Background and purpose Anthropometric characteristics such as body height, limb length, and segmental proportions influence sprint performance by affecting stride length, stride frequency, and mechanical efficiency. However, sprint training is often organized according to unified models with limited individualization based on morphology. This study evaluated the effectiveness of anthropometry-specific (differentiated) training programs for sprinters relative to a unified training model of comparable volume and intensity. Material and methods Forty-eight male competitive sprinters (18–25 years, 100–200 m, 4–8 years experience) were assigned to three anthropometric types based on height and leg length index: Type A (tall, long-legged), Type B (medium, balanced), Type C (short, compact). Within each type, athletes were randomized into an experimental subgroup (anthropometry-specific program, EXP) and a control subgroup (unified program, CON) (n=8 per subgroup). All groups trained for 10 weeks (5 sessions/week) with matched volume and intensity. Sprint performance (60 m, 30 m flying, 150 m) and kinematic variables on the 30–50 m segment (stride length, stride frequency, ground contact time) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results Baseline sprint performance did not differ significantly between EXP and CON within each type (p>0.5). All groups improved over 10 weeks (p<0.01), but EXP subgroups of Types A and C showed greater gains than their respective CON subgroups. Tall sprinters in A-EXP improved more than A-CON in 60 m, 30 m flying, and 150 m times, while compact sprinters in C-EXP improved more in 60 m time than C-CON. Kinematically, A-EXP showed larger increases in stride length and greater reductions in ground contact time than A-CON, whereas C-EXP showed greater increases in stride frequency and greater reductions in ground contact time than C-CON. For Type B, no significant EXP–CON differences were observed. Conclusions Under matched training volume and intensity, anthropometry-specific programs were more effective than a unified program for tall, long-legged and short, compact sprinters, particularly for maximal speed, speed endurance, and acceleration. For medium-height sprinters, the unified program was not clearly inferior. These findings support the practical value of incorporating anthropometric criteria as one dimension of individualized sprint training design.

Football player performance depends on agility, speed, explosive and repetitive strength, flexi-bility, and anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, and BMI. Monitoring and ana-lyzing these variables are crucial for optimizing training, preventing injuries, and player selec-tion. Data on the physical and motor profiles of U25 football players in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina are limited. To assess the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of U25 football players from FK GOŠK Gabela and to examine the relationships be-tween these variables. The study included 22 healthy male players (mean height 183.27 ± 5.98 cm, weight 75.32 ± 6.27 kg, BMI 22.38 ± 0.60 kg/m²). Anthropometric measurements were conducted according to ISAK protocols. Nine standardized motor tests were administered to evaluate agili-ty (505 test, T-test, Illinois test, 5-10-5 drill, Zig-Zag test), speed (30 m and 60 m sprint), explosive and repetitive strength (push-ups in 10 s), and flexibility (sit & reach). Testing was conducted over two consecutive days during the 2024 pre-season, following a standardized warm-up under controlled conditions. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and the multiple regression analysis were applied. Player height and weight were significantly correlated with agility and sprint per-formance, while BMI showed moderate associations with selected agility tests. Multivariate analysis confirmed that height, weight, and BMI significantly predicted performance across agil-ity, sprint, and strength tests, with body dimensions explaining 65–68% of the variance in the 10-second push-up test (R² = 0.682), the 505 agility test (R² = 0.678), and the 60-meter sprint (R² = 0.671; all p < 0.01). The findings provide insight into the physical and motor profiles of elite young football players and can be used to optimize performance, design individualized training programs, and monitor player development.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the left and right hamstring and the quadriceps muscle group in professional handball players. It also aimed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between these two muscle groups. The study included eight professional handball players from the "Borac" team, Banja Luka. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The following variables were assessed: maximum quadriceps torque (MQT), maximum hamstring torque (MHT), and hamstring–quadriceps ratio (HQR), to determine the presence of muscle imbalances bilaterally and unilaterally. Isokinetic testing of knee strength was performed on both knees at the Institute for Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, using the CON-TREX CYK device, which allows comprehensive assessment of muscle and joint function. Based on the findings, there was no significant muscle imbalance in handball players, i.e., no significant difference in quadriceps or hamstring strength between the left and right legs, either bilaterally or unilaterally (p > 0.05). The strength of the left and right quadriceps and hamstrings showed minimal variation, with no evidence of muscle imbalance. In professional and elite sports, information from isokinetic diagnostics is essential for designing training programs and preventing injuries. This study provides normative data for the handball player population.

