PURPOSE OF REVIEW The degree to which computerized methods, such as artificial intelligence (AI), will aid in the assessment of kidney histopathology is undergoing intense study and application; and this is particularly true for interstitial fibrosis, which is often used as a surrogate measure of chronic kidney disease progression, since interobserver variability among human pathologists has been demonstrated in the assessment of interstitial fibrosis and other features. RECENT FINDINGS Computerized assessment of interstitial fibrosis, including with AI, has been assessed alongside pathologists. Computerized methods such as AI have shown direct interstitial fibrosis measurement and indirect assessment through kidney compartment segmentation; however, some studies have shown lack of complete concordance among computerized methods and humans; and studies have still shown the persistent value of human assessment in many circumstances. SUMMARY Computerized methods, including AI, are showing increased application in kidney pathology for a wide variety of clinical and histopathologic parameter assessment, including interstitial fibrosis; however, further studies are needed to characterize the performance of AI and handcrafted methods; and additional work is needed to fully integrate computerized methods into routine pathology practice. Ultimately, humans working with AI ("humans + AI") may provide enhanced analysis for more effective patient care.

Robots increasingly provide explanations to support transparency in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), yet users differ widely in how much explanation they prefer and when it is appropriate. We present a lightweight simulation framework in which a robot selects among explanation policies ranging from no explanation to norm-based, preference-based, and a Bayesian Adaptive (BA) policy that learns user preferences online while respecting normative expectations. Using synthetic user archetypes, we evaluate how these policies trade off utility, alignment, explanation cost, and regret. Results show that BA consistently achieves low regret across individual users while maintaining strong utility and alignment across diverse user archetypes. These findings motivate the development of preference-aware, uncertainty-driven explanation mechanisms for robust, adaptive robot communication in heterogeneous HRI settings.

Background: Australia’s increasingly multicultural landscape has seen a rise in culturally and linguistically diverse populations, many of whom face subtle and systemic forms of discrimination known as “new racism”. Objective: Underpinned by a person-centred and holistic framework, which recognises individuals as experts in their own lived experiences and emphasises strength-based, culturally situated understandings of well-being, this paper reports on a study that explores how culturally and racially marginalised diverse people in Australia cope with the mental health impacts of new racism. Design: A qualitative descriptive approach was employed in this study. Participants: Thirty participants from ten culturally and linguistically diverse communities participated in eight focus groups, providing rich insights into their lived experiences. Methods: Data were collected through semi-structured focus-group interviews conducted between March and June 2025. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’ method of thematic analysis. Results: Thematic analysis revealed four key coping strategies: (1) acceptance of immutable identity traits to foster resilience, (2) emotional ventilation within culturally safe spaces, (3) self-growth and empowerment through reflection and adaptive practices, and (4) assertive responses to racism when necessary. While some participants reported psychological distress, many demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness, challenging deficit-based assumptions often found in the existing literature. Findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive mental healthcare, including peer support, emotional safe spaces, and strength-based interventions. Conclusions: This study offers a holistic understanding of how culturally and racially marginalised people cope with new racism and its mental health impacts. The findings highlight the critical need for person-centred, culturally responsive, and equity-focused mental health support, providing actionable guidance for nursing practice and policy development.

The rapid growth of the global population has increased the consumption of chicken eggs, leading to the generation of significant quantities of eggshell waste. The sustainable valorization of this biowaste represents an important environmental and resource management challenge. In this study, CaO was synthesized from waste chicken eggshells via calcination at 800 °C and evaluated as a green precipitating agent for the removal of toxic Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The effects of key precipitation parameters, including initial pH, stirring speed, contact time, and CaO dosage, were systematically investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased with increasing pH, mixing intensity, contact time, and CaO dosage, reaching a maximum Pb(II) removal of 90% under investigated conditions of initial pH 9, stirring speed of 500 rpm, contact time of 15 min, and CaO dosage of 500 mg. In the presence of the competing ion Fe(III), the removal efficiency further increased to 99.99%, indicating a potential synergistic effect in the precipitation process. FT-IR analysis confirmed the successful formation of CaO and revealed significant spectral changes after Pb(II) precipitation, including shifts and disappearance of characteristic absorption bands, indicating the formation of insoluble hydroxide and carbonate phases. These findings demonstrate that eggshell-derived CaO is an effective and environmentally sustainable material for Pb(II) removal from aqueous media and represents a promising approach for the valorization of eggshell waste.

