month, two-month, and one-month exposure periods, respectively. Comparative analysis of the results showed that the mean ratio of radon activity concentrations for one-month to two-month, two-month to three-month, and one-month to two-month exposure periods were 1.24, 1.57, and 1.85, respectively. To establish the relationship between radon activity concentrations obtained for different exposure periods, linear regression analysis was performed. The analysis of the estimated relative percentage differences showed that the results for different exposure periods agreed within ±20% at approximately 53% of the locations.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being studied as potentially valuable support tools in oncology practice including clinical decision support. Yet, their real-world utility in melanoma treatment decision-making is still not sufficiently considered, especially in resource-limited settings. Accordingly, this study evaluated the performance of four LLMs against real-world treatment decisions of a melanoma multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT). This retrospective single-center study included 151 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed cutaneous melanoma discussed at the MDT at the University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 2020 and 2024. Melanoma treatment recommendations generated by four LLMs, ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-5 Thinking, Gemini 2.5 Pro and DeepSeek-V3.2, were evaluated by four board-certified oncologists against the actual MDT treatment decisions. Additionally, the LLM-generated recommendations were also rated across five pre-specified domains: clarity, clinical applicability, coverage, explanation and support with evidence, and guideline concordance. In this study, inter-rater reliability was acceptable to good, supporting the consistency of expert evaluation. ChatGPT-5 Thinking showed the strongest and most consistent overall performance, followed by ChatGPT-4o, while Gemini 2.5 Pro and DeepSeek-V3.2 were rated less favorably. Differences between LLMs were statistically significant across all evaluated domains. Performance differences appeared most clinically relevant in more complex scenarios, particularly when consideration of adjuvant or systemic treatment strategies was required. The findings of this study suggest that selected LLMs may have a supportive role in everyday melanoma MDT practice particularly in oncology centers with limited resources. However, the current results do not support the use of LLM-generated recommendations as independent treatment decisions, and further prospective studies are required before LLM-assisted treatment recommendations can be safely integrated into the MDT workflow.

A comprehensive book review of the recently published two-volume study, "Russia and the Eastern Question: Challenges of De-Ottomanization and Balkan Responses", authored by the distinguished historian Dr. Safet Bandžović and published by the Institute for History, University of Sarajevo.

Teaching assistants are essential for inclusion because they provide individualized support that enables children with developmental disabilities to participate, learn and thrive alongside their peers in mainstream educational settings. The aim of study is to examine differences in the attitudes of parents of children with developmental disabilities and parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) regarding their children’s inclusive education. The study sample consisted of parents of children with ASD and other developmental disabilities. A random sample include 62 parents of children with different types of disabilities (ASD=30; other developmental disabilities=32). To examine parents’ attitudes, the questionnaire “Attitudes of Parents of Children with disabilities toward Teaching Assistants in the Tuzla Canton” was developed specifically for the purposes of this study. The findings indicate there are no statistically significant differences in attitudes toward teaching assistants between parents of children with ASD and those of children with other developmental disabilities and no significant relationship was found between the child’s age and parental attitudes. By providing insight into parental attitudes, the study contributes to a better understanding of the perceived value and challenges of assistant support in inclusive education and offers a foundation for future research and policy development in this field.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate perineal length and thickness during labor and to assess their association with any spontaneous perineal tear. STUDY DESIGN This prospective study included 221 women with term singleton pregnancies and cephalic presentation. Perineal length and thickness were measured in early labor (≤4 cm cervical dilatation) and reassessed in the second stage (full dilatation). The primary outcome was any spontaneous perineal tear, including grades I-IV. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess these associations, adjusting for parity, body mass index and birth weight. RESULTS Spontaneous perineal tears occurred in 31 women (14.0%). In multivariable analysis, shorter perineal length in the first stage of labor was independently associated with higher odds of spontaneous tear (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.20-0.86; p = 0.018). In the second-stage model, greater perineal thickness was independently associated with higher odds of spontaneous tear (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.08-5.05; p = 0.031). BMI, parity, and neonatal birth weight were not independently associated with the outcome. In sensitivity analyses with additional adjustment for episiotomy, perineal morphometric characteristics were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION Shorter perineal length in early labor and greater perineal thickness at full dilatation were associated with any spontaneous perineal tear in primary multivariable analyses. However, after additional adjustment for episiotomy in sensitivity analyses, these associations were no longer statistically significant. These findings suggest an association between perineal morphometry and spontaneous perineal tears, but do not support using perineal measurements as standalone markers.

