Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess neck-to-height ratio (NtHR) and its possible association with other anthropometric measures of obesity and blood pressure (BP) values in Bosnian university students stratified by new 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force hypertension (HT) guidelines.Methods: The present study included 417 subjects with median age 20 (19-21) years that were divided into normal BP, elevated BP, stage 1 HT, and stage 2 HT groups based on BP measurements using auscultatory methods. Standard anthropometric indices including neck circumference (NC) were measured. NtHR (cm/m) was calculated in each participant based on the NC and height. Differences between groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Man-Whitney test and correlations were determined by Spearman test.Results: The prevalence of elevated BP was 19.2%, stage 1 HT 21.6%, and stage 2 HT 11.0 %. NtHR was highest in the stage 2 HT group. NtHR correlated significantly with all anthropometric measures in all groups. No correlation between NtHR, systolic BP, and diastolic BP was found, except in the stage 1 HT group, where a significant correlation between NtHR and systolic BP was uncovered.Conclusions: Based on the observed correlations between NtHR and standard measures of obesity, NtHR could be included in clinical practice, since it is simple and does not induce discomfort. The high prevalence of elevated BP found in the present study suggests HT prevention requires the implementation of programs aimed at promoting healthy dietary habits, physical activity, as well as effective stress management and coping mechanisms.

BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of comorbidities related to regulating hyperglycemia and acute cardiovascular incidents and complications. With the increasing prevalence in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), MetS represents an increasing public health problem and clinical challenge, and early diagnosis is necessary to avoid the accelerated development of diabetic complications. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Complete Blood Count-derived Inflammation Indexes (CBCIIs) in predicting MetS in T2DM individuals. METHODS The study was designed as a two-year prospective study and included 80 T2DM individuals divided into MetS and non-MetS groups based on MetS development over two years. The sera samples were analyzed for complete blood count parameters and C-reactive protein (CRP). Based on the laboratory test results, 13 CBCIIs were calculated and analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and their corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) were used to determine prognostic accuracy. RESULTS There were significant differences between T2DM participants with Mets and those without MetS concerning Neutrophil to Platelet Ratio (NPR) values (p< 0.001), Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet Ratio (NLPR) (p< 0.001), Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) (p< 0.001), Lymphocyte to C-reactive protein Ratio (LCR) (p< 0.001), C-reactive protein to Lymphocyte Ratio (CRP/Ly) (p< 0.001), Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) (< 0.001), and Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI) (p= 0.005). The results of ROC curve analysis have shown that the LCR (AUC of 0.907), CRP/Ly (AUC of 0.907) can serve as excellent predictors, but NPR (AUC of 0.734), NLRP (AUC of 0.755), PLR (AUC of 0.823), SII (AUC of 0.745), and AISI (AUC of 0.688) as good predictors of MetS in T2 DM individuals. CONCLUSION This study confirms the reliability of the CBCIIs as novel, simple, low cost and valuable predictors of MetS developing in T2DM.

