This paper explores the role and status of the family within the legal framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina, analyzing how international norms and national laws affect the rights and protection of families. The paper specifically examines the alignment between national legislation and international legal standards, with a particular focus on the challenges of implementing these norms. The study focuses on the definition of family in a legal sense, fundamental principles regulating the status of families in international law, and the significance of families in society. Key issues related to domestic violence, economic instability, and institutional weaknesses are highlighted as central obstacles to effective family protection. It also examines how international obligations are implemented in the national law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, identifying key challenges that families face, including social, economic, and legal aspects. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the legal frameworks applied to families, identify challenges in the everyday lives of families, and propose solutions to improve their status and protection. The recommendations aim at improving institutional capacities, enhancing legal enforcement mechanisms, and providing stronger support for vulnerable families, especially in post-conflict settings. The methodology includes comparative analysis of international conventions and national laws, literature review, case studies, and analysis of statistical data. The expected outcomes of this paper include a deeper understanding of the legal and social context affecting families in Bosnia and Herzegovina, identification of key barriers hindering the full protection and realization of family rights, and proposals for specific solutions to improve their position in society. The paper provides concrete recommendations for strengthening the legal framework and suggests policy improvements to support families, focusing on compliance with international standards, and aims to contribute to strengthening social cohesion and economic stability through a better understanding and protection of the family as a fundamental social unit.

Background The neuroanatomy course consistently presents significant challenges, primarily due to the short lifespan of formalin-preserved brain specimens and their restricted availability. Numerous studies have evaluated the strengths and limitations of alternative resources for neuroanatomy education, with a particular focus on technology-based learning methods. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of integrating 3D printed models into the neuroanatomy curriculum and to evaluate student satisfaction with their use. Methods The experimental group consisted of the first-year students enrolled in the integrated study program at the University of Sarajevo-Veterinary Faculty during the summer semester of the academic year 2022/2023. The course was organized using 3DP models for 15 h, while during the remaining three hours formalin-preserved specimens were utilized. Data obtained from this cohort were compared with the results of the previous two cohorts (2021–2022 and 2020–2021), who studied veterinary anatomy exclusively using formalin-preserved specimens. Results The neuroanatomy test scores improved in the experimental group compared to the two control groups. The students exhibit positive attitudes and report high satisfaction with using 3DP models. They support innovative teaching methods and find that the colored segments of the models enhance recognizability of different anatomical structures, highlighting the didactical value of 3DP models. Conclusion Overall, study demonstrated that 3DP models were highly beneficial for neuroanatomy learning, pedagogically useful and well-received by students.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an appreciable threat to public health, especially among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), exacerbated by high levels of inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics in these countries. There have been variable levels of dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription among community pharmacies in South Africa. Given the importance of community pharmacies, especially in rural South Africa, there is a need to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotics, AMR, and antibiotic stewardship. This was the aim of this study.A previously piloted questionnaire was administered to pharmacy personnel currently operating community pharmacies in a rural province in South Africa, where dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription is likely to be greatest. The questionnaire included key knowledge questions regarding antibiotics and AMR, as well as ways to reduce AMR. Community pharmacies were divided into three categories: Independent, chain, and franchise pharmacies.A total of 128 pharmacies participated (75.7%), with independent pharmacies representing the majority (60.9%). A total of 313 completed questionnaires were returned (78.3% response rate), including responses from 106 pharmacists (33.9%) and 207 pharmacist assistants (66.1%). Overall, there was very good knowledge among both community pharmacists and pharmacist assistants concerning antibiotics and AMR. However, there was a significant misconception regarding the potential role of antibiotics in relieving pain. Encouragingly, attitudes regarding the risks associated with obtaining antibiotics without a prescription among both community pharmacists and pharmacist assistants were high. There was also strong agreement among both community pharmacists and pharmacist assistants for potential solutions to AMR.Overall, the findings showed that most pharmacists and pharmacist assistants in this rural province demonstrated a strong understanding of the effectiveness of antibiotics in bacterial infections and their lack of effectiveness to treat viral infections. They also demonstrated considerable knowledge regarding the risks associated with the inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription, as well as ways to address rising AMR rates.

