<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of several types of vaccines, among which messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines have represented a significant breakthrough. This study aimed to evaluate attitudes towards COVID-19 and seasonal influenza vaccination among the general population and individuals with a medical background. A questionnaire was developed to collect sociodemographic data, personal health information, vaccination status, and information on participants&rsquo; attitudes towards and knowledge of vaccines. The profile of the typical participant was an employed woman with tertiary education, living with another person in an urban area and reporting generally good health. The typical participant had received at least two doses of the Sputnik V vaccine. Participants generally expressed favourable attitudes towards regular COVID-19 vaccination. The results showed no apparent differences between participants with and without a medical background regarding vaccine choice, the decision to receive a third dose, or seasonal influenza vaccination. Similarly, no apparent differences were observed in attitudes towards the AstraZeneca vaccine or mandatory COVID-19 vaccination between respondents with and without a medical background.</span></p>

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">Halogenated boroxine is an important enzyme inhibitor with potential applications in cancer therapy. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on hematological parameters in rats</span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none"> <em>in vivo</em></span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none"><em> </em>and creatine kinase activity </span><em><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">in vitro</span></em><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">. Halogenated boroxine, administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or orally, induced route-dependent changes in hematological parameters compared with controls. IP administration significantly increased neutrophils, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), while decreasing hematocrit (HCT). In contrast, oral administration significantly decreased lymphocytes and increased basophils, while other hematological parameters remained unchanged. These effects were more pronounced following IP administration. </span><em><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">In vitro</span></em><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">, halogenated boroxine exhibited competitive inhibition of creatine kinase without pre-incubation, whereas after a 30-minute pre-incubation, the inhibition pattern indicated a non-competitive mechanism. Further analysis showed a time-dependent shift in creatine kinase inhibition mechanism following pre-incubation, characterized by a decrease in maximum reaction velocity (V</span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none font-size-modifier vertical-align">max</span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">), while the Michaelis constant (K</span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none font-size-modifier vertical-align">m</span><span class="a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none">) remained unaltered. These findings show that halogenated boroxine modulates specific hematological parameters and inhibits creatine kinase activity, with effects depending on the route of administration and experimental conditions.</span></p>

The changing geopolitical landscape in Europe has numerous implications for the Western Balkan countries. The inability of Western Balkan countries to attract foreign direct investment from the European Union (EU), their primary economic partners, drives political leaders to seek alternatives, such as Russia and China. On the other hand, Russia and China are looking for ways to increase their influence in the region and challenge the dominance of Western countries, with investments serving as a key tool to that end. However, investments entail unavoidable legal consequences, such as a lack of transparency, allegations of corruption, and avoidance of local courts. Many investments either fail or are marred with doubts about their legality, and some are entangled in legal disputes. The most significant implication is the influence of these investments on countries with foreign policy affiliations and on their progress toward EU integration. The article employs legal and contextual content analysis, as well as case studies, to investigate the legal and political implications of investment contracts originating from Russia and China in countries of the Western Balkans, primarily Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). BiH, as a country with a complex legal and constitutional system and fragile peace, is in dire need of reforms, primarily those required for EU accession. Therefore, policies that reduce focus on EU integration may generate unintended consequences for reforming trajectories in the Western Balkans.

<p>Stari grad Bjelaj (Bilaj), smje&scaron;ten u blizini Bosanskog Petrovca, predstavlja kompleksan fortifikacijski sklop sa slojevima prahistorijskog, srednjovjekovnog i osmanskog graditeljskog nasljeđa. Prema postojećim podacima, bedemi su građeni od lomljenog kamena zidanog u krečnom malteru, pri čemu su danas vidljiva značajna o&scaron;tećenja nastala djelovanjem erozije i biolo&scaron;kih naslaga. Rad se bavi analizom postojećeg stanja te prijedlogom mjera sanacije bedema i kule srednjovjekovnog dijela. Planirane intervencije obuhvataju djelimičnu rekonstrukciju istočnog bedema, obnovu nedostajućih kamenih elemenata, sanaciju kruna bedema te sistematsko uklanjanje invazivne vegetacije. Predviđena je primjena tradicionalnih materijala, hidrauličnog i hidratisanog kreča te lokalnog kamena, uz privremene mjere stabilizacije. Zavr&scaron;na faza uključuje prepoznatljive dodatke u cilju osiguranja kontrolisanog pristupa i očuvanja autentičnih historijskih vrijednosti lokaliteta.</p>

This paper examines the origins and current frontiers of behavioural macroeconomics, using expectation formation as a conceptual framework linking early psychological insights to modern formal models. The review traces developments from animal spirits, bounded rationality and adaptive expectations to heterogeneous heuristics, sticky information, rational inattention and behavioural New Keynesian models. Its main contribution is a comparative assessment of these approaches in terms of their underlying mechanisms, empirical predictions, identification challenges and implications for monetary and fiscal policy. Particular attention is given to heterogeneity stemming from different economic circumstances and to behavioural departures from rational expectations. The analysis shows that competing approaches can explain similar macroeconomic patterns yet imply different causal mechanisms and policy responses. Future progress depends on direct model comparisons, causal identification, out-of-sample validation and the integration of survey, experimental, administrative and high-frequency data into theoretically disciplined models.

