The dark web hosts a dynamic ecosystem of cybercrime forums and marketplaces that adapt to law enforcement pressure, technological change, and economic incentives. Prior research has extracted cyber threat intelligence from these platforms using static snapshots, with limited attention to how discussions evolve over time. In this study, we conduct a longitudinal analysis of 25,065 websites in the dark web using 11,403,638 HTML snapshots (approximately 1245.38 GB) collected over six years. We develop a longitudinal topic-modeling framework combining domain-specific embeddings, density-based clustering and temporal aggregation to measure topic prevalence and lifecycle at the website level. Our analysis identifies 55 thematic clusters. We find that approximately 75% of total discussion volume is concentrated in a small set of persistent core topics, while short-lived themes account for approximately 3% of activity. The median topic lifespan is 75 months, indicating gradual thematic evolution rather than abrupt replacement.

In this paper, we study a discrete-time host–parasitoid model in which the host survival probability is governed by a general escape function that satisfies natural biological constraints. The host population follows a Beverton–Holt growth model, while a constant number of individuals remains in a refuge each generation. Both host availability and current parasitoid density influence parasitoid population dynamics. We show that the system admits three possible equilibrium outcomes: no equilibrium, a parasitoid-free equilibrium, or a unique interior equilibrium where both species coexist. Conditions are established under which the parasitoid-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. In certain parameter ranges, we prove the occurrence of transcritical bifurcation at the boundary equilibrium and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation at the interior equilibrium. Despite the possibility of complex behavior, we prove that, within specific parameter ranges, the system is uniformly persistent and permanent, ensuring the long-term survival of both populations. Numerical simulations are included to support and illustrate the theoretical results.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut–brain interaction in which psychological factors may influence symptom presentation. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between stress resilience, somatization, subjective well-being (SWB), and FD symptoms, with a particular focus on gender differences. Adult patients (≥ 18 years) presenting with dyspeptic symptoms and referred for their first upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were recruited at the University Clinical Hospital of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psychological factors were assessed using validated questionnaires, and FD symptom characteristics included FD subtypes, intensity, frequency, and duration. Group differences were analysed using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests, whereas multinomial logistic regression and multivariate multiple regression were used to evaluate associations between psychological variables and FD outcomes. Lower resilience and SWB, along with a higher somatization, were significantly associated with membership to the mixed FD type. Higher somatization was associated with more severe symptoms, and higher age was associated with longer symptom duration. Higher SWB scores corresponded, although marginally, to less frequent symptom reporting. Several variables differed by sex/gender. These findings support the role of gut–brain interactions in FD and may inform the development of targeted psychological interventions.

During the COVID-19 pandemic many people experienced psycho-social stress which affected their sleep. This study was conducted during the third and fourth epidemic wave when international borders of Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina were entirely open, no curfew or wearing face masks were imposed, but the highest rates of COVID-19-related fatalities were reported. The aim of this study was to examine sleep patterns with COVID-related stress during the pandemic. Anonymous paper questionnaires were distributed from September 2020 to October 2021 across 8 cities in Serbia and Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Socio-epidemiologic characteristics, the COVID Stress Scales-CSS and the Perceived Stress Scale were administered. Sleeping patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (bedtime, time spent sleeping and sleep quality) were recorded. Responses of 2,301 participants suggested that bedtime after midnight before and during the pandemic did not differ (13.4% vs. 14.8%, respectively). Most participants reported similar length of sleep before and during the pandemic (around 7 h), although 11% of them reported that during the pandemic they slept more often compared to pre-pandemic sleeping schedule. There was an increase in prevalence of poor sleep quality during the pandemic (4.5% vs. 9.4%, respectively). Sleeping more often compared to pre-pandemic sleeping schedule and poor sleep quality during the pandemic were independently associated with a higher CSS. Proportion of people who reported poor sleep quality doubled in the pandemic. Optimizing sleep quality in crises among people who experience poor sleep quality should be prioritized when managing public health emergencies.

