Restless legs syndrome is a neurological disease from the spectrum of movement disorders, with psychiatric comorbid symptoms and manifestations. Women are affected twice as often as men, and the frequency in the population is 4-10%, while during pregnancy the prevalence triples. This research was conducted as a result of a search and selection of studies on the prevalence of RLS in pregnancy, which include works published in domestic and foreign journals and searches of PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. A primary search of medical databases found 316 publications. In this secondary process, due to the lack of access to the abstract or full text, and due to the poor quality of the articles, 11 relevant publications were finally found and included in this systematic review. The total number of respondents included in this research is 7033, aged 19-45. The lowest prevalence was 4.9% in Japan, and the highest prevalence was 54.7% in Saudi Arabia. In this review, the overall mean frequency of restless legs syndrome during pregnancy was 24.69%. Furthermore, in our ongoing research conducted in 2022 on restless legs syndrome, we recorded a frequency of 26.5% in a population of 266 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The frequency of restless legs syndrome is high among the population of pregnant women, and according to its etiology, clinical manifestations and comorbid manifestation, this disorder represents a close link between psychiatry, neurology and gynecology. For this reason, pregnant women should pay extra attention to the early detection of this disorder, which can significantly affect a pregnant woman's daily energy level, poor sleep and daytime sleepiness, and more frequent symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Interna revizija, kao nezavisna i objektivna funkcija, ima ključnu ulogu u unapređenju poslovanja organizacija kroz procenu i poboljšanje efektivnosti upravljanja rizicima, kontrolom i organizacionim procesima. Iako nije zakonski obavezna u svim zemljama, njeno uspostavljanje postaje sve važnije, posebno u javnom sektoru i finansijskim organizacijama i korporacijama, kako bi se unapredilo poslovanje, ostvarili ciljevi i smanjili rizici. Kvalitet interne revizije definiše se njenom sposobnošću da ispuni ciljeve organizacije pružajući korisne informacije menadžmentu, osiguravajući usklađenost s propisima, upravljajući rizicima i poboljšavajući sistem internih kontrola i organizacione procese. Njena važnost ogleda se u povećavanju kredibiliteta revizije, poverenja zainteresovanih strana i dugoročne održivosti organizacije. Ključni faktori kvaliteta uključuju profesionalne standarde, podršku menadžmenta, nezavisnost, objektivnost, kompetenciju revizora i efikasnu koordinaciju sa eksternim revizorima. Iako univerzalan model za ocenu kvaliteta interne revizije ne postoji, istraživanja naglašavaju značaj različitih metodoloških pristupa, uključujući SEM metodologiju, faktorsku analizu i regresione modele i strukturalni pregled literature radi preciznijeg razumevanja indikatora kvaliteta. U radu su prezentovana istraživanja koja se bave upravo istraživanjem kvaliteta interne revizije i identifikovanja ključnih faktora koji određuju kvalitet interne revizije.

Network emulators are essential in testing network systems, applications, and protocols. Emulators bridge the gap between simulation setups that lack realism in results and real-world trials that are accurate but often expensive, non-reproducible, and uncontrollable. This paper describes the simulations and emulations of the national Czech QKD network. Using emulation techniques, a unique ecosystem is formed that includes the processes of generating, processing, storing, and consuming cryptographic keys. The presented tool will undoubtedly spur future development, understanding, and teaching, and it is critical for testing novel applications and protocols applied to QKD networks.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is essential for monitoring high-risk pregnancies, yet perinatal asphyxia prediction accuracy remains limited to 50–55%. Regions of artifacts (missing valid signals)-including signal processing aberrations-possibly contribute to this limitation, highlighted by 40% of FDA reports on intrapartum stillbirths. This cohort study applied causal inference to two digitized CTG databases, analyzing 36,792 labor episodes (>36 weeks) at a tertiary Australian hospital (2010–2021) and externally validating on a Czech dataset (n = 552).High rates of missing valid signals (>30% fetal heart rate signal dropout or >1% maternal-fetal heart rate coincidence) was independently associated with asphyxia (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19–1.81); dropout >30% showing stronger link (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.13–2.20 Australian dataset; aOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.08–4.91 Czech dataset). Risk of asphyxia increased with higher dropout (>37.45%, aOR 2.21 Australian dataset; >34.01%, aOR 4.08 Czech dataset). Integrating measures of missing valid signals into fetal monitoring algorithms may improve decision-making and neonatal outcomes.