The photoacid 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) is one of the most widely used fluorescent probes for studying proton transfer and local pH in systems from advanced materials to plants, environmental sensors to medicine. HPTS exists as two different species: the acid and its conjugate base, which lead to unique protonation-state-dependent translocation of the molecule when it is nanoconfined within anionic AOT reverse micelles. Using steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy, molecular simulations, and IR solvation shell spectroscopy, we report that the protonated HPTS species associates strongly with the micelle interface via hydrogen bonding. In contrast, its deprotonated species resides in the micelle's aqueous interior. Our results show that photoexcitation of the acid species and its subsequent deprotonation leads the conjugate base to rapidly move away from the interface into the water pool. This light-induced translocation, an effect observed for a range of micelle sizes, challenges the prevailing view where molecular probes are assumed to be static reporters of their environments, remaining in a fixed location for the duration of an experiment. This is especially relevant for interpreting results in the numerous studies enlisting optical spectroscopy of HPTS to report on complex systems. Our findings reveal the potential for molecular probes as dynamic explorers capable of mapping environmental heterogeneity on the timescale of the very processes they are designed to measure.

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This study reconstructs the formation, spatial evolution, and institutional development of the quarter (mahalle) founded around the mesjid of Kalin Haji Ali in Sarajevo during the 16th and 17th centuries. Drawing on a broad corpus of Ottoman archival sources, including the Bosnian Sanjak register of 1563/65, court records (sijils), and later cadastral surveys, alongside relevant modern scholarship, the research clarifies the genesis of this urban micro-unit by systematically examining its identification in the documentation, its spatial configuration, and its shifting toponymic layers. A particular focus is placed on the waqf established by Kalin Haji Ali, the administrative and legal mechanisms through which his mesjid attained the status of a mosque, and the ways in which the endowment’s assets shaped the social and physical development of the emerging neighbourhood. The urban landscape of Sarajevo was decisively structured by a dense network of waqf institutions founded by members of the urban elite. Through the establishment of religious, educational, commercial, and communal facilities, these endowments not only organised the city’s-built environment but also played a central role in configuring social relations, patterns of neighbourhood (mahalle) formation, and modes of communal interaction. Within this broader framework, the waqf of Kalin Haji Ali stands out as a representative example of the mechanisms through which a single philanthropic initiative could generate a lasting urban nucleus. Situated on the right bank of the Miljacka River, the mesjid he founded became the focal point of a new quarter, whose gradual consolidation reflects both the dynamics of urban expansion and the processes by which peripheral zones were incorporated into the fabric of the early modern city. A significant historiographical challenge has long been the precise identification of this quarter, given the existence of several Sarajevo quarters named after individuals bearing the name Haji Ali. By employing a comparative methodology and cross-referencing multiple source groups, this study resolves these ambiguities and reconstructs the neighborhood’s emergence, demographic profile, and spatial boundaries. The quarter was located in the area of the present-day National Theatre and bordered the quarters of Haje Kemal, Ayas Pasha, Haji Idris, and Haji Mahmud Bali. Archival evidence from the later 16th century indicates that parts of this zone were still covered in woodland vegetation, demonstrating that its urbanisation proceeded gradually. The continued use of local toponyms such as Pokrovnik and Čajirdžik (small meadow) alongside the official quarter name reveals the persistence of older topographic traditions and the survival of collective memory regarding the site’s pre-urban landscape. Although the original waqfiye has not survived, other Ottoman documents permit a reliable reconstruction of the waqf’s holdings. These included a mosque, a maktab, 14,000 silver coins (akçe) in cash, and several revenue-generating shops whose income funded the salaries of religious and educational personnel. Subsequent donations by affluent townspeople, including women such as Nevbihe Hatun, augmented the endowment’s capital base and ensured stable financial support for children’s education. By integrating dispersed archival evidence into a coherent analytical framework, the study demonstrates that the quarter of Kalin Haji Ali offers a paradigmatic illustration of the dynamics underpinning the formation of early urban micro-structures. Its development provides valuable insight into the processes of urbanisation, community organisation, and institutional life in Sarajevo during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Commercially available graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are promising nanomaterials for applications in research and preclinical diagnostics, drug delivery, and bioimaging. Their bioactivity is highly dependent on dose, route of exposure, duration, cell type, uptake mechanisms, tissue and cellular distribution, and physicochemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate genotoxic, cytotoxic, and cytostatic endpoints of blue- (B-GQDs) and green-emitting (G-GQDs) GQDs in human blood and salivary leukocytes. GQDs were tested at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 100 µg/mL using distinct treatment periods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), trypan blue exclusion, comet, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assays were performed. FTIR analysis revealed that G-GQDs, unlike B-GQDs, exhibit an absorption band typically associated with amine functional groups, which may contribute to their pronounced genotoxic effects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and salivary leukocytes showed higher sensitivity to G-GQDs compared to whole blood samples. Although no cytotoxic effects were observed, both GQDs induced significant DNA damage, with G-GQDs demonstrating greater genotoxic potential. These findings demonstrate that GQDs can induce DNA damage in the absence of detectable cytotoxic effects under the conditions tested, highlighting the importance of considering both physicochemical properties and cellular models in the safety assessment of nanomaterials.

