Introduction: Adequate individual physical activity after COVID 19 infection as a inevitable part of postoperative therapy of surgically treated vascular and endovascular patients witch still remains a scientific unexplored international neglected secret. General post-covid symptomatology is increasingly present in patients with surgical or endovascular procedures on the iliac segment in the form of a manifestation of various complaints that can affect the very accessibility of the choice of treatment according to the TASC II guidelines, but also affect physical activity and quality of life. Besides the medicament treatment, the management of moderate intensity exercise therapy and future consistency of self-controlled exercise after surgical and endovascular after treatment in iliac critic stenosis with other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis can be important factor to support and improve benefits of surgical and endovascular treatment outcome in variable symptomatology of POSTCOVID 19 patients treated classical surgical and endovascular. Goals: The focus is on priority of investigation of remodeling the pattern of cultural smoking behavior and increasing the dynamic of physical activity trying to prevent and avoid potential risk of sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke graft (stent) occlusion, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with POSTCOVID 19 symptomatology in which is besides other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis is the main disease critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B). Scientifically unproven that sometimes can be associated with poor outcome of surgical intervention the which are in deficit with scientific studies to confirm these scientific observations. Second goals are to investigate the potential possibility of POST COVID 19 symptomatology associated with the success of classic surgical bypass or endovascular intervention and the possibility of reflection on physical activity after vascular intervention. Also the improving and secure the quality of life after successful surgical bypass and endovascular revascularization treatment with influence on primary iliac (TASC II A and B) vascular intervention potency one of main goals as well suppress permanent or permanent consequences of the Covid 19 virus during therapeutic surgical or endovascular procedures of the iliac segment (TASC II A and B) Traditional food as well wrong choice of diet and continuous fight with nicotinism is still remains generally main health threat. Subjects and Methods: 266 Symptomatic post COVID 19 Patients with were observed during 3 years (134 patients with surgical dacron reconstruction and 132 with endovascular treatmant of short segment critical iliac artery stenosis) Moderate interval Intensity Training with Short Interval Repetitions on standard treadmill procedure. Results: The connection of the outcome of surgical and endovascular treatment with post and long covid 19 symptomatology is possible and has a significant impact on the quality of the continuation of physical medication therapy. Difference between the surgical and endovascular groups was observed after the implementation of the treatment as well as factors affecting the outcome of therapy. the outcome is devastating with the prevention of the risk factor of nicotism as well as with the lack of physical activity in some groups. Conclusion: Primary potency after Three years of Endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass Revascularization, has shown as successful with support of supervised exercise training in POSTCOVID 19 patients. Nicotiism still remains highly potency outcome threat when supporting exercise therapy. Also, future and recent studies on this topic should expand their understanding of the effect of the COVID 19 virus on the body in this patients, as well as improving the quality of life in order to improve the patency of bypass or endovascular intervention on the arterial iliac segment.

Introduction: Doping which includes veterinary drugs as irrational human medicine after the infection with COVID 19 still leaves the field open from the aspect of vascular surgery and angiology of the iliac segment. Reflection of the effect of the COVID 19 virus on the sports performance of athletes in various sports after the corona virus is still present. Some athletes have had a hard time individually coping with the clinical consequences after a long illness of the COVID 19 virus. Even though covert doping is part of the everyday life of an elite athlete, it still remains an unresolved topic in the form of a solution for post-COVID 19 symptoms or switching to or taking some other masked substances that are impossible to detect in the blood, as well as a potential reflection on the morphological changes of the arteries. Although consequences of the corona virus for the cardiorespiratory system have been reported, a question arises as to the connection between the development of iliac syndrome and pathomorphological arterial iliac changes in athletes with suspicion of potential correlation with underground doping substances of pharmacologically untested origin in the Balkan population. Widespread global COVID 19 pandemic and the isolation factor have forced numerous athletes to switch their normal training routine and protocols to alternatives such as cycling with or without abusing illegal substance. Increased intima-media thickness, the first structural change detected in atherosclerosis, is an important surrogate marker in atherosclerosis can be connected with high intensity endurance cyclists, running and triathlon competitive athletes affecting their poor performance status and professional doping levels. In some cases, amateur and recreational athletes are also affected especially if they were exposed to COVID 19 infection and doping. Goals: The primary focus of the present study is to determine the initial progression of the disease during and after the COVID 19 pandemic, starting from morphological changes and obstructive arteriopathy of the external iliac artery on account of measuring intima media thickness and the possibility of outset of kinking and obstructive arterial disease of the external iliac artery after 3 years. The secondary focus of the study is to examine the influence of doping on the pathomorphological changes of the external iliac artery during 3 years of research. Subjects and Methods: two groups of were observed (recreational and amateur cyclist). In total 63 selected subjects in the demographic area of ​​former Yugoslavia without cardiovascular disease were observed during the January 2021 and January 2024 period (3 years). Results: Changes in intima-media thickness of iliac artery from baseline 3 years were observed between the standard exercise amateur group and recreational control group. However, intensity exercise under 9000km per year were no significant developing progression of intima-media thickness of iliac artery during 3 years in recreational control group, but minimal progression of intima-media thickness of iliac artery were significant in amateur cycling group due to the potential effect of doping. Conclusion: The application of doping itself is indisputable, but the missing link that would confirm this claim is scientifically limited. We cannot confirm with certainty what is the trigger for the progression of pathomorphological changes and whether the consequences of overcoming the COVID 19 infection or doping. But there are many scientific facts and studies that confirm the connection between progressive atherosclerosis and illegal underground doping substances of pharmacologically untested origin. The consequences may result with a tendency for a futuristic vascular invasive patch or bypass surgical treatment.

Introduction: We are increasingly witnessing the self-initiated, uncontrolled stacking of incompatible anabolic substances in various cycles in the young Balkan Recreational Bodybuilding population group, increasingly frequent acts of violence in our country and the emergence of a neglected and very silent epidemic that is taking on an increasingly aggressive course of illness and psychological behavior. Black market anabolic steroids are associated with many generally health problems and uncontrolled aggression behavior by abusers. Young unsolicited recreate bodybuilding are also associated with generalized atherosclerosis and potential increased high risk for heart disease that can structural and functional damage the cardiovascular system during muscle mass steroid cycles. Besides high calorie intake, elevating serum blood lipid cholesterol levels LDL lowering HDL levels, elevating, systolic and diastolic blood pressure take a certain participation in cardiovascular risk and therefor need a development of certain cardiovascular protection strategies for this avoiding medical supervision anabolic steroids abuser group which are not yet appropriate established. The aim of the short study was to estimate Cardiovascular Protective Strategy Measures on lipid levels, and blood pressure status in a young recreational bodybuilder with different ethnic groups who Abuse Anabolic Steroids during controversial and different mass Cycles with and without taking Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) and Statins. Subjects and methods: This study was conducted from beginning of January, 2022 till end of July, 2022. 140 subjects are included age 17-30 (74 male Recreational Bodybuilder Who Abuse Anabolic Steroids on Simvastatin’s 10mg and Acetylsalicylic Acid 150mg doses of (ASA) and 10 grams of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during mass Steroid Cycles and 66 impellers group of male Recreational Bodybuilder Who Abuse Anabolic Steroids consisting without consume Statins and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) during mass Steroid Cycles). For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the exanimated groups non-parameter and parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p< (0,001) was statistically significant. Results: In all the tested subjects we investigated increasing lipid levels and blood pressure after six months of study. Analysis shows the statistically insignificant influence of antiplatelet therapy (150mg Acetylsalicylic acid) (ASA), combined with Simvastatin 10mg p<(0,001) in steroid abuse subjects during irrational muscle mass steroid cycles. Conclusion: Lack of familiarity with combinations of anabolic substances, as well as the danger of oral applications of very harmful steroids from the former Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic (GDR), this study showed. Avoidance of physician supervision by recreate bodybuilders by deceiving of the athletic subjectivity look, seams appears almost always in gym. This cardiovascular protective measures have poor benefit appeared to be usefully blind preventing strategy of controlling blood lipid levels during muscle mass steroid cycles, with no guaranty of worsen cardiovascular condition by abusing anabolic steroids. The influence of the reflection of the COVID 19 virus on such dramatic therapeutic results in this population group of two groups cannot be ruled out for sure.

Background and study aim. Group fitness programs are a form of programmed physical exercises with the aim of improving health, aesthetic appearance, satisfying the motivation to preserve health and reduce body weight. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an experimental cardio fitness program on the morphological status of female subjects aged 21.5 ± 3.5 years. Material and methods. The experimental program was implemented over a period of three months (12 weeks), with a weekly frequency (3 x 20-60 min). Initial and final measurements were performed and Body weight, Body fat percentage, Body fat mass, Free fat mass, Body muscle mass, Body mass index and Basal metabolism rate were analyzed. All test subjects have their doctor's confirmation that they are healthy and can undergo training loads in a planned and clearly defined cardio program. Results. The exercise program on cardio equipment caused changes in all body composition parameters between the initial and final measurements t-test (except for muscle mass). The total average Body weight at the initial-final measurement (66.45 vs. 64.70kg; t= 5.225, p<0.000), which represents a difference of -1.75kg after the program. Conclusions. The assumption is that a controlled and monitored program with a special focus on nutrition would lead to even more precise results on the effects on body composition. Continuous application of the content of this program throughout the entire one-year macrocycle with a higher weekly frequency would certainly give even more significant results.

Serum levels of testosterone (ST) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are generally associated with atherosclerosis in male patients over 50 years with critic iliac stenosis (TASC II A and B) and cardiovascular disease with significant changes in HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In addition to the standard therapy, combined medicamentous therapy and adequate model of exercise are also important factors as medicines can improve HDL levels and primary bypass and endovascular potency impacting positively on improvement of ST or it can be the following testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) comprising cardiovascular disease prevention and vascular treatment as adjunct therapy options after endovascular and vascular surgical procedures. The aim of the study is to identify the association between HDL and ST after surgical and endovascular intervention on the iliac segment (TASCII A and B), as well as cardiovascular risk factors with modified medium activity (MET) <6 with short interval increase over >6 (MET), with total duration of 30–60 minutes. It also attempts to remodel a patient behavioral pattern, optimize ST levels and link them to outcomes and patency of vascular procedures on the iliac segment. Materials and methods. 108 selected male patients with cardiovascular disease combined with metabolic syndrome and critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B) were examined during 2014–2018, 4 years after invasive and minimal invasive treatment (54 patients were treated with surgical Dacron reconstruction and 54 patients – with endovascular treatment on short segment of critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B). Results. In the total population, no difference was observed in changes of constraint-induced movement therapy between the standard exercise group and the control one after 4 years from baseline. However, there was no significant interaction between the effect of exercise trainings and primary bypass potency within 4 years. Conclusions. Primary effects of endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass revascularization raise the risk of elevated testosterone levels after 4 years of group training but does not provide adequate answers to questions as to whether higher levels of ST have any major influence on primary bypass potency preventing further progression of cardiovascular disease and general symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerosis. However, exercise and TRT can be potential adjunctive therapeutic options for a future supporting postsurgical and endovascular illiac treatment in cardiovascular patients with low testosterone levels.

Public health of people and individuals is the most important resource in the modern world. The sugar epidemic and cardiovascular diseases are linked to the obesity epidemic. As obesity appears at younger and younger ages, it is to be expected that the proportion of people who have been obese for the number of years will increase and that those practicing a "sedentary lifestyle" will move less and less. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) and cardiovascular diseases (CD) are among the top ten causes of death in the world. It is observed that the association between DMT2 and CD risk is not the same for both sexes, with the cardiovascular risk associated with DMT2 being greater in women. Among the different strategies for the prevention and treatment of DMT2 and risk factors for CD, physical exercise has been largely recommended because of its positive effects on glycemic control, body mass, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A higher level of daily physical activity significantly reduces the risk of contracting numerous diseases such as: diabetes, diseases of the heart and blood vessels, certain forms of malignant diseases, obesity, asthma, osteoporosis and others.  Article visualizations:

Public health of people and individuals is the most important resource in the modern world. The sugar epidemic and cardiovascular diseases are linked to the obesity epidemic. As obesity appears at younger and younger ages, it is to be expected that the proportion of people who have been obese for the number of years will increase and that those practicing a "sedentary lifestyle" will move less and less. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) and cardiovascular diseases (CD) are among the top ten causes of death in the world. It is observed that the association between DMT2 and CD risk is not the same for both sexes, with the cardiovascular risk associated with DMT2 being greater in women. Among the different strategies for the prevention and treatment of DMT2 and risk factors for CD, physical exercise has been largely recommended because of its positive effects on glycemic control, body mass, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A higher level of daily physical activity significantly reduces the risk of contracting numerous diseases such as: i Correspondence: email pavlovicratko@yahoo.com Ratko Pavlović, Sid Solaković, Aleksandar Simeonov, Ljubo Milićević, Nikola Radulović PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH: THE BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science Volume 9 │ Issue 1 │ 2022 23 diabetes, diseases of the heart and blood vessels, certain forms of malignant diseases, obesity, asthma, osteoporosis and others.