The primary aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among professionals working in educational institutions, including audiologists, speech therapists, special educators and rehabilitators, as well as teachers and other educational staff. In addition, the study aimed to identify sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with burnout, such as gender, age, marital status, number of children, level of education, workplace role, years of service, work schedule, type of work, employing institution, and type of employment contract. The sample consisted of 154 participants employed in primary and secondary educational institutions, special educators and rehabilitators, audiologists and speech therapists, class and subject teachers, and others. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was used to assess burnout syndrome, which was translated into our language using the double translation method. The instrument measures two dimensions of burnout: exhaustion and alienation. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24, applying both parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. The conducted research, data analysis, and obtained results enabled us to gain insight into the frequency and degree of burnout syndrome in professionals working in the mentioned professions. By identifying individual factors that contribute to or increase the level of burnout, we gained insight into possible strategies for overcoming it, which can serve as a basis for recommendations to individuals and relevant institutions on how to reduce this phenomenon. A lower incidence of burnout syndrome should contribute to higher employee productivity and efficiency.

Primary hypothermia arises from prolonged exposure to low environmental temperatures without underlying pathology, whereas secondary hypothermia is triggered by impaired thermoregulation due to factors such as disease, trauma, or substance use. This study aimed to investigate core temperature changes in rats exposed to specific water temperatures over time, with a focus on differentiating primary and secondary hypothermia induced by alcohol and benzodiazepines.Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves to compare the time to event (in minutes) among three experimental groups: Control, ethanol, and Diazepam. Core temperatures were recorded at five key points: baseline (normal temperature), post-ketamine anesthesia, during immersion, at hypothermia onset, and at the time of death. Survival times were also recorded and statistically analyzed. Median survival times were highest in the control group (35 minutes), followed by Diazepam (29 minutes) and ethanol (28 minutes). Pairwise comparisons using the log-rank test, adjusted for multiple comparisons via the Benjamini-Hochberg method, revealed a statistically significant difference between the control and diazepam groups (p = 0.018), with the control group demonstrating longer survival time. A significant interaction between Diazepam and time was observed (β = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.12, p < 0.001), indicating that the rate of temperature decline over time was significantly greater in the Diazepam group compared to the control group. Our results indicate that Diazepam accelerates the decrease in body temperature over time, which may contribute to its observed effect on survival, and that Diazepam administration is associated with a significant reduction in survival time compared with untreated controls. Ethanol did not significantly alter the measured thermoregulatory or survival outcomes in this pilot study. Any potential forensic relevance of ethanol-induced hypothermia remains speculative and requires further investigation in larger, adequately powered studies. Our results could have potential forensic implications in differentiating between primary and drug-induced as secondary hypothermia in medico-legal investigations.

Background and purpose: Ants are a dominant terrestrial insect group and rank among the most abundant and diverse animals on land, playing significant ecological and economic roles. Due to their global diversity and the high morphological similarity among closely related species, accurate identification of ants can be difficult. The aim of this study was to assess the species status within one of the most important ant groups – Lasius genus, subgenus Lasius s. str. – in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using a combination of morphological and molecular approaches. Materials and methods: Forty-two individuals were collected from four localities and identified using appropriate morphological keys. DNA barcoding was performed to complement morphological identification, and sequences were deposited in GenBank. A Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA11, incorporating both the sequences from this study and selected sequences from the BOLD database. Results: We identified three species - Lasius niger, L. platythorax and L. emarginatus, by applying both approaches. Specific dark-brown mesosoma and a new haplotype were recorded for L. emarginatus. Conclusions: The observed morphometric differences and a discovery of a new Lasius emarginatus haplotype suggest that the diversity of species within the subgenus in Bosnia and Herzegovina is greater than previously recognized. Further research is warranted to explore the regional diversity and ecological roles of Lasius species.

This article examines how post-war Bosnian cinema mediates the unresolved absences of the Bosnian War through its cinematic portrayals of widowhood, mourning, and survival. Drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork among Bosnian war widows and a close reading of three films— Halima’s Path (dir. Arsen Anton Ostojić, 2012), Snow (dir. Aida Begić, 2008), and Days and Hours (dir. Pjer Žalica, 2004)—the article explores how film operates simultaneously as a repository of cultural memory and as an ethnographic lens into the lived afterlives of genocide. I argue that cinematic narratives of absence and endurance offer a counterpoint to the dehumanizing tendencies of nationalist historiography and the quantification of loss, instead foregrounding the intimate textures of grief, resilience, and feminine agency. By weaving ethnographic observation with film analysis, the study illuminates how post-war cinematography assumes a feminist political role—making visible the everyday struggles of women on the social margins and reframing their experiences as central to collective remembrance. Ultimately, I contend that film and ethnography together reveal how the missing persist not as voids but as vital presences, intricately woven into the moral, emotional, and cultural fabric of post-genocide Bosnia.

