Soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle by storing organic carbon and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) through biological processes. Land use management practices influence soil CO2 emissions by changing physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Seasonal soil C-CO2 emissions (soil CO2 efflux expressed as C-CO2 in kg ha−1 day−1) were analyzed under cropland, orchard, grassland, forest, and abandoned land, in a peri-urban area in central Croatia in 2021 and 2023. Emissions were measured using the static method in a closed chamber, accompanied by measurements of soil temperature, moisture, and total porosity. In both years, grassland and orchards had the highest average soil C-CO2 emissions, whereas cropland showed consistently lower values. However, total soil C-CO2 emissions were significantly lower in 2023, probably influenced by higher precipitation and changes in soil moisture. The seasonal trends differed from year to year, with the highest emissions recorded in fall 2021 and spring 2023. In both years, there was a positive correlation between average soil C-CO2 emissions and soil temperature/moisture, while soil porosity also contributed to the observed emission variations. The results show the significant influence of land use types on soil C-CO2 emissions and emphasize the importance of seasonal and environmental factors in assessing soil carbon cycling. This research enhances understanding of soil contributions to climate change and supports the development of sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

  The Chair of Silviculture and Urban Greenery an organizational unit of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Sarajevo, is dedicated to excellence in both education and scientific research. Our focus encompasses silvicultural systems, natural and artificial regeneration, forest genetics, and urban greenery. Informed by natural processes our Chair plays important role in shaping decisions related to forest management. We are dedicated to exploring the complexities of old growth forests, emphasising biological and genetic diversity. Furthermore, our interest extends to the dynamic realm of urban greenery. Through its history, the Chair has undergone transformative phases, culminating in its nomenclature established in 1996. At present our Chair comprises five accomplished professionals - a distinguished academician, full professor, associate professor, senior Ph.D. assistant and a dedicated assistant. The Chair of Silviculture and Urban Greenery is organized into two distinct scientific fields. One field concentrates on forest seed collection, forest nurseries, reforestation (both natural and artificial) and various silvicultural systems. Simultaneously, the second field deals with forest genetics. Both scientific fields converge to address the multifaceted aspects of urban greenery. Driven by a clear mission, our Chair is resolute in its commitment to educating students and advancing scientific knowledge. This dedication is evident from our efforts ranging from writing textbooks to publishing impactful scientific papers. In alignment with our vision for the future, we actively monitor scientific trends in the field of silviculture and forest genetics globally, implementing these insights at the Faculty to stay at the forefront of academic excellence.

Harvest timing is a critical factor in viticulture, as it directly influences grape composition and, consequently, wine quality. This study evaluated the effects of harvest timing on the physical and chemical traits of two widely cultivated grape varieties from the Trebinje vineyard area, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Basic chemical parameters (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity) were measured alongside cluster and berry traits, including length, width, and weight of clusters; the number and weight of berries; the skin and flesh weight of 100 berries; and the number and weigh of seeds. Early-harvested grapes showed greater cluster weight but lower total soluble solids, higher titratable acidity, and lower pH compared to later harvests in both cultivars. Changes in cluster and berry traits were more pronounced in ‘Vranac’, where berry weight, skin and flesh mass increased significantly at later harvests, however, in ‘Žilavka’ only the seed weight was notably affected. Across all harvests period, ‘Žilavka’ consistently exhibited higher total soluble solids and lower pH values than ‘Vranac’, indicating a strong varietal effect on grape quality. These findings highlight that delaying harvest within the recommended window can enhance grape composition, while varietal differences determine the extent of morphological and chemical changes during ripening.