Background Hospitals can gain valuable insights into their current level of organizational health literacy (OHL) by using self-assessment tools. OHL self-assessment tools can serve as useful instruments for supporting the planning and implementation of OHL interventions aimed at promoting health equity and improving patient outcomes. This explorative study aimed to pilot the International Self-Assessment Tool for Organizational Health Literacy (Responsiveness) of Hospitals (OHL-Hos) among hospitals across six countries. Methods The OHL-Hos, grounded in a comprehensive theoretical framework consisting of eight standards, 21 sub-standards and 141 indicators, was piloted in seven hospitals: one in Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Norway and Serbia, and two in Italy. In each hospital, the feasibility of using the OHL-Hos was investigated regarding acceptability, implementation, practicality, and integration, identifying strengths and areas for improvement using descriptive analyses. The self-assessment process included individual rating of an interdisciplinary and inter-hierarchical assessment team regarding OHL-Hos indicators from their personal perspectives, followed by a joint assessment to reach a consensus on different ratings. The process and experiences were documented in semi-structured forms, while the ratings on the indicators were documented numerically. Results All hospitals successfully self-assessed their OHL, identifying strengths and areas for improvement. The self-assessment process varied slightly among countries. While the tool was considered important but lengthy and complex, introductory workshops facilitated successful implementation. The self-assessment process raised awareness and stimulated discussions on improving OHL, highlighting the tool’s potential for organizational development. Conclusions The OHL-Hos can serve as a useful tool to identify strengths and areas for improvement in OHL in hospitals. The overall experience with the tool was positive and the joint assessment with the tool was found to foster consensus and enable reflection on OHL, but its comprehensive nature poses challenges to its implementation, leading to recommendations for developing a shortened version of the tool with simple language. Certain indicators require specific knowledge, suggesting different professional groups should address relevant parts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-025-13367-4.

ABSTRACT Purpose Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a very rare, primary salivary gland‐type breast malignancy, with ~100 reported cases in the literature. Limited information about the clinical features and outcomes of patients with ACC is available. Methods We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify ACC patients. For comparison, we also examined a cohort of invasive breast carcinomas of no special type (NST). Results Thirty ACC patients were identified among the more than 248 000 invasive breast carcinoma NST patients. ACCs were predominantly grade 3 carcinomas (44%) and were diagnosed at an earlier stage (67%). Hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status data were available for only 13 patients, revealing molecular heterogeneity: HR−/HER2− (four patients), HR−/HER2+ (two patients), HR+/HER2− (four patients), and HR+/HER2+ (three patients). The median survival time for ACC patients was 19 months vs. 48 months for NST patients (p < 0.001). A complete‐case approach was utilized for the adjusted analyses, restricting the sample to 46 257 patients without missing data on all relevant covariates. The adjusted Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated a more pronounced decline in survival probabilities among patients with ACC compared to those with NST, with the number at risk in the ACC group diminishing to four patients by the 30‐month mark. In contrast, NST patients exhibited a more gradual decrease. In the multivariable Cox regression, which adjusted for age, TNM stage, HR/HER2, and chemotherapy, ACC histology was correlated with a 1.69‐fold increase in the hazard of death (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 0.63–4.56), although this result was not statistically significant. Age and advanced stage continued to be strong predictors of poor survival, and the inclusion of an age–time interaction enhanced the model fit. Conclusion Acinic cell carcinoma of the breast is a very rare primary breast malignancy. Our study indicates potentially aggressive clinical behavior in mammary ACC; however, findings must be interpreted cautiously given inherent SEER limitations, especially regarding histologic and molecular subtyping accuracy. Further centralized studies are urgently needed for the accurate characterization of this rare entity.

Cutting processes, in general, and wood cutting processes in particular, are complex to explain and describe, depending on a number of influencing factors such as material characteristics, cutting tool geometry and cutting parameters. A thorough understanding of the characteristics of woodworking machining, such as cutting tool wear, cutting forces, energy consumption, and cutting tool stress, gives the opportunity to improve product quality, increase production efficiency, or improve the technological process. In this paper, some characteristic parameters of processing in flat, extensive milling of solid wood of different species are analysed in order to determine the significance of the selected parameters, as well as their mutual influences on the required cutting power.

