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Background: The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related clinical conditions, including metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), sarcopenia, and a wide spectrum of pathological manifestations, is rising globally. According to WHO, BMI is the only anthropometric measure currently used to classify obesity, overweight, and underweight. However, emerging research suggests that obesity is a complex pathological state influenced by multiple etiological factors. Given the limitations of BMI, there is a growing need for a more comprehensive assessment of body composition, particularly fat mass quantity and distribution. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides valuable anthropometric data that can help differentiate obesity phenotypes and guide improved therapeutic approaches. Objective: This study aims to analyze body composition using BIA in a randomly selected sample of adults from primary healthcare settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The primary goal is to assess total body weight, fat mass quantity, fat distribution, and obesity types prevalent in this population. Additionally, the study seeks to establish reference values for further diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies to improve public health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults (≥18 years) in Gračanica, Bosnia & Herzegovina (B6H), from January 2021 to January 2025. Inclusion criteria required participants to provide signed informed consent, while exclusion criteria included acute systemic diseases, severe dehydration, and fasting for more than 24 hours. Anthropometric parameters measured included age, height, weight, BMI, body fat mass (BFM), fat-free mass (FFM), percent body fat (PBF), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and bone mineral content (BMC). Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 18), with results presented as medians, interquartile ranges, and percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th). Results: A total of 4,628 adults participated in the study, of whom 2,824 (61.0%) were female and 1,804 (39.0%) were male. The median age was 45 years (IQR: 29 years). The findings revealed that over one-quarter of the B&H population is obese, with abdominal obesity being the predominant type. This phenotype is associated with the highest risk for metabolic syndrome and MASLD. Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of obesity among the examined individuals in primary care settings in B&H, with abdominal obesity being the most common type. This phenotype is strongly associated with metabolic complications. BIA-derived parameters of fat distribution and visceral fat mass may serve as valuable tools for improving obesity classification and developing more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Background: Whatever is done should be systematic, meaning to have an established system of steps from the beginning to the end of the action. Systematicity is especially important in writing a scientific research paper, because the more complex is the topic, the easier it is to make an error. In order to minimize the possibility of errors, many have proposed various mechanisms of systematicity in the form of steps. Objective: The aim and topic of this article is to describe the system of steps in writing a scientific research paper from the birth of an idea, to the publication and presentation of a scientific paper, and to present a scientific research paper as accessible, suitable for work and perhaps even as enjoyment for scientists. Methods: The author used appropriate and relevant sources - books, monographs, published articles, proceedings from the scientific conferences about preparing, publishing, and printing scientific papers which are deposited in the most influential indexed databases in the fields of science editing. Results and Discussion: Scientific research work is of great importance in the development of science, and is one of the key links in the education system, it is part of the culture of the individual and the nation, it contributes to the development of the individual and the community, and it is one of the sources of knowledge. The systematicity of writing a scientific research paper can be broken down into several parts: the scientist preparation, the preparation of the material, the performance of the action, the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data obtained from the research and their final analysis and interpretation for the purposes of publication in scientific and professional journals. The scientist preparation includes the scientist's intention, with which everything begins and which is ultimately an important measure of the quality of the work. At this stage, the scientist should not be affected by the „publish or parish“ syndrome, vanity or the desire for fame, because in these cases he may resort to means of intellectual dishonesty in research and lose honor and reputation. With the view that the works are evaluated and toward the end, we must not neglect the rest of the steps in the creation of scientific research work. Through the preparation of the material, online databases are described, which are a source of important information for anyone who wants to be involved in scientific research. Conclusion: In the step of performing the action, the very act of writing a scientific research paper, its structuring and the rules to be followed when writing the paper are described. The method of publishing the work is also described, as well as guides on how to present the work so that the message sent reaches the audience. By knowing all the steps of creating a scientific research paper, it becomes tempting and accessible to write and publish quality and practically applicable papers.