The concept of national competitiveness has been a subject of academic debate for more than seventy years. While some view it as a “dangerous obsession” (Krugman, 1994), many others consider it the most significant—typically synthetic—indicator of a country's economic condition. The lack of consensus regarding the meaning of national competitiveness is reflected in the divergent understandings of indicators used to measure competitiveness, as well as the “pillars” (i.e., key drivers of national competitiveness), ultimately resulting in differing—and at times contradictory—assessments of which countries are genuinely competitive. The primary objective of this research was to examine the perceptions of the domestic academic community regarding the meaning of the concept of national competitiveness, as well as the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of competitiveness within both the regional and global contexts. The findings indicate that a majority of domestic academics share Porter’s (1990) view that productivity is the most accurate measure of national competitiveness, followed by the growth rate of GDP, the state of the trade balance, and the employment rate. With regard to the key factors influencing the level of national competitiveness, most respondents identified education as the most important, followed by innovation and the free movement of capital. Interestingly, at the bottom of the list of influencing factors were meritocratic institutions, macroeconomic stability, and comprehensive healthcare coverage. According to most respondents, the world’s most competitive economy is China, followed by five G7 countries (the United States, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and France). Within the regional context, Slovenia is perceived as the most competitive economy, followed—at a noticeable distance—by Croatia and Hungary. Bosnia and Herzegovina was ranked eighth out of ten observed countries, ahead only of Montenegro and North Macedonia. Regarding measures to improve the competitiveness of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economy, the most important were identified as increased investment in research and development, higher spending on education, and further digitalization.

The digital transformation of public money driven by the development and adoption of central bank digital currencies (CBDC), represents a major development in contemporary monetary systems. This paper provides a qualitative comparative analysis of selected international CBDC initiatives with the aim of assessing their impact on payment system efficiency, monetary policy transmission and financial inclusion. The central research question concerns how CBDCs, as a digital extension of sovereign money, can contribute to a more efficient, secure and accessible payment system while preserving the fundamental characteristics of public money. The study is based on a structured review of secondary sources and applies a consistent comparative framework across selected jurisdictions, including China, the European Union, Sweden, Nigeria and the Bahamas. The analysis evaluates CBDC models using common criteria: policy objectives, implementation model, technological design as well as observable outcomes. The findings emphasize that CBDCs can enhance transaction efficiency, increase financial inclusion and strengthen monetary policy transmission mechanisms. However, these benefits are accompanied by significant challenges, including cybersecurity risks, privacy concerns as well as the need for international regulatory coordination. The paper contributes by clarifying the multidimensional nature of CBDC impact and by providing a more structured comparative framework linking empirical cases with theoretical implications. The results highlight that successful CBDC implementation depends on context-specific design choices, supported by robust regulatory and technological foundations.