This study aimed to determine the paraoxonase activity and prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the brain tissue of Wistar rats following subacute treatment with selected K-oximes. Each K-oxime was administered intramuscularly (0.1 LD50/kg) twice per week for four weeks, and 7 days after the last treatment, the paraoxonase activity (PON1), the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), the levels of superoxide anion radical (O2•-), the concentration of nitrite (NO2-) and the content of free protein thiol groups in the brain homogenates were evaluated. The PON1 and PAB activity were significantly reduced in almost all oxime-treated groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The concentrations of O2•- were significantly increased in the obidoxime-, K048-, K074- and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001), while the levels of NO2- was significantly decreased in asoxime-, obidoxime-, K074 and K075-treated rats (p < 0.01, p ˂ 0.001, respectively). The content of Thiol groups was significantly elevated in all oxime-treated groups (p < 0.001). Continuing our previously published data, these results confirmed that applied K-oximes improved the oxidative status and further harmful systemic effects of rats after subacute administration.

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary anomaly, with an uncertain prevalence and often diagnosed incidentally. This case report presents a 62-year-old male with ARCAPA diagnosed during an evaluation for chest surgery. The patient had a history of colon cancer and active tuberculosis, complicating the clinical management. He reported chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations, with atrial fibrillation observed on a 24 h Holter ECG. Coronary angiography revealed robust collateral circulation and a suspected anomalous origin of the right coronary artery, confirmed by CT imaging. The patient’s stress MRI showed mildly reduced left and right ventricular ejection fractions and perfusion deficits in the apical segments (2/17) of the septal and inferior walls. Given the patient’s comorbidities, including active tuberculosis, the Heart team decided on a non-operative management approach, focusing on careful monitoring and pharmacological management rather than immediate surgery. This case emphasizes the complexity of managing ARCAPA in the context of significant comorbidities, highlighting the importance of individualized, multidisciplinary treatment strategies. Early diagnosis using advanced imaging techniques is crucial, and a non-operative approach can be considered in patients with preserved left ventricular function and no significant ischemia, as demonstrated in this case.

Abstract Digital transformation significantly impacts all aspects of the economic system, particularly the functioning of monetary policy and the financial sector. As a key process in modernization, digital transformation encompasses innovations that enable faster, safer and more efficient financial transactions, contributing to greater transparency and better economic integration. This paper analyzes the impact of digital transformation on the monetary policies of Southeast European (SEE) countries, with a particular focus on the development and implementation of digital payment systems. The aim of the research is to examine the potential of digital technologies to improve the monetary policies of these countries, enabling them to achieve greater financial stability and alignment with European Union (EU) standards. The focus is on identifying the benefits of implementing digital payments, including reducing transaction costs, improving trust in monetary institutions, and increasing the transparency of financial flows. The methodological framework of the research is based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), using the CRITIC and MARCOS methods. The CRITIC method was used to evaluate the importance of individual criteria relevant to digital payments, while the MARCOS method enabled the ranking of countries based on their potential for implementing digital payments. The results of the research show that alignment with EU legislation is the most important factor, while Romania has the best potential for implementing digital payments among the observed countries. The contribution of this paper is reflected in the development of a strategic framework and the encouragement of regional cooperation, through which SEE countries could realize the full potential of digital transformation to accelerate economic growth and integration with the EU.

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged as potential clinical support tools to enhance precision in personalized patient care, but their reliability in radiological image interpretation remains uncertain. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in interpreting chest X-rays (CXRs) and abdominal X-rays (AXRs) by comparing its performance to expert radiology findings, whilst secondary aims were diagnostic confidence and patient safety. Methods: A total of 500 X-rays, including 257 CXR (51.4%) and 243 AXR (48.5%), were analyzed. Diagnoses made by ChatGPT-4o were compared to expert interpretations. Confidence scores (1–4) were assigned and responses were evaluated for patient safety. Results: ChatGPT-4o correctly identified 345 of 500 (69%) pathologies (95% CI: 64.81–72.9). For AXRs 175 of 243 (72.02%) pathologies were correctly diagnosed (95% CI: 66.06–77.28), while for CXRs 170 of 257 (66.15%) were accurate (95% CI: 60.16–71.66). The highest detection rates among CXRs were observed for pulmonary edema, tumor, pneumonia, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly, and emphysema, and lower rates were observed for pneumothorax, rib fractures, and enlarged mediastinum. AXR performance was highest for intestinal obstruction and foreign bodies, and weaker for pneumoperitoneum, renal calculi, and diverticulitis. Confidence scores were higher for AXRs (mean 3.45 ± 1.1) than CXRs (mean 2.48 ± 1.45). All responses (100%) were considered to be safe for the patient. Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.920), and reliability (second prompt) was moderate (kappa = 0.750). Conclusions: ChatGPT-4o demonstrated moderate accuracy for the interpretation of X-rays, being higher for AXRs compared to CXRs. Improvements are required for its use as efficient clinical support tool.