Background: During the last ten years, there has been a dysplosis in the development of digital libraries, which have taken precedence over classical libraries. Objective: With this article, we want to make a kind of comparison of classic and digital libraries, with a description of the pros and cons of both, so we can easily see their advantages and disadvantages. Methods: Authors used as source published papers deposited in indexed databases like PMC, MEDLINE, HINARI, etc. regardsing to appropriate facts about classic and digital libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina and wordwide. Results and Discussion: Libraries, even a scientific one, must have professionally trained staff and an appropriate technological infrastructure, the main component of which is the Library Information System (BIS). It is a phrase that refers to an integrated library system, which consists of online databases, digital libraries, electronic books, magazines and various multimedia formats on which information sources are stored (hard disks, CDs, USB sticks, DVDs, etc.). In the past, libraries tended to develop means or instruments that would enable access to documentary resources on the spot, i.e. in the library itself - through the catalog. Later, a lot of effort was invested in the development of an automatic version of these local tools - by creating an online catalog for accessing data about library resources from a distance, such as, for example, (www.cobiss.ba) maintained by the National and University Library in Sarajevo (www.nub.ba) with members of the Virtual Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ViBBIH) consortium. Thanks to information technology, libraries were able to automate their many functions such as: acquisition, loan, material processing and other work procedures that were previously performed manually. The publishing production of databases has enabled libraries to offer users, through free access or licensing, access to the most diverse contents, Conclusion: Thus, digital libraries have numerous advantages, they are organizations that offer resources for use, include professional staff that select, organize, provide intellectual access, explain, distribute, preserve the integrity and ensure the durability of collections of digital works in such a way that they are ready and economically available for use by one or more communities. However, time steps on us every day, and so does technology, and new inventions, computers, cell phones, so I believe that we should not ignore the beauty when we pick up a book and read it. The historical value of books should not be neglected, both for our sake and for the sake of future generations.

Background: Medical deontology rests on two of its pillars. One is medical ethics, and the other is medical law, i.e. legal regulations that regulate work on health protection and improvement. Ethics is of exceptional importance for medicine, due to the specificity of its calling. Objective: The aim of this article was to explaine the role of medical ethics and medical right in the healthcare professional praxis. Methods: The author used important scientific and professional literature regarding medical deontology, medical ethics and medical low published in the books, monographs and papers deposited in the scientific indexed databases PubMed Central, HINARI, Embase, etc. Results and Discussion: The specificity stems, first of all, from the fact that medicine deals with human life and health, which, in itself, carries a great responsibility. The relationships established between medical professionals and patients are also specific. In this relationship, the patient is in a subordinate and dependent position, which creates preconditions for his abuse. Due to the nature of the work, it is difficult to establish external supervision or control in order to prevent these abuses. This in turn emphasizes the importance of internal supervision and control with the help of medical ethics. Medical ethics sensitizes medical professionals to problems of an ethical nature and helps them recognize and solve them. Medical ethics is, in fact, a set of principles or rules of conduct that a medical professional must follow when making decisions about what is right and wrong, what is permitted and prohibited, what is good and bad for the patient, but also for the community. Making these decisions is often not easy. Conclusion: There are ethical principles that can conflict, which leads to ethical dilemmas, which are sometimes difficult to resolve. Take, for example, the obligation of a doctor to take into account the interests of the patient and to maintain his medical confidentiality. At the same time, however, he must also take care of the interests of the community or other persons. There are cases when the health, and even the lives of those other persons, could be endangered without revealing the medical confidentiality. Medical ethics helps resolve such and similar dilemmas.

This review is remembrance on occasion of 35 years of MIE ‘90 held in Glasgow which organized by UK and Scottish Association of Medical Informatics, and chaired by John Bryden and his team with support by European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI). It was my first participation at MIE Conferences, in that time as General Secretary of Yugoslav Association of Medical Informatics (YAMI) and officially accepted as a member of EFMI and IMIA. Besides our President of YAMI, Professor Gjuro Dezelic, one of founders YAMI (with Izet Masic, Stefan Adamic, Rajko Vukasinovic, as presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenian and Serbian Societies of Medical Informatics in 1987) participants at MIE ‘90 have been, also, our colleagues: Josipa Kern, Nada Dezelic, Silvije Vuletic, Visnja Lovrek, Miroslav Madjaric, etc. It was my first active participation at MIE Conferences, and after this meeting, year by year I continued until today. Let me say some important facts about it as my personal story -„Medical Informatics Journey“, during the last 35 years, from Glasgow 1990 until today.