Background/Objectives: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a particularly severe subtype of stroke, characterized by high rates of mortality and long-term disability, for which robust prognostic markers are still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of the ICH score, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) levels with 30-day mortality in patients with sICH. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with sICH based on neuroimaging findings. Demographic data, clinical parameters, neuroimaging findings, and serum hs-cTnI levels were collected on admission. Subsequently, the ICH score, its individual components, and the NIHSS score were assessed. Results: Patients who died were older and had significantly higher ICH and NIHSS scores, lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, larger hematoma volumes, more frequent intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and elevated hs-cTnI levels compared to survivors. Serum hs-cTnI concentrations were significantly correlated with ICH and NIHSS scores, lower GCS scores, larger hematoma volumes, and the presence of IVH. On univariate logistic regression, higher ICH score, NIHSS score, and hs-cTnI level were associated with mortality, whereas multivariate analysis identified the GCS score, hematoma volume, and IVH score as significant independent factors related to fatal outcome. Conclusions: Individual components of the ICH score may provide useful information on outcomes in patients with sICH. Higher serum hs-cTnI levels were associated with 30-day mortality but were not independent predictors. These markers may assist in patient monitoring and support established clinical procedures in therapeutic decision-making. Nevertheless, larger multicenter studies are needed to further clarify their clinical implications in sICH management.

This study investigates white willow bark extract (WWBE) as a potential corrosion inhibitor for Cu-DHP in a 0.5 M NaCl solution, using a non-destructive electrochemical methods, namely electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrolytes consisted of 0.5 M NaCl solutions both with and without the addition of WWBE (0.1–0.5 g l −1 ). The 0.5 M NaCl solution containing 0.5 g l −1 WWBE, both in the presence and absence of a copper plate, was analysed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The experiments were conducted at room temperature. The EFM results indicated that WWBE functioned as a cathodic copper corrosion inhibitor, with the highest inhibition efficiency observed for the 0.5 M NaCl solution containing 0.5 g l −1 WWBE. The EIS results suggested the formation of a protective WWBE inhibitor film. The corrosion process was diffusion-controlled, both with and without the addition of WWBE. Both electrochemical methods demonstrated that WWBE adsorbed onto the copper surface in 0.5 M NaCl solution via physisorp-tion, following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Gibbs free energy values of adsorption were similar for EFM and EIS. The UV-Vis results showed that immersion of copper in an electrolyte containing 0.5 g l −1 WWBE for 24 h led to a change in the absorbance maximum, indicating the formation of a copper–WWBE complex. Overall, the results indicate that WWBE is an effective inhibitor of copper corrosion in chloride conditions. Further research will focus on the identification of compounds and organometallic complexes in WWBE and their individual effects on the corrosion process.

The first industrial robots appeared in the production processes in the 1960s have continued to be implemented in manufacturing worldwide. The greatest application of industrial robots has been observed in three major industries: the automotive industry, the electrical and electronics industry, and the metal industry. The automotive industry was the first to adopt the most industrial robots extensively, and in recent years the electrical and electronics industry has followed. Together, these two sectors account for more than 60% of the total number of industrial robots deployed worldwide. Industrial robots have primarily been used to perform tasks that are physically demanding and hazardous to workers’ health, including welding operations, which are predominantly carried out in the automotive industry. To date, first-generation industrial robots have been the most widely implemented. These systems are typically enclosed by protective fences to ensure worker safety, occupy substantial floor space, and are relatively complex to reprogram. The development of advanced technologies — such as sensor systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing, virtual and augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced safety systems — has significantly contributed to the evolution of robotic technology. The present study presents current trends in the implementation of industrial robots and examines their role in welding processes.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with chronic inflammation recognized as a critical factor in its pathogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), alongside the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), in CRC development and progression. The reason we chose theese cytokines amoung others is that we found certain number of similar research in recent literature for comparision, condidering this topic is quite rare. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-17A have been linked to enhanced tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, highlighting their contribution to a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Conversely, IL-10 exhibits a dual role by suppressing inflammation yet potentially facilitating immune evasion and tumor progression in certain contexts. Understanding the complex interplay and signaling pathways of these cytokines may improve CRC risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and offer new avenues for targeted therapies. This review synthesizes current evidence from recent literature to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-10 in colorectal cancer.</p>

