Workplace exposure to gaseous chemical pollutants represents a significant occupational health concern in healthcare environments, particularly in large clinical centers where diverse chemical agents are used and emitted. In this study, we provide a comprehensive assessment of chemical hazards in selected workplaces at the Public University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka during the summer period. The results indicate pervasive exceedances of regulatory reference values for acrolein (C₃H₄O) and localized exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), suggesting potential occupational relevance in specific areas. Exploratory factor analysis identified six components explaining approximately 79% of the total variance, indicating multiple partially overlapping emission sources. Correlation analysis revealed structured associations among several reactive and aromatic pollutants, pointing to common controlling processes. Differences between operating rooms and other areas were statistically significant for CO₂, CH₄, isopropanol (C₃H₈O), and acetone ((CH₃)₂CO). The findings highlight the spatial heterogeneity and activity-driven nature of chemical exposure in hospital environments and support the need for integrated monitoring approaches to improve occupational health risk management. The study contributes to a better understanding of chemical exposure patterns in hospital environments and provides a basis for future risk management and occupational health interventions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key factor in the development of countries. Countries have recognized the potential of using AI to achieve sustainable development. This research explores the potential of the Southeast European (SEE) countries in the field of AI applications. The Government AI Readiness Index, with its nine indicators, is used to assess readiness for AI applications. A comparison of the SEE countries for the application of AI was conducted using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. The methods used were MEREC (Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and CORASO (COmpromise Ranking from Alternative SOlutions). The results of the MEREC method show that the maturity and adaptability indicators have higher weight values compared to the other ones. The results of the CORASO method show that Greece and Bulgaria have the strongest indicators, with the sensitivity analysis confirming these findings.

Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment, particularly in preterm infants. Early diagnosis remains challenging, and there is growing interest in biomarkers that reflect underlying mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of selected circulating biomarkers in preterm infants with HIE, with emphasis on a multimarker approach. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 120 preterm infants (gestational age 28-36 weeks), divided into HIE (n = 90) and control (n = 30) groups. Serum levels of NR2 antibodies, endothelin-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured at 24-48 hours, day 5-7, and day 14. Statistical analysis included t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis. Results: Biomarker levels were significantly higher in the HIE group (p < 0.001). GFAP and NfL showed the highest diagnostic performance (AUC 0.86 and 0.88). The combined model achieved the best accuracy (AUC = 0.89). Biomarker levels correlated with disease severity. Conclusion: A multimarker approach improves diagnostic accuracy and may support early risk stratification and individualized management in preterm infants with HIE.

This case report describes the early clinical and laboratory course of an orphaned wild Bosnian Mountain Horse foal, with the aim of highlighting the diagnostic value of age-appropriate interpretation of clinicopathological findings during early life. The report is of particular interest because published data on the clinical monitoring of orphaned foals of this breed remain limited. The case included repeated hematological and biochemical analyses, coprological examinations, and dermatological evaluations, initiated partly due to the occurrence of two distinct skin lesions. Laboratory findings obtained at approximately two and four months of age were interpreted with consideration of age-related physiological variations characteristic of foals. Progressive decreases in erythrocyte parameters were consistent with physiological anemia of foals, while leukocyte profiles, platelet counts, and biochemical values reflected normal developmental adaptation rather than pathological changes. Two clinically distinct skin conditions were identified during follow-up. The first was a localized periocular dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis, diagnosed by microbiological analysis of skin scraping collected from the lesion margins. The second was diffuse, irregular, poorly demarcated alopecic lesion of non-infectious origin, supported by negative microbiological and parasitological findings from skin scrapings and by spontaneous regression without specific therapy. Despite early-life challenges associated with orphan status and suboptimal nutrition, the foal maintained stable systemic health throughout the monitoring period. This case underscores the importance of age-appropriate interpretation of clinicopathological parameters and comprehensive clinical assessment in orphaned or free-ranging foals.

Introduction/purpose: The noise generated by artillery firing can have an extremely harmful effect on the people using it, namely the crew. The subject of this paper is the measurement and analysis of noise levels on artillery weapons used in the Serbian Army. Methods: The analysis and comparison of the results were carried out during operation of weapons of different calibers. Also, the aspect of impact and risk on the crew exposed to the mentioned physical phenomena was considered. Results: The results of the examination of the acoustic parameters in relation to the available criteria show that the crew on certain vehicles is exposed to a higher level of noise than allowed. Conclusion: It is concluded that all measured noise levels exceed the prescribed limit value. Based on the obtained results, further work can be done on reducing negative physical phenomena, as well as providing adequate equipment for the protection of the crew.

Drinking water is a vital resource for public health and sustainable development, yet its quali­ty is increasingly threatened by pollution, climate change, and emerging contaminants. Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption introduces stricter requirements for monitoring, risk management, and public transparency. This paper analyzes the content and significance of the Directive, with a focus on the challenges of its implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Special attention is given to harmful substances such as bisphenol A, PFAS compounds, and cyanotoxins, which pose serious risks to human health. The Directive introduces new water quality parameters, promotes access to water as a human right, and encourages the use of tap water to reduce plastic waste.In conclusion, aligning national legislation with this Directive is essential for improving water quality, protecting public health, and achieving sustainable development goals.Keywords: drinking water, EU Directive 2020/2184, pollutants.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: brown alga Heri­baudiella fluviatilis, fungi Holmiella sabina, Lysurus cruciatus, and Psathyrella ammophila, lichen Umbilicaria subpolyphylla, liverwort Kurzia pauciflora, mosses Climacium dendroides, Dicranella howei, Fissidens rivularis, F. viridulus, and Sphagnum papillosum, dicots Hesperis matronalis subsp. candida, Hieracium gaudryi, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Lythrum tribracteatum, and Taraxacum janchenii and monocots Allium moschatum, Cyperus esculentus, Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Ophrys insectifera, and Schoenoplectus litoralis.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: green algae Cosmarium formosulum and Tetraspora gelatinosa, fungi Coprinopsis melanthina, Heteroxylaria oxyacanthae, Lophodermium petiolicolum, Peziza ostracoderma, and Phylloporia ribis, lichen Sphaerophorus globosus, liverworts Scapania curta and Solenostoma gracillimum, mosses Buxbaumia viridis, Sphagnum cuspidatum var. viride, and Sphagnum medium, dicots Hippuris vulgaris and Viola orbelica and monocots Arundo donax, × Gymnigritella suaveolens, Ophrys insectifera, and Ornithogalum montanum.

