Between Fragmentation and Protection: Incitement to Violence and Hatred in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the result of a sustained academic and professional engagement with the phenomenon of hate speech and, more specifically, the criminalization of incitement to violence and hatred in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In recent years, the regulation of such conduct has become increasingly relevant, not only as a matter of criminal law, but also as a broader societal and constitutional concern in post-conflict and pluralistic societies. This work seeks to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of criminal offences related to incitement to violence and hatred across the different jurisdictions within Bosnia and Herzegovina. It combines doctrinal analysis, comparative insights, and empirical observations in order to present a nuanced understanding of both the normative framework and its practical application. Particular attention is devoted to the relationship between criminal law and international human rights standards, especially the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The book is intended for a broad audience, including academics, legal practitioners, judges, prosecutors, policymakers, and students of criminal law and human rights. It aims not only to clarify existing legal provisions, but also to contribute to ongoing discussions on legal reform and the harmonization of criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, this monograph reflects the author’s belief that criminal law, while an essential tool in combating incitement to violence and hatred, must be applied with caution, precision, and a constant awareness of fundamental rights. Striking the appropriate balance between protecting society and preserving freedom of expression remains one of the most demanding tasks of contemporary criminal justice systems

This short paper introduces an approach to simplifying cookie banners by utilising the concept of plain language within an existing consent framework. In order to study its feasibility, we present a study in which we analysed the text of cookie banners on 200 websites and, using AI-based categorisation, classified the extracted content into standardised processing purposes. By substituting complex legal terms with simplified descriptions, we successfully demonstrated that the comprehension barrier can be lowered from a college-graduate level to a 7th-grade level. At the same time our results indicate that the effectiveness of plain language is inherently constrained by the informativeness of the original content; it cannot compensate for banners that omit legally required details.

We study chains of vector-like fermions that generate the Yukawa hierarchies as products of small mixings, with the Higgs coupled at a single link. Minimal Flavour Protection allows these flavour messengers to live at the TeV scale, while Higgs naturalness offers a reason to place them there: in cosmological solutions based on Higgs criticality, their large multiplicity lowers the critical point of the Higgs potential to the TeV scale. Crucially, the same Higgs interactions induce tree-level shifts in the $Z$ and $W$ couplings of light fermions. Existing LEP and SLD measurements already bound $M_F/|y_F|\gtrsim 3$ TeV, while a future Tera-$Z$ factory such as FCC-ee could probe up to $100$ TeV. It would test the parameter space most relevant to Higgs naturalness, reaching scenarios with Higgs-mass tuning at the level of $10^{-4}$ or worse in minimal realisations. Longer chains partially alleviate this tuning but do not eliminate it, making a Tera-$Z$ factory a decisive test of the framework.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological processes involved in early kidney injury and to evaluate the role of established and emerging biomarkers in facilitating earlier diagnosis, risk stratification, and clinical decision-making, particularly within urological practice. Specifically, the review: (i) outlines the key mechanisms underlying the development of early kidney injury; (ii) examines the current evidence supporting established and novel biomarkers of kidney injury and renal dysfunction; (iii) evaluates their diagnostic, prognostic, and clinical relevance in urology; and (iv) explores existing challenges, future directions, and the potential incorporation of biomarker-guided approaches into precision medicine strategies for kidney injury management. This review examines the underlying mechanisms of early kidney injury, including ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and the differential contributions of tubular and glomerular damage. Particular attention is given to clinical contexts relevant to urology, such as surgical interventions and obstructive uropathy, where timely detection is essential for preventing irreversible damage. Current and emerging biomarkers are discussed within a pathophysiological framework to provide a more integrated understanding of kidney injury. Tubular injury markers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), are highlighted for their ability to detect injury at an earlier stage than traditional measures. In addition, cell cycle arrest biomarkers such as TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 offer predictive value by identifying patients at risk before significant functional decline occurs. The review further explores novel and experimental approaches, including microRNAs, urinary exosomes, and metabolomics-based markers, which may enhance early diagnosis and support precision medicine strategies. Importantly, the clinical relevance of these biomarkers is examined in specific urological settings, including postoperative AKI, contrast-induced injury, obstructive uropathy, and kidney injury associated with renal cell carcinoma. The novelty of this review lies in its integration of mechanistic insights, biomarker biology, and disease-specific urological applications within a single translational framework. Unlike previous reviews that focus primarily on individual biomarkers or general AKI populations, this work emphasizes the relationship between specific injury pathways and biomarker responses, while highlighting emerging precision medicine approaches and their potential role in urological patient care.