The research aims to improve the durability and functionality of traditional wooden structures through innovative technologies, reducing the ecological footprint and enhancing the economic viability of local materials. The model benches are made from five different types of indigenous conifer wood: Norway spruce, scots pine, larch, thermally modified spruce, and spruce treated with a copper-ethanolamine based biocide. Sensors installed on the benches allow continuous monitoring of wood moisture, a key factor in determining material durability under specific climatic conditions. Collected data will enable the evaluation of optimal wood types for various climatic conditions, promoting the wider use of indigenous, environmentally renewable materials. The project also aims to connect the wood protection industry with end-users, fostering sustainable approaches to environmental preservation, cultural landscapes, and wooden heritage. The research results support the application of wood materials in sectors such as agriculture, maritime transport, and tourism, contributing to ecologically sustainable and economically efficient use of natural resources.

Fire resistance of wood materials is crucial for the safety and longevity of construction structures, with spruce wood (Picea abies spp.) being widely used due to its mechanical properties. However, its natural fire resistance is limited, which poses a challenge in the context of fire safety. This study investigates the effects of various treatments and additives on enhancing the fire resistance of spruce wood. The methodology includes testing fire resistance using the small flame test in accordance with relevant standards. The expected results could contribute to improving safety standards in the construction industry, enabling broader and safer application of spruce wood in fire-sensitive constructions. Surface roughness analysis revealed significantly smoother surfaces in treated samples (Sa = 9.03 μm) compared to untreated sawn samples (Sa = 84.54 μm), which contributed to reduced combustion intensity. In small flame tests, untreated samples exhibited visible flames with flame heights up to 13.5 cm, whereas Burn Block treated samples showed no flame development and minimal color changes. Interestingly, burning depth was greater on treated samples, reflecting surface carbonization and the formation of a protective intumescent layer that slowed heat transfer and prevented deeper structural damage.

In this paper, we will process the results of experimental and numerical analysis on the example of the boom of a machine tool - a rotary excavator. Rotary excavator SRs 1200/630 KW - 22/2, engine no. 1, field “D”, produced by “LAUHAMER” - German Democratic Republic, is intended for mining coal and tailings at the surface mine of the JP RB “KOLUBARA” Lazarevac mine. During the regular overhaul and after 35 years of operation of the rotary excavator, it was concluded that it would be necessary to assess the stress and deformation state of both the rotary excavator as a whole and its vital parts individually (primarily the excavator booms) through adequate tests. The goal is to determine the critical points on the arrow structure after the tests have been carried out and act preventively to avoid accidents and additional unnecessary costs. By comparing the experimental and numerical results, we obtained a representation of the stresses and strains on the shaft construction and defined the critical stresses and strains.

Mathematical modeling is a key tool in engineering as it enables the analysis and prediction of material behavior under specific conditions. This study focuses on material strength, which is one of the most critical aspects of engineering design and manufacturing. Understanding material strength is essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of structures and products. The structure of the paper includes a theoretical overview of the fundamentals of mathematical modeling and regression analysis, a detailed description of the experimental research, the development of a model based on collected data, and the evaluation of the obtained mathematical model. Testing was conducted using a tensile testing machine, with samples of standard dimensions in accordance with EN 10002.

In this paper, a comparison between serverless databases and conventional data storage models is discussed, with a focus placed on architectural differences, performance measures, cost-benefit analysis, and use case applicability. In cloud-native applications, the use of serverless databases, in which resources are dynamically allocated as needed, is increasingly observed. In contrast, traditional databases require manual operations for infrastructure provisioning and maintenance. Situations in which serverless databases are preferable, as well as those where traditional approaches remain suitable, are characterized in this work. A guide for selecting a database system in modern computing environments is provided, based on an evaluation of systems such as AWS Aurora Serverless, Firebase, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB.