Cereals, primarily wheat and corn, make up a significant part of the diet in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cereal landraces are still an important part of the global agrobiodiversity in the country, although the maize and wheat landraces, were reduced from the sowing areas, in the second half of the 20th century, as in many other countries, because of the introduction of high-yielded cultivars into production. Considering the turbulent history, in addition to the industrialization that was carried out in the second part of the 20th century, as well as the migration of humans from the countryside to the cities, all together contributed to the loss of many local populations of local maize and wheat landraces. However, during and after the 2000s, several collection missions were carried out. Different activities started and the collected accessions were stored in gene banks. In the country, there is only one breeding institute today that deals with maize and wheat breeding and selection, which makes this country constantly dependent on imported seeds. Cereal genetic resources are bearers of good traits, such as resistance to stress conditions, but also as a material that carries some undesirable properties. These genetic resources should be seen also as a part of the common heritage and should be preserved and maintained for the use of current and future generations.

The aim of this article is to make a theoretical review of the requirement for the development of critical thinking as one of the most important skills today, known as the 4K skills of the 21st century. Critical thinking lies at the base of moral conduct and authentic intellectual growth, and as such is crucial to the prosperity of society as a whole. The complexity of critical thinking is reflected in the fact that it takes numerous cognitive processes to initiate it and the acquisition of a specific set of knowledge, skills and values that should conduct it. Critical thinking is a generative competence whose actuality transcends space and time, and due to the ubiquity of situations in which there is a need for it, it should not be neglected within the framework of school learning and teaching outcomes. The methodology for creating the expected learning outcomes in the curriculum approach is usually guided by Bloom’s taxonomy, but the hierarchy of this taxonomy is not compatible with the hierarchy of critical thinking skills, which is why, when defining the expected learning outcomes, it would be more adequate to use the table of critical thinking competencies proposed by Iva Buchberger. Finding the best available ways of practicing critical thinking skills in class is the duty of modern pedagogy, so that the school fulfills its obligation to form the personality of students who are capable of competent decision-making and action.

This research analyzes the media discourse on racism in football in Germany. The main goal of this paper is to find linguistic patterns that should reflect the way in which racist behavior is related to the immigrant background of certain football players. For this purpose, several media texts were selected that describe cases in which some German football players were exposed to racism, such as Jérôme Boateng, Mesut Özil and Gerald Asamoah. These three show different contexts that encouraged racist behavior towards them, but all three cases could be summed up by Mesut Özil’s sentence: “German when we win, immigrant when we lose”. The methodology applied in this work is based on the linguistic analysis of the discourse. This approach has especially developed among German linguists who believe that discourse analysis should be conducted exclusively on the basis of the language itself and linguistic patterns, and that conclusions are drawn only on the basis of what is linguistically realized.

In the paper was investigated the variability of the morphological and anatomical traits of one-year-old seedlings of different species from the genus Quercus (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. and Quercus frainetto Ten.) cultivated in a plastic container Bosnaplast 18. The acorn was sown in November 2022, while the measurements of the studied elements were performed at the end of the growing season next year. In terms of morphological characteristics, the highest mean values of both researched parameters (root collar diameter and height) were recorded in Q. robur, followed by Q. frainetto, while the lowest mean values were found in Q. petraea. As for anatomical parameters, the following were analyzed: vessels width, the proportion of bark, pith and wood, as well as the participation of early- and latewood zones. Vessels width shows the least average values in Q. petraea, while no significant differences were recorded between Q. robur and Q. frainetto. The highest presence of wood, as well as the early zone within it, was found in Q. robur. The proportion of bark is a little bit higher in Q. frainetto compared to the other two species, while the pith proportion is significantly lower in Q. robur than in the other two species. Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that Q. robur seedlings show the best performance, before all from morphological point of view.

This article critically investigates the factors leading to the stagnation of democratization and the persistence of societal divisions in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), with a particular focus on the role of political elites. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines historical comparative analysis with qualitative content analysis of political developments, media reports, and public statements. The research uncovers that political elites in BH have systematically exploited and deepened ethnic divisions as a means to consolidate and maintain power supporting the hypothesis that insufficient success in managing diversity is influenced by the interests of political elites to maintain political power through ethnic divisions. This process of homogenizing ethnic groups for political leverage is identified as a significant barrier to democratization and societal integration. The study also examines the lingering effects of ex-Yugoslav socialism and regional geopolitical influences, particularly the relationships with Serbia and Croatia, in shaping the nation’s political and ethnic landscape. The main findings highlight that the deliberate actions of political elites, aimed at reinforcing their power bases through ethnic polarization, are the principal contributors to the failed democratization and the continuation of a divided society. The study underscores the necessity for policy interventions that target the root causes of ethnic division, emphasizing the need for political reforms that diminish the power of elites to manipulate ethnic identities for their gain. These insights are vital for understanding the challenges in BH and offer valuable lessons for other post-conflict and multi-ethnic societies grappling with democratization and ethnic reconciliation.

This paper evaluates the impact of a paradigm shift in the monetary system by introducing a model of full reserve banking, focusing on the outcome of separating the generation of money from interest, which can only be achieved by abolishing the system of creating money through debt creation in the banking system. The main thesis argues that the current system, in which private commercial banks create money by issuing loans, results in deposits that mix savings achieved through economic activity with newly created money, leading to economic inefficiency and potential instability because debt and interest are always greater than the economic value created. The 100% sovereign money system corrects this by ensuring that only the central bank has the authority to create money, simplifying the financial landscape and restoring money to its rightful status as a public good and stable unit of measure. The study uses a comparative analysis between the current banking system with fractional reserves and the proposed banking system with 100% sovereign money, which is entirely reserve money. Balance sheet modeling demonstrates the impact of segregating investment and deposit accounts on the books of banks and the central bank. The methodology includes a hypothetical presentation of the balance sheet under the new system, emphasizing the accounting separation of “deposit” and “investment” accounts to end the creation of money by private commercial banks. The balance sheet analysis indicates that adopting a 100% sovereign money system requires state intervention through state deposits into the banking system to achieve the desired level of credit activity.

Varvari Ali-pasha was an Ottoman high military commander and governor who flourished during the first half of 17th century. He was native of village Varvara in Bosnia. In this paper, the six archival documents from 1649 were analyzed. The documents were dealing with settling of Paša’s debts. The debts were covered from his inheritance which was excluded from the part of his property confiscated by the State Treasury. His then unsettled debts amounted to 728. 800 akçes. According to the documents, there were Pasha’s six creditors. Five of them were Muslims, one person was Jewish. Mustafa Bey, who was the Pasha’s son, was one of his creditors as well. The documents provide important data on Pasha’s biography, on his family, on his entourage and his household, as well as on the circulation of the European silver coins in the Ottoman Empire during mid of 17th century. Also, they illustrate the socio-economic situation of the Empire in the given period.

The long-standing tradition of real estate registration in Bosnia and Herzegovina has led to the development of several different models for recording real estate information. From the time of the Ottoman Empire to the present day, various authorities have taken charge, each leaving its own mark on the methods of recording real estate and property rights. This paper examines the current state of cadastral and land registry records in the Federation of B&H, as well as the human resources and geodetic equipment available to municipal and city services. The research findings indicate that changes in laws affecting property record-keeping have had significant impacts, resulting in a highly diverse situation regarding real estate records in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina today. This paper provides an accurate overview of the current state of real estate records and offers a solid foundation for making decisions and planning improvements to the management of property records and rights.

Violence is one of the most serious violations of human rights, as evidenced by its complexity and effects. Young people’s violence is one of the most prominent types of violence in our culture. Adolescents who exhibit violent conduct are also more likely to engage in other harmful behaviours, such as chronic lying, drug addiction, reckless driving, high-risk sexually transmitted infections, and chronic absences from school. Emotional difficulties, such as a lack of emotional regulation skills, difficulty resolving conflict, or difficulties coping with feelings of rage, jealousy, or rejection, frequently lead to violence in young people. Since many teen conversations now take place in public on the internet, these difficulties have worsened as social media has grown in popularity. This heightens the teenagers’ feelings of guilt, embarrassment, humiliation, and fear of others’ judgment. Psychologists are shedding light on the matter with their research insights, highlighting the protective and risk factors in violent conduct and prevention strategies and initiatives. This paper attempts to propose a new approach to the prevention and disruption of violence among adolescents that puts an emphasis on developing strengths and abilities rather than standard psychoeducation. Some of the promising strategies that can assist in forecasting teens’ risk for real-world violence include making meaning, developing interpersonal skills, regulating emotions and behaviour, training in communication skills, peer-led programs, digital monitoring, and bystander intervention, which includes peers, parents, and teachers. Not only can these interventions shield teenagers during a crucial developmental stage, but they can also lower their future risk of committing and experiencing intimate partner abuse.

Kult boga Atisa dokumentovan je na nekoliko lokacija u unutrašnjosti provincije Dalmacije, tačnije na području današnje Bosne i Hercegovine. Spomenik obrađen u ovom radu jedan je od do sada nepoznatih primjera. Ovo otkriće pronađeno je na području općine Nevesinje. Nažalost, okolnosti njegovog pronalaska nisu poznate, ali analiza sačuvanog reljefa i ikonografije sugeriše da je riječ o kultu Atisa. Spomenik je u velikoj mjeri oštećen i sadrži vrlo malo elemenata koji se mogu smatrati determinirajućim. Primarni determinirajući element odnosi se na položaj tijela, tačnije nogu, i oslanjanje na štap.

Pharmacists have been recognized as the most accessible healthcare professionals, and research has been carried out on expanded pharmacy services they could provide. Additional pharmacy services are a cost-effective way to prevent medication errors, reduce the number of drug-related problems, and prevent chronic disease progression. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate pharmacy service users’ views of expanded pharmacy services in Croatia. This study included 745 participants. Patients who have a healthcare professional in their family more frequently knew of the existence of e-health records and the option to share it with their pharmacists (134, 56.3% vs. 229, 45.2%, p = 0.005), while persons that have chronic illness more frequently visit the same pharmacy (176, 77.9% vs. 178, 34.3%, p < 0.001). Participants are confident that pharmacists can provide screening services and education on inhaler usage; however, only around 60% agreed that pharmacists can independently lead therapy adjustment, medication substitution, or monitor therapy based on test results. Our findings should be supported with projects evaluating the cost-effectiveness of such services as they would be accepted by a greater number of pharmacy service users if covered by the national health insurer.

<p>Air bending is one of the most common methods of forming positions from&nbsp; sheet metal. It has found wide use due to the simplicity of the procedure and&nbsp; the possibility of bending any angle by controlling the movement of the&nbsp; upper tool (punch). With this procedure, it is possible to create very complex&nbsp; shapes that can have a large number of bends.&nbsp;<br />In order to form the developed form based on the given bent form, we must&nbsp; accurately determine the K-factor, which is the basic factor that defines the&nbsp; arrangement of the bent lines and the length of the piece in the developed&nbsp; form. There are many parameters that affect the K-factor, among others are&nbsp; the type and thickness of the material being bent. In this paper, it was analyzed whether, and to what extent, the choice of the bottom tool (V-die)&nbsp; affects the K-factor. In the experimental part, test pieces of the same width&nbsp; and length were bent on dies of different widths, and after required measurements and K-factor calculation, the magnitude of this influence was determined.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">This paper examines the free oscillations of beams, which are essential&nbsp; for preventing resonance in constructions such as bridges, buildings, and&nbsp; other engineering structures. The objective of the study is to evaluate the&nbsp; accuracy of numerical methods by comparing their results with exact&nbsp; solutions for three support conditions: a simply supported beam, a&nbsp;<br />cantilever beam, and a beam fixed at both ends. Exact solutions were&nbsp; presented for all cases. Numerical results for the first three oscillation&nbsp; modes were obtained using ANSYS software and compared to the exact values.</p>

In their work, dentists, especially those in general dental practice, encounter patients of various ages and with different health conditions. Undoubtedly, the pediatric population is not excluded in this context, and special attention is paid to oncological patients in this population. Malignant diseases require a special approach in the field of dentistry, both through guidelines and preventive measures, as well as in cases where it is necessary to treat conditions or diseases resulting from oncology treatment or the disease itself. Oncological treatment consequences are also visible in the oral cavity, which becomes extremely sensitive during the course of treatment. Children, as oncological patients, can quickly transition from a relatively "healthy state" to a state characterized by significant changes in the oral cavity, which are conditions that are extremely difficult for children to endure. These changes manifest as complications such as oral mucositis, xerostomia, opportunistic infections, dental hypersensitivity, developmental disorders of the jaw structures, and GvHD. For complications during and after chemotherapy, the treatment is symptomatic, involving the implementation of a treatment protocol with clearly defined procedures for each complication, ranging from preventive brushing to the application of medication. Due to the increasing number of pediatric oncological patients, it is the dentist's task to understand the nature of malignant diseases, their basic characteristics, how to prevent the development of oral complications during and after oncological therapy, and how to treat any complications that may arise.