INTRODUCTION This study investigates the molecular docking of 306 phytochemicals from Iris, Daphne, and Chrysosplenium species against three key proteins of the H5N1 influenza virus: neuraminidase, polymerase, and hemagglutinin. Phytochemicals are recognized for their antiviral potential, but interactions between compounds from these genera and H5N1 proteins remain underexplored. Given the ongoing threat of H5N1, identifying novel inhibitors is essential. The main intent is to evaluate the binding affinities of selected phytochemicals through molecular docking and assess the drug-likeness of top candidates using pharmacokinetic and physicochemical filters. METHODS Molecular docking was performed for 306 phytochemicals against the three H5N1 proteins. Fourteen promising compounds were further screened for physicochemical properties, compliance with Lipinski's Rule of Five, Veber's Rule, and PAINS alerts. RESULTS All compounds exhibited no PAINS alerts, with several conforming to Lipinski's Rule of Five and Veber's Rule. Edgeworoside A emerged as the top-performing compound, showing strong binding affinity across all three targets and favorable interaction profiles. Triumbellin and daphnogi-rin A exhibited significant binding affinity for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, as well as for polymerase, respectively. Compounds such as 3-isobutenylquercetin, irisoid E, junipegenin A, daphne-toxin, and excoecariatoxin exhibited high binding potential without violating drug-likeness criteria. CONCLUSION Several phytochemicals, particularly edgeworoside A, demonstrate promising multi-target potential against H5N1 influenza proteins. These findings highlight the therapeutic relevance of compounds from underexplored plant genera and support their further development through in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies.

EURO-Titan project aims upscaling Ti-metal powder manufacturing from metallurgical residues, abundantly available in Europe. The demonstration of the overall process is planned at the Al-Doo Aluminium plant (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and at ORANO (France). For Ti extraction from red mud, reduction was applied at 1600 ?C in an electric arc furnace to remove most of the iron through magnetic separation. Then the slag is leached by sulfuric acid at variable pressure to obtain the highest yield of titanium oxysulfate. Highest Ti-leaching efficiency (95%) was reached at 150 ?C using 5 mol|L sulfuric acid at 9 bar oxygen in 2 h. For Ti-leaching by sulfuric acid from tionite, a byproduct of the titanium dioxide production through sulfate processing, gave lower leaching efficiency under high pressure in an autoclave, altered Ti-compounds resist to dissolution. Nanosized and submicron TiO2-powders were prepared from Ti oxysulfate, using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrogen reduction between 700 and 1350°C.

The exponential growth of user-generated video content necessitates efficient summarization systems for improved accessibility, retrieval, and analysis. This study presents and benchmarks a multimodal video summarization framework that classifies segments as informative or non-informative using audio, visual, and fused features. Sixty hours of annotated video across ten diverse categories were analyzed. Audio features were extracted with pyAudioAnalysis, while visual features (colour histograms, optical flow, object detection, facial recognition) were derived using OpenCV. Six supervised classifiers—Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost—were evaluated, with hyperparameters optimized via grid search. Temporal coherence was enhanced using median filtering. Random Forest achieved the best performance, with 74% AUC on fused features and a 3% F1-score gain after post-processing. Spectral flux, grayscale histograms, and optical flow emerged as key discriminative features. The best model was deployed as a practical web service using TensorFlow and Flask, integrating informative segment detection with subtitle generation via beam search to ensure coherence and coverage. System-level evaluation demonstrated low latency and efficient resource utilization under load. Overall, the results confirm the strength of multimodal fusion and ensemble learning for video summarization and highlight their potential for real-world applications in surveillance, digital archiving, and online education.

The development of technology has influenced changes in agricultural production. Farmers are increasingly using modern devices and machinery that provide valuable information, and to manage this information effectively, it is necessary to use specialized applications. This research aims to evaluate various applications and determine which one is most suitable for small- and medium-sized farmers to adopt in precision agriculture. This research employed expert decision-making to determine the importance of criteria and evaluate applications using linguistic values. Due to the presence of uncertainty in decision-making, an interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) set was used, which addresses this problem through the support of a membership function. This approach allows for the display of uncertainty and imprecision using an interval rather than a single exact value. This enables a more flexible and realistic representation of ratings, leading to more confident decision-making. These membership functions are formed in such a way that there is symmetry around the central linguistic value. To use this approach, the SiWeC (simple weight calculation) and CORASO (compromise ranking from alternative solutions) methods were adapted. The results of the IT2F SiWeC method revealed that the most important criteria for experts are data accuracy, efficiency, and simplicity. The results of the IT2F CORASO method displayed that the A3 application delivers the best results, confirmed by additional analyses. This research has indicated that digital tools, in the form of applications, can be effectively used in small- and medium-scale precision agriculture production.

The progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the process of EU integrations can be described as slow and difficult. Many reasons contribute to such development, starting with political instability. However, even in the case of absence of political difficulties, certain features of the constitutional and legal system of the country make decision-making at state level and conducting necessary reforms slow and ineffective. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s constitution is a part of a Dayton Peace Agreement, which was a result of long peace negotiations to end one of the bloodiest conflicts in the 1990’s. It achieved in stopping the conflict, but inserted many features which make reforms difficult, such as complicated decision-making process, fragmented state apparatus and division of competences between different levels of government. One of the features of the constitutional system is the set of group rights belonging to the so-called constituent peoples. The principle foresees certain procedural rules related to the parity in appointment of officials as well as necessary quotas and veto powers in the decision-making process in the legislative and executive bodies. Primarily seen as a compromise to bring back inter-ethnic trust, in recent years, it has been increasingly seen by European Institutions such as European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission, as discriminatory and ineffective, hampering the progress of the state on its path to EU integration. The European Court of Human Rights has in multiple cases described the realization of principle of constituent peoples as contrary to human rights standards. On the other hand, the EU institutions, such as European Commission, in its assessments of the readiness of Bosnia and Herzegovina to progress in EU integrations and potentially become a EU Member state, has pointed to the fact that realization of the principle is detrimental to the decision-making process. The non-compliance with the European Court of Human Rights decisions related to the discriminatory nature of the principle, has slowed the country’s EU integration process, even in the stage of signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement, as is still an outstanding obligation.  All of that is negatively impacting institutional frameworks aimed at devising and implementing necessary reforms on the EU integration path. This article analyses the position of the principle of “constituent peoples” in the legal system of the country and its evaluation by the European institutions as detrimental to country’s progress.

Early elementary education represents a critical period for the development of foundational reading and mathematics skills. This study investigated the relative contributions of teacher ratings, cognitive abilities, fine motor skills, and gender to academic achievement in a sample of 129 primary school students (Grades 2–5; M age = 9.1 years, SD = 1.2; 68 girls). Reading and mathematics performance were assessed using decoding and arithmetic tasks, respectively. Predictor variables included teacher ratings of academic performance, processing speed, visual-spatial working memory, fine motor speed, visuomotor integration, and gender. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that teacher ratings were the strongest predictors of reading achievement but were less predictive of mathematics outcomes. Processing speed significantly predicted both reading and mathematics performance. Working memory showed no significant effect on mathematics and a negative association with reading after motor skills were included in the model, suggesting a suppression effect. Fine motor skills emerged as unique contributors to reading, but not mathematics, highlighting their specific relevance for literacy acquisition. Gender differences were observed only in mathematics, where boys outperformed girls; no significant gender effect was found for reading. These findings highlight the importance of integrating teacher evaluations with cognitive and motor assessments to gain a better understanding of early academic achievement.

The specificity of the business of agro-food companies is that their products have little or no impact on the environment. However, environmental pollution of these products is caused by the use of packaging. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the principles of the circular economy in the business of companies. Applying green packaging that has little or no impact on the environment helps in preserving the environment. Companies usually purchase packaging from suppliers and therefore, it is necessary to choose the right supplier from which to purchase green packaging to support the implementation of the circular economy. The aim of this research is to select a green packaging supplier for company X in order to influence the development of a circular economy in the company’s business. Based on this, the following research question is considered in this paper: how can the selection of a green packaging supplier influence the implementation of a circular economy at company X? The research covers ten criteria used in this selection, with which eight suppliers were observed. Because every decision-making process in the economy is characterized by risk and insecurity that affects the uncertainty in decision-making, an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) was used. Determining the importance of weights was performed directly based on the ratings of the decision-maker (DM) and the steps of the SiWeC (Simple Weight Calculation) method, as well as using the Entropy method. The compromise results of these methods showed that the most important criteria for assessing the life cycle of packaging are transparency and ethics in business. The ranking of suppliers was carried out using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method and its results showed that supplier 5 is the first choice for establishing long-term cooperation in the procurement of green packaging.