The transition from 5G to 6G networks will catalyze the development of advanced 6G Applications (6G Apps) with enhanced network programmability and intelligence, providing vertical industries and Communication Service Providers (CSPs) with new opportunities to optimize their operations. This article explores the future of the 6G Apps tailored to verticals in the 6G era, highlighting their role as middleware that abstracts network complexities and exposes Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to enable dynamic interaction and real-time adaptation. Key enablers such as network exposure, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and edge computing are studied in the context of optimizing operations across verticals, and improving Quality of Service (QoS) and fostering innovation. A case study on teleoperated vehicles exemplifies the real-world applicability of these technological enablers for 6G Apps. Furthermore, this article offers insights and explores new research opportunities for 6G Apps tailored to verticals to evolve in the 6G era while addressing key challenges in deploying these applications in real-world commercial networks as a service.

Background In low- and middle-income countries, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of epidural analgesia for labor has been limited due to a shortage of anesthesiologists. As an alternative, single-shot spinal analgesia can offer effective pain relief during childbirth. Objective The objective of the study is to evaluate patient satisfaction with single-shot spinal analgesia provided during labor. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the General Hospital Sarajevo over a two-year period. Fifty parturients received single-shot spinal analgesia during the active phase of labor (cervical dilatation ≥ 5 cm). The analgesic mixture included 0.5% levobupivacaine (0.5 mL), fentanyl (25 mcg), and 0.9% NaCl (1 mL). Pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before the procedure, 10 minutes afterward, one hour after administration, and during delivery. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results The average duration of labor pain prior to the procedure was four hours. Mean VAS scores were 9 before the procedure, 3 after 10 minutes, 1 after one hour, and 4 during delivery. Spinal analgesia lasted approximately 110 minutes. During this period, 66% of parturients delivered, while in 34%, the effect of analgesia ended before delivery. All patients expressed satisfaction with the analgesia received. Conclusion Single-shot spinal analgesia provided effective pain relief and high patient satisfaction, even among those who did not deliver during the period of analgesic effect. It offered parturients sufficient time to rest and actively participate in the final stage of labor.

Abstract Background Extensive catheter ablation beyond pulmonary vein isolation may acutely increase atrial tissue stiffness, however, this may differ between energy sources used. Objectives This study aimed to compare acute effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and pulsed field ablation (PFA) on atrial tissue stiffness in a porcine model using multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MMRE). Methods In 17 pigs (∼50 kg and ∼16 weeks old) an intercaval line was ablated using only focal RFA (25 W, 30 sec, n=9), only focal monopolar biphasic PFA (CENTAURI PFA generator, 25 A, 10 pulse trains, n=5), or half of the ablation line with PFA and the other half with RFA (n=3) (Figure 1,A). Post-ablation, in vitro MMRE data were acquired with a tabletop MRE scanner (ttMRE) (n=8) (Figure 1,B). In vivo, a novel MMRE protocol utilizing electrocardiography-triggered spin-echo, echo-planar-imaging was established (n=11) (Figure 1,C). Shear wave speed (SWS) was reconstructed as a surrogate for tissue stiffness. Results In vitro ttMRE measurements revealed significantly higher SWS for the RFA ablation zone compared to both the PFA ablation zone (p=0.008) and PFA border zone (p=0.003). Consistently, a novel in vivo MMRE protocol showed 1.37-fold higher SWS of the RFA ablation zone than its border zone (p=0.016) and 1.16-fold higher SWS than the PFA ablation zone (p=0.033). Absolute in vivo SWS differences between ablation zones and border zones were significantly higher for RFA compared to PFA (p=0.019). Conclusions RFA produces stiffer acute atrial lesions compared to PFA in pigs. A novel MMRE scanning protocol allows RFA and PFA lesion evaluation in vivo with the potential to support the refinement of future catheter approaches by optimizing mechanical properties of ablation lesions and minimizing atrial stiffness.