Selective attention enhances cortical tracking of attended speech, but the role of ignored speech remains less clear. In particular, it is unknown whether attended and ignored speech contribute to cortical tracking in a fixed balance or whether this balance changes with listening conditions. We addressed this question across six electroencephalography (EEG) datasets spanning acoustic and attentional challenges, hearing impairment, and hearing-aid processing. We systematically varied the relative weighting of attended and competing speech and studied how their combined contribution affected cortical speech tracking. Across most listening conditions, cortical tracking was improved when we included competing speech, compared with attended speech alone. Importantly, the balance between attended and competing speech changed across conditions. Increasing acoustic difficulty increased both the benefit and the optimal contribution of competing speech, with the same general pattern observed in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. In the hearing-aid datasets examining noise-reduction conditions, the contribution of competing speech was more limited. Attentional challenges also changed the contribution of competing speech, but differently from acoustic challenges. These findings show that attended and competing speech do not contribute to cortical tracking in a fixed balance. Rather, their balance depends on the listening challenge. Although these results do not define a single optimal ratio, they provide a step toward hearing devices that adapt not only to the attended talker, but also to how competing speech is balanced in complex listening environments.

Rapid urbanization and increasing pressure on water resources challenge the sustainability of conventional spatial planning practices. Traditional approaches, primarily based on functional zoning and post hoc infrastructure design, often neglect the dynamic relationship between urban development and water availability. This has led to overdevelopment in many regions — particularly coastal and tourism - intensive areas — where water demand exceeds supply capacity, resulting in resource stress and reduced system resilience. This study proposes a novel planning - oriented framework — the Urban Water Adequacy for Development Index (UWADI) — which integrates water resource constraints into the early stages of spatial planning. Unlike conventional assessments based on observed consumption, UWADI relies exclusively on planned development parameters, enabling prior evaluation of whether proposed urban growth is compatible with available water resources. The index is defined on a scale from 0 to 1 and consists of four components: Adequacy Deficit (AD), representing the balance between planned demand and available supply; Seasonal Exposure (SE), capturing peak demand variability; Resource Vulnerability (RV), reflecting the robustness of water sources; and Phasing Mismatch (PM), addressing the temporal alignment between infrastructure provision and development. The framework is grounded in integrated planning principles and aligned with European policy directives, including the Water Framework Directive. A structured workflow links spatial planning parameters with water resource assessments, allowing development proposals to be classified according to water adequacy thresholds and associated planning constraints. The results demonstrate that incorporating water availability as a binding constraint significantly improves the robustness and feasibility of spatial plans. The proposed UWADI framework provides a transparent and scalable tool for bridging the gap between hydrology and spatial planning, supporting more resilient, sustainable, and evidence - based urban development under increasing water stress.

Pipe welding involves several sequential passes to create a perfect, strong weld. The welding passes refer to the order of execution required when carrying out the pipe welding process. The four passes typically used in pipe welding include the root pass, hot pass, fill-up pass and capping. Root Passes A root pass is the first step in any welding process and involves joining two pieces to form one structure. In this step, we heat the filler metal to an exceptionally high temperature and pass it through the gap between the pipes. Utilising the root pass requires more expertise than the following passes, so it is essential to exercise caution. To ensure complete fusion, the welder should use quality control measures like backing gas. In order to complete the weld pass, you must keep the root face smooth and uniform. If there are any imperfections on the weld face, you can correct them by grinding it out, so it does not have to be smooth or uniform initially. distribution of non-critical materials in industrial settings. People typically use it for transporting water, non-combustible chemicals, and other non-hazardous materials. Because its contents are not hazardous or flammable, low-pressure pipes provide a safe and cost-effective solution for many applications.