Abstract Introduction This study examines the prevalence of bullying among primary school students in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), analyses gender differences, and assesses its association with traumatic and psychosomatic symptoms. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among students in grades seven to nine. Participants were categorised based on bullying involvement as victims, bullies, bully/victims, or uninvolved. Validated self-report questionnaires were used to measure bullying exposure and assess psychosomatic and trauma-related symptoms. Results In total, 13.3% of the students identified as victims, 3.1% as bullies, and 4.4% as both. Victims and bully/victims reported significantly higher rates of psychosomatic symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints) and trauma-related symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, dissociation) than uninvolved students. Bully/victims showed the highest overall burden, suggesting compounded vulnerability. Conclusions These findings highlight the urgent need for trauma-informed, context-sensitive prevention strategies. Training school staff to recognise emotional and somatic distress, integrating basic screening tools into school and primary health services, and enhancing intersectoral collaboration are critical steps in ensuring early identification and adequate support for affected students.

Treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in University Clinical Hospital Mostar from an economic perspective Clostridioides difficile is the most prominent pathogen directly tied to a healthcare system and proven to be one of the main causes of high economic impacts. It results in a frequent need for hospitalization, including the treatment of sepsis and post-acute care, and requires an extended number of days spent at the hospital. In addition to the costs of the medicine and laboratory analysis, extended hospitalization is the key component of the high healthcare expenses. The rational use of antibiotics, mandatory implementation of general hygiene measures, like washing hands, and disinfecting surfaces can significantly contribute towards hospital's overall expenses. This is particularly important for those in contact with an infected patient or with a patient suspected of having CDI. These basic measures establish security systems in the prevention of CDI. Proper managing and forecasting of the costs on the annual level for each individual healthcare institution is a necessary measure. Developing an accurate estimate of the funds needed for the treatment and prevention of CDI and its best Treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in University Clinical Hospital Mostar from an economic perspective Clostridioides difficile is the most prominent pathogen directly tied to a healthcare system and proven to be one of the main causes of high economic impacts. It results in a frequent need for hospitalization, including the treatment of sepsis and post-acute care, and requires an extended number of days spent at the hospital. In addition to the costs of the medicine and laboratory analysis, extended hospitalization is the key component of the high healthcare expenses. The rational use of antibiotics, mandatory implementation of general hygiene measures, like washing hands, and disinfecting surfaces can significantly contribute towards hospital's overall expenses. This is particularly important for those in contact with an infected patient or with a patient suspected of having CDI. These basic measures establish security systems in the prevention of CDI. Proper managing and forecasting of the costs on the annual level for each individual healthcare institution is a necessary measure. Developing an accurate estimate of the funds needed for the treatment and prevention of CDI and its best

Recent excavations at Pompeii’s Regio IX have uncovered an intact ancient construction site, offering insights into Roman building techniques at the time of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. Microstructural and chemical analysis of materials collected from previously constructed walls, walls under construction, and adjacent dry, raw material piles show unequivocally how quicklime was pre-mixed with dry pozzolan before adding water in the creation of Roman concrete. This construction method, also known as hot mixing, results in an exothermic reaction within the mortar and the formation of lime clasts, key contributors to the self-healing and post-pozzolanic reactivity of hydraulic mortars. The analysis of reaction rims around volcanic aggregates demonstrate aggregate/matrix interfacial remodeling, where calcium ions originating from the dissolution of lime clasts diffuse and remineralize, producing amorphous phases and various polymorphs of calcium carbonate (including calcite and aragonite). Furthermore, the parallel discovery of masonry materials and tools permits elucidation of the entire construction workflow, including the steps required to process binding mortars and larger aggregates (caementa). These findings advance our understanding of ancient Roman construction and long-term material evolution, providing a scientific basis for developing more durable and sustainable concretes and restoration materials inspired by ancient practices. Here the authors combine microstructural and chemical analysis of building materials collected from an active construction site in Pompeii prior to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. Through these analyses, they identify the key raw materials and processes used in the production of Roman concrete.

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Abstract Due to an ongoing energy crisis and fluctuating energy prices, the prerequisites for maintaining optimal indoor environmental quality (IEQ), a critical determinant of productivity, cognitive performance, and overall well-being, have been significantly disrupted. This study focuses on examining determinants of thermal comfort, a subjective evaluation of the thermal environment and a key component of IEQ. Through a survey of employees and users of public buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the research employs a four-stage regression analysis to identify the main predictors of thermal comfort. Although 71.33% of respondents report satisfaction with the heating system, only 43.13% find the heating to be adequate, with the optimal perceived temperature averaging 21.66°C. The results show that key factors influencing thermal comfort include thermal sensation, thermal memory, gender, and respondent type (employee versus user). These seminal results could offer valuable productivity and financial implications for energy savings, especially for budgetary policymakers aiming to reduce energy consumption as well as for public sector management and public institutions seeking to improve well-being and productivity.

Cultural and event tourism plays a key role in the global tourism industry, contributing significantly to national, regional, and cross-border development strategies. It attracts visitors interested in cultural heritage, artistic events, and local traditions, supporting the preservation and promotion of local identity. Assessing cultural tourist flows become essential to understand their economic and social impact, and this article proposes an integrated methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, including data collection on cultural events, participant estimation, economic analysis, satisfaction assessment, data visualization, reporting, and continuous monitoring. The proposed model ensures a comprehensive evaluation of cultural tourist flows and supports the sustainable development of cultural tourism. Its relevance is both theoretical and applied: it offers a conceptual and analytical framework for studying this complex phenomenon, but also, it provides useful insights for decision-makers and stakeholders involved in tourism development, helping to design effective policies and strategies for promoting and managing cultural tourism. The novelty of the research lies in the proposal of a detailed and integrated methodology tailored to the specific challenges of evaluating cultural tourism, aiming to improve data accuracy, strategic planning, and long-term sustainability.

Attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers are rarely used in Modern Standard Arabic, and are completely absent in its syntactic description. The intriguing aspect of this type of relative clause lies in the fact that their attributive function is opposed to the main purpose of the use of adverbial relativizers, namely the formation of adverbial clauses. The main task of this paper is the analysis of examples of attributive relative clauses introduced by the adverbial relativizers ḥayṯu, ḥīna, ʻindamā, kamā and munḏu found in works belonging to Modern Standard Arabic. The analysis is based on the analytical–descriptive method and the typological–functional approach, which allow examining of attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers from different perspectives. Although the analysis will include exploring syntactic functions of head nouns in main and relative clauses, whereby the relative clause formation strategy using the relative word to encode the syntactic function of head noun in the relative clause is illustrated, this is not the only goal of the paper. The paper also aims to demonstrate that attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers, although formally functioning as attributive modifiers, tend to convey diverse semantic content. Moreover, this type of Arabic relative clause is not only an embodiment of the law of linguistic economy but it also represents an exceptionally effective means of stylistic choice.

U radu je predstavljeno do sada neobrađeno djelo pod naslovom Kašf al–ʼasrār bi ḥaqāʼiq al–kitāb wa daqāʼiq al–ṭahāra (Otkrivanje tajni o značenjima riječi knjiga i osobitostima riječi čistoća), koje je u drugoj polovini XVIII stoljeća napisao Muhamed Sin Mustafin Čajničanin (Muḥammad Ibn Muṣṭafā al–Čāyničawī). Ovaj se autor u literaturi spominje kao muderis, sarajevski muftija i autor jednog poznatijeg djela iz logike. Djelo koje je predmet ovog rada, iako registrirano, ranije nije bilo predmet tekstološke analize niti analize sadržaja. U radu su korištena dva rukopisna primjerka ovog djela, od kojih se jedan čuva u rukopisnoj zbirci Gazi Husrev–begove biblioteke u Sarajevu, a drugi u zbirci rukopisa na orijentalnim jezicima Univerzitetske biblioteke „Svetozar Marković“ u Beogradu. Istraživanje obuhvata opis i tekstološku analizu dvaju dostupnih rukopisa, kritičku obradu djela, prijevod i analizu sadržaja s fokusom na analizu genitivne veze kitāb al–ṭahāra, te oblika i značenja njenih članova.

Background: Refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a rare condition, but poses a clinical challenge after failed standard ablation. Very high-power, short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation has not yet been explored in slow pathway ablation/modification. Case Summary: A 61-year-old woman with recurrent AVNRT despite two prior ablations and multiple antiarrhythmics underwent successful slow pathway ablation using a 90-watt, 4-s vHPSD protocol. CARTO-guided mapping localized the presumed slow pathway, followed by several 90 W applications. Transient second-degree AV block (Wenckebach type) occurred and resolved spontaneously. The patient remained arrhythmia-free at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: This is the first reported clinical use of 90 W/4 s RF energy for AVNRT. The vHPSD approach may offer an effective alternative for patients with refractory AVNRT.

This document presents strategic guidelines and a development framework aimed at enhancing higher education programs in biotechnology within Bosnia and Herzegovina. It emphasizes the importance of aligning academic curricula, research capacities, and innovation ecosystems with global sustainable development goals (SDGs) and emerging scientific trends. Drawing on insights from the 2025 scientific-expert symposium "Next-Generation Biotechnologists – Skills of Future Educators," this work outlines key recommendations for modernizing educational approaches, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering the next generation of biotechnologists equipped to meet societal and technological challenges. The framework is intended for academic institutions, policymakers, and stakeholders committed to advancing biotechnology education and innovation in the region.

Understanding the impacts of climate on tourism has evolved since the late 20th century, shifting from one-dimensional and partial approaches to more comprehensive and multifaceted ones. To more accurately assess the climatic suitability of destinations for recreational tourism, the Holiday Climate Index (HCI) has been developed in recent years. The HCI's variable rating scale and component weighting system are based on insights into tourists' climatic preferences. Since different types of destinations have distinct climatic requirements, the HCI is designed with specifications for two major tourism segments—urban and beach. The HCI: Urban focuses on urban tourism, where the city and its attractions serve as the primary destination and point of interest. This study analyzes the HCI: Urban for Sarajevo, the most significant tourism destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The monthly probability is calculated by determining the frequency of daily index scores within ideal and unacceptable categories. Ideal climatic conditions for urban tourism are defined as days with scores between 90 and 100, while unacceptable conditions are those with scores below 40. Of all tourists visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2023, 41% visited the Sarajevo Canton, which makes it a significant case study. This paper analyzes the HCI: Urban index for Sarajevo in relation to tourist visits throughout the year, and the obtained ratings reflect tourists' climatic preferences for urban destinations. Holiday Climate Index (HCI): Urban was analyzed for the Sarajevo area, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to more accurately assess the climatic suitability of this destination for tourism. The word “holiday” was chosen to better reflect what the index was designed for (i.e. recreational tourism), since tourism is much broader in definition. This paper analyzes the HCI: Urban index for Sarajevo in relation to tourist visits during the year, and the obtained scores reflect tourists' climate preferences for the city destination. Considering that tourists in Sarajevo stay only for a short time (average length of stay 2.1 days), determinants that affect tourist satisfaction and elements of the destination that need to be improved in order to increase the length of stay have been identified. Analysis of average daily values of climatic parameters of a particular destination and monitoring their trend plays an important role in the organization of tourist trips. This research is the first of its kind related to Sarajevo, and understanding local climatic conditions is crucial for developing tourism strategies, planning, and organizing tourism events in the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the most visited tourist city in the entire country.