Background: Football is a sport that requires a high level of technical, tactical, and motor skills, with particular emphasis on agility, speed, explosive strength, and flexibility. The development of these abilities depends on biological maturity, training experience, and individual factors, which affect player performance across different age categories. Purpose: The aim was to examine and compare the level of motor abilities between football players of FC GOŠK Gabela (Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the junior (U19) and senior (U25) age categories, focusing on key elements such as agility, speed, explosive and repetitive strength, as well as flexibility. Method: The sample consisted of 22 players from the same club, divided into two groups by age category: 11 juniors (U19) (body height = 181.56 ± 5.74 cm; body weight = 73.29 ± 6.40 kg; BMI = 22.21 kg/m²) and 11 seniors (U25) (body height = 184.98 ± 5.97 cm; body weight = 77.35 ± 5.70 kg; BMI = 22.55 ± 0.38 kg/m²). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and differences between groups were determined using an independent t-test for small samples. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Mean Difference and 95% Confidence Intervals were also calculated to further assess the significance and effect size of the detected differences (Cohen’s d). Results: Seniors achieved significantly better results in agility tests (Illinois and Zig-Zag tests) and the 60-meter sprint, while differences in other tests were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Differences in upper body explosive strength (medicine ball throw) and flexibility were not significant, although seniors showed slightly better average values. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that biological maturity and longer training experience significantly influence the improvement of motor abilities, especially agility and speed over longer distances.

Background and purpose Fatigue is a physiological phenomenon that reduces the ability of muscles to maintain maximal force during repeated activities. Anaerobic capacity and the Fatigue Index (FI) are key indicators of the body’s ability to sustain explosive power, and the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) is a recognized tool for their assessment. Purpose: this study was to assess the anaerobic abilities of active sportsmen, using the RAST, with a focus on Peak Power (PP) and the Fatigue Index (FI). Material and methods The study included two male active sportsmen. (U.G., 70 kg and A.V., 85 kg) who performed six 35-meter sprints with 10 seconds of rest between sprints. Sprint time and lower limb power (W) were measured, while FI was calculated based on the difference between maximal and minimal power. Results Both participants showed a linear decline in speed and power during repeated sprints. A.V. achieved a higher level of power and a lower FI (11.6%) compared to U.G. (18 %). Power decreased from (both) sample 732W to 515W, while total average sprint time increased by 0.57s. Conclusions The Rast aerobic sprint test is an effective and practical tool for assessing anaerobic capacity and monitoring individual progress. The results confirm lactate accumulation and muscle fatigue. Targeted high-intensity anaerobic training can reduce FI and improve the anaerobic capacity of physical education and sport students.

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects breathing and quality of life, and rehabilitation is crucial for reducing symptoms and improving overall health. While pharmacological treatments manage symptoms, physiotherapy and kinesitherapy are recognized as effective methods of rehabilitation. This review discusses current therapeutic approaches for allergic asthma, including aerobic exercises, breathing techniques, and postural exercises. This article reviews contemporary research on kinesitherapy and rehabilitation methods in the treatment of allergic asthma. Using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, we assessed the quality of 25 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Findings indicate that kinesitherapy improves lung function, reduces the frequency of asthma attacks, and enhances patient quality of life. Of the studies assessed, 12 showed a low risk of bias, bolstering the reliability of our conclusions. Nonetheless, methodological limitations in several studies highlight the need for rigorous research designs in future investigations of the effects of physical exercise on asthma rehabilitation. This review underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and suggests integrating kinesitherapy into standard asthma treatment protocols. Asthma often leads to decreased physical activity due to symptoms such as shortness of breath; however, guided kinesitherapy in rehabilitation can reduce attack frequency, improve lung function, and lower medication needs. The study highlights the need for more research on optimal rehabilitation protocols for allergic asthma.