Background: Lyme Borreliosis is a multisystem zoonosis caused by the spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi and is widespread throughout the world. Borrelia is called the greatest imitator, because it can imitate any disease. The frequent presence of Borrelia in some neurological, dermatological, ophthalmological, cardiology and other patients points to a dilemma: is Borrelia burgdorferii really an imitator or is it the main actor of these diseases. Objective: The aim of this paper is to answer the question: is Borrelia burgdorferi the initiator and main cause of most diseases that are etiologically unexplained. Methods: The paper presents unusual clinical pictures of chronic borreliosis in 10 patients, who recovered on antibiotic therapy, and which are the most striking examples from a group of similarly ill patients. Case study presentation: A total of 10 interesting cases of borreliosis patients were presented. These are the cases: Scleroderma in a 29-year-old patient, generalized lymphadenitis with extreme leukocytosis in a 52-year-old woman, paraparesis in a 24-year-old professional soldier after mild serous meningitis, ALS in a 14-year-old schoolgirl, a case of bilateral migrating optic neuritis in a 13-year-old schoolgirl, retinal ablation in a 32-year-old patient, secondary sterility due to cystic ovaries in a 32-year-old shopkeeper with chronic urticaria, MS in a 20-year-old student, nightmares and moonwalking in a 7.5-year-old pupil complicated with left-sided bartonellosis lymphadenitis of the neck, recurrent syncope with attacks of tachypnea in a 19-year-old patient. All of these patients had normal routine findings, except for the patient with leukocytosis. Infectious disease diagnosis in all patients was made clinically, based on anamnestic data, clinical picture and verified white and/or pink borreliosis striae, and serological confirmation of the presence of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi using ELISA, WB and Immunoblot techniques. Conclusion: Based on the presented cases and 12 years of continuous experience with patients with Lyme disease, we conclude that Borrelia burgdorferi is in most cases the cause of the disease of “unknown cause” in neurology, dermatovenerology, ophthalmology, gynecology, internal medicine. The diagnosis of Borrelia is made primarily clinically (extensive anamnesis by organs + finding of new clinical markers on the skin). Serological confirmation of the presence of Borrelia in the body can be done in a small number of cases using the ELISA + WB technique, because these antibodies last for a short time. In older children and adults, it is necessary to use the advanced Immunoblot technique that searches for antibodies to B.B. protein sequences. and additionally search for Borrelia by light microscopy in a native serum preparation.

According to the WHO, health is not just the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, which is why the main goals of health are aimed at improving physical, mental and spiritual health. Health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, a precondition for prosperity and quality of life indicator for measuring progress and the basis of steady economic growth. Today, many professions are committed to modernizing the culture of relations with the public, i.e. citizens. This is also essential in healthcare, with the aim of placing the patient’s well-being and rights at the center of attention, i.e. a culture of patient-centeredness. In order to ensure that the rights of every patient are respected, a more efficient system of protecting patients’ rights is needed at all levels, and above all in hospitals, and, patient representatives should be appointed in all hospitals. The health status of our population depends on a rapid changes, such as number of demographic, social, cultural, ethnical, and other characteristics which are for several decades in a very intensive changes, The Jakarta Declaration identified five priorities: a) Promoting social responsibility for the state of health; b) Increasing investments for development of health; c) Development of partnerships for work on health promotion; d) Increasing the capacity of society and training the individual; e) Provision of infrastructure for health promotion. Analyzes of the effectiveness of preventive activities represent a systematic assessment of the impact of public health policies, programs and practices on health outcomes. Based on them, it is possible to create basic recommendations related to public health programs, guidelines for prevention and control, and making decisions about the allocation of available funds.

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