This study offers a comparative analysis of labour market transformations in twelve Central and Southeastern European countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, covering the period 1993 to 2024. It examines the major structural shifts associated with the transition from centrally planned to market economies, marked by significant output declines, enterprise closures and substantial job losses that contributed to persistent and often long-term unemployment. Using the theoretical framework of labour market duality, the study explores segmentation between primary and secondary labour market segments, the prevalence of vulnerable and informal employment and the impact of institutional legacies such as rigid labour regulations, high employment protection and skill mismatches. Methodologically, the analysis combines descriptive indicators with factor analysis to reduce a wide set of seventy nine labour market variables into composite labour market dimensions obtained through dimensionality reduction., allowing for the identification of shared regional patterns and country specific disparities. Sectoral differences remain particularly evident in agriculture, which continues to employ a considerable share of the workforce in parts of Southeastern Europe despite low productivity and limited technological modernisation. The largest labour market gaps appear between Western Balkan economies and more advanced EU member states, most visibly in employment rates, labour force participation, youth unemployment and long-term unemployment. These persistent disparities reflect deep structural constraints and institutional weaknesses that continue to hinder labour market convergence across the region.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine nano/sub-micron particle and dust exposure levels throughout the whole workflow at a Swedish metal additive manufacturing (AM) facility, focusing on the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) method. By evaluating particle levels and composition across different AM processes using both stationary and personal sampling, the study sought to improve exposure assessment and inform protective measures in the metal AM workplaces. Measurements were conducted during five measurement weeks, as five working days Monday–Friday, between October 2020 and October 2023. Personal particle measurements in the breathing zone were performed on Mondays and Fridays for 1 to 3 workers per day. Stationary particle and dust sampling were performed continuously at three locations each week to capture task-specific and temporal variation in emissions. Nano/sub-micron particle concentrations ranged from 0 to 3.3 million particles/cm3, with the highest peaks recorded in the post-processing area. Elevated levels were also detected, near the depowdering machine, by the bandsaw, and in the lunchroom, while levels near the printers were low (<10,000 particles/cm3). Personal exposure peaks occurred during printer cleaning, feedstock powder filling, dust removal with compressed air, post-processing, and packing. In contrast to the increased nano/sub-micron particle levels observed, respirable, and inhalable dust levels were very low. The study highlights the need to monitor particle exposure during both manufacturing and post-processing. Health risks associated with airborne particles are influenced by both exposure levels and the toxicological properties of materials. To ensure a safe and sustainable future for metal AM, comprehensive exposure assessment, risk evaluation, and the implementation of protective measures remain essential.

In fever of unknown origin (FUO), despite comprehensive evaluation a substantial proportion of patients may remain without a definitive diagnosis. Herein, we aimed to analyse the disease course, mortality rate, final diagnosis, and the workup performed to reach final diagnosis in fever of unknown origin without final diagnoses (FUOWFD) cases. The roster of patients with FUOWFD was obtained from a previously published multicenter study. Subsequently, additional data was gathered retrospectively from each cooperating center. The follow-up data for 79 cases from 11 centers were included. While being considered as FUOWFD: 100% were performed biochemistry and microbiology, 78.5% for rheumatological markers, 33% for oncological markers, and 97.5% for radiological investigations. Other medical departments were consulted in 64.5% of the cases and invasive diagnostic procedures were performed in 27.8%. During the follow-up, 73 cases (92.4%) saw their fever resolve. Among these, 70 cases’ fever resolved within the first three months. In total, two patients (2.5%) received a definitive diagnosis during the follow-up period. After 6 months and 12 months follow up, the all-cause mortality rate was 3.8%. Notably, none of the three cases that experienced mortality by day 365 had received a final diagnosis for FUO. The diagnostic process for FUO cases who remain undiagnosed exhibits substantial heterogeneity. The majority of patients experience spontaneous recovery, and the mortality rate is relatively low. Infectious causes are the most frequently encountered contributors to the FUO cases who remain undiagnosed. Not applicable.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe and compare the structure and organization of orthopaedic and traumatology residency training across European countries. METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional survey (31 items) of national teaching experts across Europe (≥10 years of experience in training residents) focused on: specialty integration, training model (time-based/competency-based/hybrid), program duration and duty hours was conducted from October 2023 to February 2025. Standardized extraction by three blinded reviewers was done and the answers were transformed into a consensus dataset. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 33/40 countries (82.5%). In 31/33 countries (94%), orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal traumatology form a unified specialty. Only 9/33 (27%) countries delineate fixed elective-orthopaedics versus trauma blocks during the course of the residency. Training models were predominantly hybrid-having both features of competency and time-based learning criteria (26/33; 78%), with 7/33 (21%) time-based and none fully competency-based. Program length was mostly 5 years (16/33; 48%) or 6 years (11/33; 33%) long. Extremes ranged from 2 to 8 years. Average weekly hours varied from 37 to 70+, with nearly half of countries reporting practice that exceeds the European Working Time Directive 48-h limit via legal exceptions or weak enforcement by hospital. Flexible (less than full time training) pathways exist in 19 (58%) countries (unrestricted in 8; restricted in 11), but remain unavailable in 14 (42%). CONCLUSIONS European orthopaedic and trauma training programs show great similarity in terms of training duration and being a unified specialty. However, there still is a relevant difference in training models, duty hours and flexibility of prolonged training duration. There is a clear movement toward competency-based training in most of the European countries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.