ABSTRACT Background The preschool years are a crucial period for development. Stable environments and responsive caregivers support children's cognitive and motor development, two interrelated and essential domains. Caregiver smartphone use in front of children may reduce attention and responsiveness, which have been negatively associated with young children's health and development. We examined associations between the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence and motor skills and executive functions, and whether these associations vary by country income level. Methods We analysed cross‐sectional data from 27 countries participating in the SUNRISE International Study. Caregivers reported the frequency of smartphone use in the child's presence across five scenarios: mealtime, playtime, travel, walk and bedtime routines. Children's motor skills were assessed using four established tests. Early Years Toolbox games were used to assess children's visual–spatial working memory and inhibition. Mixed‐effects linear regression models were used to assess the associations, including interaction terms to test variation by country income level. Models were adjusted for the child's sex, age, daily screen time, time spent outdoors, sleep duration and the caregiver's highest level of education. Results The analytical sample included 2232 preschoolers (mean age = 4.2 ± 0.6 years, 50.9% girls). In fully adjusted models, the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence was not associated with gross motor skills, fine motor skills, visual–spatial working memory or inhibition (all p > 0.05). Results did not differ by country income level. Conclusions Findings suggest that the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence alone may not be associated with performance on motor skills and executive function. There is a need for more sensitive measures that capture the frequency, duration and context of interruptions and more longitudinal studies that examine motor development and cognition. Future research should also account for socioeconomic and demographic diversity, environmental factors and cultural context when assessing such associations.

Nanoplastics have recently been detected in human liver tissue, raising concerns about their potential impact on liver function. However, early hepatocyte responses associated with nanoplastics exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we combined high-throughput Cell Painting-based phenomics, untargeted metabolomics, and Seahorse mitochondrial functional assay to investigate the effects of 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics on human HepaRG hepatocytes, a surrogate for primary human hepatocytes. At the tested concentrations (6.25-100 µg/mL), exposure did not induce overt cytotoxicity, enabling assessment of early sublethal cellular responses. Phenomics revealed widespread subcellular perturbations, with 16.4% of the measured phenotypic features significantly altered. Mitochondria-associated features represented the dominant altered phenotypic signature, showing pronounced changes in granularity, texture, and radial distribution, alongside alterations in endoplasmic reticulum- and cytoskeleton-associated features. Untargeted metabolomics of intracellular metabolites and the extracellular secretome revealed metabolic alterations, characterized by changes consistent with altered β-oxidation, lipid handling, membrane stress, and central carbon metabolism, including changes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid catabolism. Pathway analysis identified the TCA cycle as one of the most significantly affected pathways (FDR = 0.028). Integrated phenomic-metabolomic analysis revealed strong correlations between mitochondrial phenotypic features and metabolites involved in lipid and energy metabolism, indicating a coordinated structural-metabolic response to polystyrene nanoplastics exposure. Functional assessment using Seahorse assay showed reduced basal and maximal respiration and decreased ATP-linked O2 consumption. Together, these findings provide evidence that 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics elicit early mitochondria-associated phenotypic, metabolic, and functional responses prior to overt cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. They also highlight the value of phenomic-metabolomic-functional integration for profiling sublethal nanotoxicological responses and guiding future targeted mechanistic studies.