This paper aims to compare the mechanical and structural properties of butt-welded joints of dissimilar Al alloys 2024-T351 and AA 6082-T6 obtained by MIG and TIG welding processes. Alloy AA 6082 T6 is weldable by classic fusion welding processes (MIG and TIG), while alloy 2024-T351 is mostly non-weldable. For the welding of these two different Al alloys, MIG and TIG welding procedures were used on 8 mm thick sheet metal using additional material 4043A (AlSi5) and a mixture of Ar and He as a shielding gas for the MIG welding process, or pure Ar for the TIG welding process. The present study showcases the mechanical properties of welded joints obtained by MIG and TIG welding. The microstructural evolution of the welded joint of dissimilar Al alloys AA6082-T6 and AA2024-T351 is compared. The mechanical properties of welded joints of dissimilar Al alloys are estimated based on the results of Vickers hardness, tensile, and bending tests of as-welded samples.

Evaluating the somatic cell count (SCC) at the level of the herd or individual cows allows for efficient monitoring of mammary gland health. By analysing SCC, it is possible to identify subclinical cases of mastitis that do not manifest through visible clinical signs on the udder or changes in milk. This study was conducted on a modern dairy farm of the Holstein-Friesian breed in the municipality of Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The total number of cows included in the study during 2022 and 2023 ranged between 325 and 335. Milk samples were preserved with azidiol and transported to the laboratory. Milk quality was assessed by determining the SCC in milk using the Fluoro-opto-electronic method, and by analysing the fat, protein, and lactose contents. The devices used in the study were CombiFoss 6200 – MilkoScan FT and Fossomatic FC 6000. A strong positive correlation was found between SCC and milk proteins, but not with milk fat. A significant negative correlation was found between SCC and lactose. There was no significant difference in the number of somatic cells by year, although there was a significant difference by season within the studied years. Winter stands out as the season with the lowest SCC, followed by spring and summer, while autumn had the highest count. Autumn also showed the largest oscillations in SCC, while spring had the smallest. Somatic cell counts over 200,000/mL were recorded from July to December 2022 and from May to November 2023. Zoohygiene conditions and milking hygiene measures should be additionally adjusted in summer and autumn to maintain the desired standards achieved in winter and spring.

significant median increase was also observed in proximal (z = -3.408, p < .001) and distal tibial M wave amplitude (z = -3.409, p < .001).

Bosnia and Herzegovina, a Southeast European country and a European Union (EU) candidate state, is characterized by complex social, political and economic structures that influence its development trajectory. As a post-transition economy, it faces persistent structural challenges, including low economic growth and institutional fragmentation. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has been an important factor in supporting development through long-term programs, yet recent changes in the status of its operations have raised questions about the sustainability of its interventions and future economic dynamics. This paper examines the spatial distribution of selected USAID-funded economic projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on diaspora investments, agriculture, tourism and energy policy. By analyzing program documentation and examining the spatial distribution of municipal-level participation, the study provides insights into the economic and geographic impact of USAID selected initiatives. The findings indicate an uneven territorial impact, with more frequent participation in municipalities with stronger institutional and economic capacity and more limited coverage in peripheral and structurally weaker areas. While the analyzed initiatives contributed to sectoral development and capacity-building, their uneven spatial concentration suggests potential territorial vulnerabilities over time. In this context, USAID’s engagement in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been economically, institutionally and geopolitically significant.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in early childhood. Its clinical behavior is highly variable, ranging from spontaneous regression to fatal outcome despite intensive treatment. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma Group (SIOPEN) Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Specialty Committees developed consensus‐based imaging recommendations for high‐risk neuroblastoma at first presentation and throughout follow‐up. These expert opinions aim to improve reproducibility and enhance diagnostic performance in order to advance the current standard of care and assist in the development of future trials.