Although autism has historically been conceptualized as a condition that emerges in early childhood1,2, many autistic people are diagnosed later in life3, 4–5. It is unknown whether earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Using longitudinal data from four independent birth cohorts, we demonstrate that two different socioemotional and behavioural trajectories are associated with age at diagnosis. In independent cohorts of autistic individuals, common genetic variants account for approximately 11% of the variance in age at autism diagnosis, similar to the contribution of individual sociodemographic and clinical factors, which typically explain less than 15% of this variance. We further demonstrate that the polygenic architecture of autism can be broken down into two modestly genetically correlated (rg = 0.38, s.e. = 0.07) autism polygenic factors. One of these factors is associated with earlier autism diagnosis and lower social and communication abilities in early childhood, but is only moderately genetically correlated with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental-health conditions. Conversely, the second factor is associated with later autism diagnosis and increased socioemotional and behavioural difficulties in adolescence, and has moderate to high positive genetic correlations with ADHD and mental-health conditions. These findings indicate that earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Our findings have important implications for how we conceptualize autism and provide a model to explain some of the diversity found in autism. A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

The machinability of wood is an insufficiently researched problem that is mainly related to the machinability of metals. The machinability of a material is a technological property that expresses the ability to remove the maximum amount of crisps from the machined surface in the shortest possible time with satisfactory machining quality and the lowest possible cutting forces and tool wear. The quality and efficiency of the production process when milling solid wood is influenced by the following factors: type of wood, density and moisture content of the wood, temperatures and dimensions of the workpiece as well as the hardness and strength of the wood. The parameters of the milling mode, such as the main and auxiliary motion, the cutting force and power and the power of the drive unit, have a direct effect on the milling process and are related to the milling tool, i.e. the type and quality of the material from which it is made, the number of cutting edges, the geometry of the cutting edge and the sharpness of the tool. In this work, the influence of significant input parameters on the machinability of solid wood in flat peripheral milling is analysed as a function of the cutting force as an output parameter by planning an experiment. The experimental results are mathematically modelled with the aim of obtaining a mathematical model of the process of large-scale milling of solid wood, i.e. its parameters as a function of the cutting force. The results of the experimental part and the results of the models are analysed and compared in order to draw appropriate conclusions and

Considering that two-layer parquet is composed of two lamellas—most commonly 10 mm birch plywood and 4 mm solid oak—bonded together with adhesive, and that profiling is required to create a joint that serves a mechanical function, the process becomes complex and imposes significant demands on the cutting tool. This paper presents an experimental analysis of how the type of cutting tool affects the surface quality, profile stability, and edge wear of the tool after a certain machining length. Two different technological solutions were analyzed: a tool with replaceable tungsten carbide (TC) inserts and a tool with an integrated polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting edge. A particular focus of the analysis is the wear of the TC tool in the area of the oak and plywood joint profile, where selective wear of the TC edge occurs, potentially causing profile deformation and a weaker joint. The obtained results show that using PCD tools in two-layer parquet profiling achieves better surface finish, longer tool life, more consistent geometry of the cutting edge, and thus a more stable parquet profile.

Plywood is a wood-based material that, due to its good properties, has found applications in many areas of the wood industry, transport, and construction. Plywood is fabricated from multiple layers of veneer glued together with the grain direction of each layer of veneer perpendicular to that of the adjacent layers. In order to improve primarily mechanical properties, plywood is reinforced with various fibers, both natural and synthetic. Basalt is used in various forms as a material for reinforcing composite materials. Basalt mesh is primarily used in construction to improve the properties of wall and road structures. In order to determine the possibility of using basalt mesh in the production of wood-based composite materials, plywood reinforced with basalt mesh was produced in laboratory conditions. One, or two, or three basalt meshes were placed in different positions in the panel construction. The manufactured plywood reinforced with basal mesh was tested in accordance with EN 310. The paper presents the results of the bending strength test depending on the quantity and position of the basal mesh in the plywood construction.

Dynamic analysis can be used to determine dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of loads. One of the analytical techniques for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is modal analysis. In modal analysis, the structural response is decomposed into several modes of oscillation. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Engineers refer to the mode with the lowest frequency (longest period) as the fundamental mode of oscillation. This paper presents Holzer’s approximate method for determining the modes and periods of oscillation for frame structures. The proposed approximation method, based on the relative stiffness of floors and the ground level, is also analyzed. The results obtained using the proposed approximate procedure do not significantly deviate from those obtained through more precise calculations. Therefore, it is emphasized that the method can be used both in practice and for verifying computer analyses of complex systems.