Exercise is increasingly positioned as an adjunct to oncology care, yet its clinical benefits and proposed antitumour mechanisms are often discussed in parallel rather than as a unified biological model. This focused mini review integrates 20 unique full-text sources spanning meta-analyses, systematic and narrative reviews, consensus guidance, and translational studies. The evidence supports a multiscale framework in which muscle contraction generates acute neuroendocrine and myokine signals, improves tumour perfusion and oxygenation, alters metabolite competition within the tumour microenvironment, mobilises cytotoxic immune cells, and preserves host muscle and functional reserve. Clinical evidence is strongest for improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, fatigue, physical function, and quality of life, whereas direct tumour control and enhancement of immunotherapy remain supported mainly by preclinical and early human mechanistic data. Important tensions include the context-dependent biology of interleukin-6, the distinction between vascular normalisation and tumour-promoting angiogenesis, the uncertain optimal exercise dose, and the risk that excessive energy expenditure may be inappropriate in severe cachexia. We propose a precision exercise oncology model that matches modality and dose to tumour phenotype, treatment phase, symptoms, physiological reserve, and dynamic monitoring. Exercise should be treated as evidence-based supportive care with plausible disease-modifying potential, not as a substitute for anticancer therapy.

Background: Cancer remains one of the leading global public health challenges, with a growing number of patients living during and after oncological treatment. Physical activity has increasingly been recognized as an important non-pharmacological strategy in cancer prevention, treatment support, rehabilitation, and survivorship care. Objective: The aim of this review is to examine the impact of physical activity on cancer prevention, treatment-related outcomes, and quality of life among individuals diagnosed with cancer. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The search included studies published in English and focused on physical activity, exercise interventions, cancer prevention, cancer treatment, cancer-related fatigue, survivorship, and quality of life. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and clinical guidelines were considered. Results: Previous evidence suggests that regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of several cancer types, especially breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers. During and after treatment, exercise interventions may improve physical functioning, reduce cancer-related fatigue, support mental health, and enhance health-related quality of life. Conclusion: Physical activity represents a safe and effective supportive strategy across the cancer continuum. Its integration into oncology care may contribute to prevention, better treatment tolerance, rehabilitation, and improved quality of life among cancer patients and survivors.

Annotated medical imaging data remain scarce, and labels are often weak and noisy: in mammography, an examination comprises several high-resolution views, yet the diagnostic outcome is recorded only at the breast level. Such problems are naturally cast as Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), where the model must infer instance-level structure from bag-level labels alone. Although contemporary foundation encoders supply strong general-purpose embeddings, augmenting MIL data in this representation space remains an open problem as established techniques act on one instance at a time and ignore the statistical dependencies binding a bag together. We address this with SetFlow, a generative model that learns the distribution of complete MIL bags directly in a frozen encoder’s embedding space. SetFlow couples flow-matching training with a Set Transformer-inspired backbone, making it invariant to instance ordering while modeling intra-bag relationships. Generation is conditioned jointly on class label and per-instance scale, yielding coherent, semantically faithful bags rather than isolated vectors. Evaluating on two large public mammography datasets and two encoders, we assess distributional fidelity, nearest-neighbor behavior, and downstream augmentation utility. We show that generated bags reproduce real-data statistics and improve classification in certain configuration, with performance gains varying on the amount of synthetic data. An architecture ablation confirms each design choice contributes to performance.

Coal remains an important component of the electricity system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the country is simultaneously undergoing a gradual energy transition toward lower-carbon technologies. This study evaluates the quality of coal from major mining areas in Tuzla Canton using laboratory results for composite samples from Kreka, Đurđevik and Banovići. The principal indicators were total moisture, ash, combustible matter and lower heating value (LHV). Eight mining areas were compared using five analytical samples per area, giving 40 observations for the primary statistical analysis. An additional 15 observations from five Banovići separation products were evaluated separately. Marked differences were identified among mining areas. Mean LHV ranged from 7,836 kJ/kg at PK Dubrave to 19,794 kJ/kg at Jama Omazići. Lignite from the Kreka area had substantially higher mean total moisture than the analysed brown coals, while several brown-coal areas were constrained by high ash content. Across the 40 primary observations, LHV showed a moderate negative correlation with total moisture (r = -0.43) and with ash (r = -0.37). A multiple linear model using moisture and ash explained approximately 98.4% of the observed LHV variation, although the small number of samples and the compositional nature of the variables require cautious interpretation. The findings demonstrate that coal reserves alone are insufficient for evaluating the future role of coal: fuel quality, preparation efficiency, plant efficiency, emissions intensity, economic performance and regulatory conditions must be considered together. The results support a transition strategy that combines improved coal characterisation and combustion efficiency in the medium term with accelerated deployment of renewable generation, storage, grid modernisation and just-transition measures.

Aim: To identify clinical and inflammatory factors associated with adequate haemoglobin control among patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 100 adults receiving maintenance haemodialysis. Among 80 patients receiving ESA therapy, adequate haemoglobin control was defined as haemoglobin ≥ 100 g/L and inadequate control as haemoglobin < 100 g/L at the cross-sectional assessment; 20 patients not receiving ESA therapy were described separately. Clinical characteristics and laboratory measurements, including C-reactive protein (CRP), were recorded. The erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) was calculated from weekly ESA dose, body weight, and haemoglobin concentration. Results: Eighty patients (80.0%) received ESA therapy, while 20 (20.0%) did not. Among ESA-treated patients, longer haemodialysis vintage was associated with higher odds of adequate haemoglobin control (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04), whereas higher CRP was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83–0.99). ERI was inversely associated with adequate control (OR = 0.004, 95% CI 0.001–0.066), although this finding is mathematically coupled to the haemoglobin-based outcome. The exploratory model was statistically significant (χ² = 45.4; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Longer haemodialysis vintage and lower CRP were associated with adequate haemoglobin control during ESA therapy. ERI findings require cautious interpretation because haemoglobin is included in the ERI denominator and was also used to define the outcome.