Aim: Undergraund Farmakology of Black Marked such as are Anabolic steroids wich are irational abused by young recreational bodybuilder are in hidden epidemic connection with fast muscle gain and increased cardiovascular risk. Many young recreational bodybuilders beisides syntetic testestorone derivats, different testosteron esters and supplements search for alternative methods to improve effectes of muscle gain. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) with connection of abuse of stacking anabolic steroids in recreational bodybuilders still stay generally and worldwide unexplored leaving lots of unfilled gaps. Methodology: This study was conducted from beginning of May, 2018 till end of december 2018 at the Clinic of cardiovascular Surgery, department for vascular and endovascular surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Special Hospital dr.Solakovic Department for Hyperbaric medicine (BIH) Head of Center for Hyperbaric medicine and chronic wound treatment Banja Luka (BIH), Private Hyperbaric and General Practice Therapy Centar Split and faculty Physical education and Sport Sarajevo included 72 subjects age 20-30 (36 of them went to hyperbaric chamber and used anabolic supplements while, 36 don’t went to hyperbaric chamber only used anabolic steroids). Potential Cardiovascular Side Effects are investigated For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the examined groups parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p<0,05 was statistically significant. Results: In all tested subjects we investigated increasing potential damage of cardiovascular parameters age 20-30 years after two years study. Analysis shows the no statistically significant influence of recoverry and strength improvment in (HBOT) Treat dacetate group, compared to non Trenbolone acetate abuser group (p<0,005). Conclusion: Anabolic steroid stacking have generally efective potential abusing impact on skeletomuscular system it is unsignificant that oxgen therapy can provide such benefit in strength like anabolic steroids but certainly can improve recovery after hard working effort in a gym.

concept and and/or assembly of data; data analysis and interpretation; Research on moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is closely connected with primary and secondary cardiovascular protection but also can be associated with primary bypass patency and outcome of endovascular treatment for critical iliac stenosis TASC II A and B. After specific surgical or non-surgical treatment, iliac bypass or endovascular revascularization patency still depends on an individual and is still in the eye of scientific research modalities. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an efficient surrogate parameter in detection and prediction of cerebrovascular events and potential marker of generalized atherosclerosis with prognosis of peripheral arterial disease related to prognosis of atherosclerotic coronary hemodynamic pathology. Materials and methods. A total of 139 patients were observed during 4 years of MICT. Ultrasonography of the distal part of the common carotid artery (CCA) was performed to measure CIMT before and after revascularization procedure. The bypass patency and walking distance was also studied. Results. In the total population, no difference in changes of CIMT from baseline was observed between the standard exercise group and controls in 4 years. However, there was a significant correlation between the effect of exercise training and CIMT within 4 years. CIMT was not significantly reduced in the exercise group compared with control non-diabetic patients. Conclusions. Exercise training in both groups did not significantly change carotid intima-media thickness in the four years following endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass revascularization, but significant beneficial effect of moderate-intensity continuous training on bypass patency was observed in patients with mild or without claudication symptoms as well as on subjective and objective health status.

Background: Some of main raisons for the elderly graft occlusion after successful aortal-iliac, aortal Femoral and Femoral Distal Vein Bypass, progression of main disease, continuing bad life Habits and uncontrolled risk factors such are mostly: poor nutrition traditional or fast food, Smocking and Lacks of Walking and Physical Activity Habits. Objective: The primary objective of the study was to estimate influence of Interval Walking Training Program combine with Tribulus Terrestris, 3-5 gram of Taurine and high dose of 1800mg supplementation of ALA on primary potency and vascular treatment. Secondary goals of this study is determinate by establishing better understanding connection between ordinary vascular walking therapy 30-45 min and interval walking program combine with Tribulus Terrestris, Taurine and high dose of and ALA as secondary supplementation after surgical and endovascular treatment. Methodology: The study included 112 patients, at the Clinic of cardiovascular surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, age between 50 and 75 (50 patients surgical treated with aortic-iliac, aortic-femoral and femoral distal vein bypass with and without Linton-patch/Taylor patch-first group) and (62 endovascular Iliac treated patients (indication TASC II A and B) with and without support Tribulus Terrestris, high dose of ALA and Taurine - second group). Results: Final analysis has reveal the rehabilitation outcome in 83% patients with bypass above the knee was fully rehabilitated compared to 46,6% patients with bypass below the knee was statistically considered significant by using p value less than (p<0,05) In anamnestic history in 83% patient with amputation above the knee was documented the presence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nicotinismus and diabetes compared to 66,7% of patients with amputation level below the knee but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0,05). Conclusion: Interval Walking Training Program on Tribulus Terrestris, Taurine and high dose of ALA had a significantly and successfully higher bypass potency and rehabilitation prognosis compare to patients without supplementation and postsurgical physical therapy concept. It is obviously the is certain link between physical activity, life style modification and serum testosterone on primary bypass potency.