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Abstract Objectiv: Anatomic characterization of the nutrient artery of upper extremity long bones differs among the several textbooks on human anatomy. To elucidate the anatomical features of the nutrient foramen (NF) through which the nutrient arteries pass, we examined the morphology and topography of the NF on the diaphysis of the long bones of the upper extremities. Methods: A total of 150 (50 humeri, 50 radii, 50 ulnae) macerated and degreased adults, long bones of the upper extremities, unknown age, and gender were used as material in this study. The following parameters were determined for each bone: total number of NF, foramina index (FI), total bone length, position of the NF based on the FI value and the surface of the shaft/body of the bones, and obliquity of the nutritional canal (NC). Results: The largest number of NF was found on the middle third of the anteromedial side of the humerus diaphysis, with NC directed distally, that is, towards the elbow. Radius and ulna had predominantly one NF, on middle third of anterior surface, with NC directed proximally. Conclusion: This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of NF in the long bones of the upper and lower extremities in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of some novel anthropometric indices and adipocytokines to evaluate CV risk among T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 112 patients (men, 57; women, 55) with T2DM visiting Family Medicine and Endocrine counseling in the area of Health centers of Sarajevo Canton were included in this study. The sera samples were analyzed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, lipid profile parameters, adiponectin, and resistin levels. The Adiponectin/Resistin Index (A/R Index) was estimated using the formula. The novel anthropometric measurements, including the Conicity index (CI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and Body adiposity index (BAI) were estimated. The 10-year risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and fatal coronary heart disease (fCHD) is calculated by using UKPDS Risk software. Results: The adiponectin was shown as a statistically significant negative association with CHD in female subjects, and the A/R index as a statistically significant association with CHD and fCHD in male subjects. The AVI is superior to the CI, LAP, VAI, and BAI in assessing cardiometabolic risk in T2DM patients. Conclusions: Our study indicated that measuring adiponectin and A/R index, together with measuring AVI as a measure of general volume, can be used as surrogates in the evaluation of high cardiovascular risk among T2DM patients.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of some novel anthropometric indices and adipocytokines to evaluate CV risk among T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 112 patients (men, 57; women, 55) with T2DM visiting Family Medicine and Endocrine counseling in the area of Health centers of Sarajevo Canton were included in this study. The sera samples were analyzed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, lipid profile parameters, adiponectin, and resistin levels. The Adiponectin/Resistin Index (A/R Index) was estimated using the formula. The novel anthropometric measurements, including the Conicity index (CI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and Body adiposity index (BAI) were estimated. The 10-year risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and fatal coronary heart disease (fCHD) is calculated by using UKPDS Risk software. Results: The adiponectin was shown as a statistically significant negative association with CHD in female subjects, and the A/R index as a statistically significant association with CHD and fCHD in male subjects. The AVI is superior to the CI, LAP, VAI, and BAI in assessing cardiometabolic risk in T2DM patients. Conclusions: Our study indicated that measuring adiponectin and A/R index, together with measuring AVI as a measure of general volume, can be used as surrogates in the evaluation of high cardiovascular risk among T2DM patients.

Abstract Background: Low-grade chronic inflammation is an important feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aim: To determine the values of C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with different stages of CKD and to examine how they change depending on the progression of renal damage. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive comparative study included 157 subjects at different stages of CKD which was assessed based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated according to the MDRD equation. CRP was analyzed by an immunoturbidimetric method. NLR and PLR were calculated by a mathematical calculation after a blood count was performed. Results: The present study showed an increase in serum creatinine, CRP, and NLR values with progression of renal failure. There was a statistically significant difference in the creatinine and CRP concentrations between groups with different stages of CKD (p <0.001 for all comparisons). A significant positive correlation was found between NLR and CRP, while negative, significant correlations were observed between NLR and eGFR as well as between PLR and eGFR. There was a slight increase in PLR value with the progression of renal impairment, but the correlation between PLR and CRP was not significant. Conclusion: These results suggest that NLR, together with CRP, may serve as an indicator of systemic low-grade inflammation progression in patients with CKD. Larger prospective studies are required to observe the possibility of using NLR as a surrogate marker for CRP in patients with CKD.

Sodium benzoate (SB) as an additive in various food products prevents the growth of microbes. Although SB is considered safe, many studies have reported adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dandelion extract on cell damage and hematological and biochemical disorders induced by SB in male albino rats. Different doses of SB (200 and 600 mg/kg) and ethanolic dandelion root extract (D) (40 mg/kg) were used in a 2‐week treatment of rats. Rat mortality and a higher frequency of behavioral alterations such as apathy, anxiety, and aggression have been reported at a higher dose of SB. Changes in urine pH, proteinuria, nitrituria, and bilirubinemia caused by SB were regulated by adding dandelion extract. Analysis of specific serum and urine parameters, as well as microscopic analysis of hepatocytes, showed liver and kidney failure. Anemia associated with hemolytic disorder due to erythrocyte impaired the presence of acanthocytes, and decreased values of erythrocyte blood count, hemoglobin concentration, average red blood cell size, hemoglobin amount per red blood cell, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were caused by SB treatment. As a dietary supplement, dandelion extract can be useful in the prevention of SB‐induced liver and kidney injury, and also a remedy against induced anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and reduction of inflammatory responses.