This research study examined building performance and retrofitting strategies for reducing energy consumption in existing research laboratories. Research laboratory buildings are one of the most energy-intensive building typologies due to their high energy demands, complex building systems, and significant loads for mechanical cooling and ventilation. Retrofitting may extend building lifespan and improve their performance, energy consumption, carbon footprint, and occupants’ comfort. The study examined an existing research laboratory building at the University of Utah campus, utilizing a combination of research methods, such as archival and observational studies, field measurements, building envelope and HVAC systems assessment, and whole-building energy modeling and simulations. Actual energy consumption data was collected for three years and compared against simulated data. Five different retrofitting options were considered, where four options represented low-impact retrofits (improvements to the building envelope and interior lighting) and one option represented a deep-impact retrofit (improvements to the building envelope, interior lighting, and HVAC systems). These investigated retrofit options were simulated and compared to the building’s actual and simulated energy consumption data. The results show that the deep-impact retrofit option would have the highest impact on energy use savings (more than 50% energy savings), while the four low-impact retrofit options would have lower, but comparable results (between 22% and 27% energy savings). Therefore, improvements to the mechanical systems are necessary to significantly reduce energy consumption and the associated carbon footprint of existing research laboratory buildings, besides building envelope and lighting improvements.

<p>This review article examines the concept of collocational competence in learning English as a foreign language, considering its theoretical foundations, definitional development, empirical research, and pedagogical implications. Drawing on Firth&rsquo;s principle that word meaning is shaped through its typical co-occurrence patterns and Halliday&rsquo;s concept of lexicogrammar, collocational competence is situated within contemporary theories of phraseology. The paper synthesizes findings from corpus-based studies and classroom research, which demonstrate that collocational knowledge plays a crucial role in the development of idiomaticity, fluency, and overall communicative competence across diverse educational contexts. Existing research consistently shows that collocational competence develops more slowly than vocabulary size, and that even advanced learners experience difficulties in the productive use of conventionalized word combinations. Verb&ndash;noun collocations, low-frequency and semantically opaque combinations, as well as collocations that are incongruent with learners&rsquo; first-language patterns, are particularly problematic. These findings confirm that collocational knowledge does not emerge spontaneously through exposure to language alone but requires targeted and systematic pedagogical intervention. The paper further highlights the importance of explicit, corpus-informed, and strategy-based instruction, which has proven significantly more effective than implicit learning. Successful approaches include working with authentic corpora, developing noticing and memory strategies, and integrating collocations into tasks focused on real-life language use. At the same time, key methodological and conceptual challenges are identified, including inconsistent definitions, a limited number of longitudinal studies, and insufficiently contextualized assessment models. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated curricular frameworks and mixed-method assessment approaches that link collocational competence to communicative outcomes across different proficiency levels.</p>

The construction and maintenance of large dams require close integration between geodetic and civil engineering disciplines to ensure structural stability, operational reliability, and long-term safety. This paper reviews the role of geodetic techniques in supporting civil engineering processes throughout the planning, construction, and monitoring phases of dam projects. This paper highlights how continuous monitoring and data interpretation enable early detection of abnormal structural behavior, verification of design assumptions, and implementation of corrective measures.

In this paper we analyse and compare two modern methods of deformation analysis: the squared Msplit method and the absolute Msplit method. The comparison is made on cases of simulated and actually measured horizontal geodetic networks. The squared Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least square method, while the absolute Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least absolute deviation method. For each method, we developed a computer programme and used it to calculate point displacements in both a simulated and a measured 2D geodetic network. The purpose of this article is to compare the displacements. The results of the two methods differ by up to about one centimetre in the simulated network and by less than two centimetres in the actually measured geodetic network.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the left and right hamstring and the quadriceps muscle group in professional handball players. It also aimed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between these two muscle groups. The study included eight professional handball players from the "Borac" team, Banja Luka. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The following variables were assessed: maximum quadriceps torque (MQT), maximum hamstring torque (MHT), and hamstring–quadriceps ratio (HQR), to determine the presence of muscle imbalances bilaterally and unilaterally. Isokinetic testing of knee strength was performed on both knees at the Institute for Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, using the CON-TREX CYK device, which allows comprehensive assessment of muscle and joint function. Based on the findings, there was no significant muscle imbalance in handball players, i.e., no significant difference in quadriceps or hamstring strength between the left and right legs, either bilaterally or unilaterally (p > 0.05). The strength of the left and right quadriceps and hamstrings showed minimal variation, with no evidence of muscle imbalance. In professional and elite sports, information from isokinetic diagnostics is essential for designing training programs and preventing injuries. This study provides normative data for the handball player population.