In this paper, a comparison between serverless databases and conventional data storage models is discussed, with a focus placed on architectural differences, performance measures, cost-benefit analysis, and use case applicability. In cloud-native applications, the use of serverless databases, in which resources are dynamically allocated as needed, is increasingly observed. In contrast, traditional databases require manual operations for infrastructure provisioning and maintenance. Situations in which serverless databases are preferable, as well as those where traditional approaches remain suitable, are characterized in this work. A guide for selecting a database system in modern computing environments is provided, based on an evaluation of systems such as AWS Aurora Serverless, Firebase, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB.

Background: The European honey market is reported to be in a trou-bling state, far from being considered healthy. A comparison of honey with other food commodities has been conducted to identify specific characteristics of the conducing sector that may provide inspiration for measures to regulate hon y markets. Market indicators: Several general indicators used to describe markets for food production have been analysed to examine the current state of the honey market, offering insight into the primary market challenges or honey-anessential prerequisite developing strategies to address these identified challenges. Variations in market indicators between EU Member States are also presented. Policies related to market indicators: The overarching aim of the European Union, as defined by the Lisbon Treaty, is summarized, alongside a review of some relevant EU and national regulations related to apiculture. Policy me sures previously implemented to regulate certain aspects of other food commodity markets are evaluated for their feasibility in the hon y market. Results and conclusions: It is argued that regulatory me sures could potentially impro e the stability and security of income for beekeep-ers within the honey market. However, there is a risk, or possibly an opportunity, that such measures could drive production towards larger and more professional beekeepers, while smaller, amateur beekeepers may face economic and other difficulties in meeting the stricter regulatory requirements

In this paper, we will process the results of experimental and numerical analysis on the example of the boom of a machine tool - a rotary excavator. Rotary excavator SRs 1200/630 KW - 22/2, engine no. 1, field “D”, produced by “LAUHAMER” - German Democratic Republic, is intended for mining coal and tailings at the surface mine of the JP RB “KOLUBARA” Lazarevac mine. During the regular overhaul and after 35 years of operation of the rotary excavator, it was concluded that it would be necessary to assess the stress and deformation state of both the rotary excavator as a whole and its vital parts individually (primarily the excavator booms) through adequate tests. The goal is to determine the critical points on the arrow structure after the tests have been carried out and act preventively to avoid accidents and additional unnecessary costs. By comparing the experimental and numerical results, we obtained a representation of the stresses and strains on the shaft construction and defined the critical stresses and strains.

Mathematical modeling is a key tool in engineering as it enables the analysis and prediction of material behavior under specific conditions. This study focuses on material strength, which is one of the most critical aspects of engineering design and manufacturing. Understanding material strength is essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of structures and products. The structure of the paper includes a theoretical overview of the fundamentals of mathematical modeling and regression analysis, a detailed description of the experimental research, the development of a model based on collected data, and the evaluation of the obtained mathematical model. Testing was conducted using a tensile testing machine, with samples of standard dimensions in accordance with EN 10002.

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare heart defect present at birth. In this condition, the left coronary artery, which normally comes from the aorta, instead starts from the pulmonary artery. This abnormal connection can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, causing damage like heart attacks and increasing the risk of serious heart rhythm problems or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Diagnosis is made through imaging studies, and treatment often involves surgical correction to restore normal coronary circulation. The prognosis of ALCAPA largely depends on the age at which it is diagnosed and the timing of treatment. Early intervention is crucial for improving outcomes. This case report presents a 11-year-old girl, who is an athlete, with late presentation of ALCAPA syndrome in the form of ventricular fibrillation leading to SCA. She had no previous symptoms, the electrocardiogram showed no abnormalities except for left axis deviation and the several echocardiograms showed no enlargement of the left ventricle, with possible big right coronary artery. ALCAPA has been confirmed by computed tomography coronary angiographyscan. Child was surgically treated by coronary artery transfer for ALCAPA with satisfactory outcome. The implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is still under consideration.

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects breathing and quality of life, and rehabilitation is crucial for reducing symptoms and improving overall health. While pharmacological treatments manage symptoms, physiotherapy and kinesitherapy are recognized as effective methods of rehabilitation. This review discusses current therapeutic approaches for allergic asthma, including aerobic exercises, breathing techniques, and postural exercises. This article reviews contemporary research on kinesitherapy and rehabilitation methods in the treatment of allergic asthma. Using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, we assessed the quality of 25 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Findings indicate that kinesitherapy improves lung function, reduces the frequency of asthma attacks, and enhances patient quality of life. Of the studies assessed, 12 showed a low risk of bias, bolstering the reliability of our conclusions. Nonetheless, methodological limitations in several studies highlight the need for rigorous research designs in future investigations of the effects of physical exercise on asthma rehabilitation. This review underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and suggests integrating kinesitherapy into standard asthma treatment protocols. Asthma often leads to decreased physical activity due to symptoms such as shortness of breath; however, guided kinesitherapy in rehabilitation can reduce attack frequency, improve lung function, and lower medication needs. The study highlights the need for more research on optimal rehabilitation protocols for allergic asthma.