This study examined the effects of structured dance programs on motor competence in preschool children. In a 12-week randomized controlled trial, 80 children were randomly assigned to two dance intervention groups (EG1: 2 × 35 min/week; EG2: 3 × 25 min/week) or a control group (CG) following the standard physical education curriculum. Fine motor skills, fine motor integration, and balance were assessed using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, administered both before and after the intervention. Significant improvements were observed in EG1 for fine motor precision (p < 0.001), fine motor integration (p = 0.022), and static balance (standing on one leg on a balance beam with eyes open; p < 0.001). EG2 showed significant gains in dynamic balance (walking forward on a line; p < 0.001). Both dance programs enhanced preschoolers’ motor competence compared to the control, with higher session volume producing superior outcomes. These results support integrating structured dance sessions into preschool curricula to effectively enhance motor competence, offering a practical strategy to promote physical development in early childhood.

In a rapidly growing market like the Albanian one, FinTech platforms are playing an increasingly important role in transforming how financial transactions are conducted. The research aims to perform a strategic assessment of ten FinTech platforms currently operating in Albania based on 12 strategic criteria. The assessment is based on multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM). For this, a model based on the fuzzy approach was developed, allowing for the management of uncertainty and subjectivity in evaluating the performance and suitability of the platforms. Specifically, the fuzzy LMAW method was used to weight the criteria, with Security being assigned the highest weight. The ranking of the platforms was conducted using the fuzzy CRADIS method, with EasyPay achieving the best results. Through this model, the research seeks to provide an objective ranking of the platforms based on each criterion’s relative contribution. The findings are expected to help developers, investors, and policymakers better understand the competitive positioning of current players. The results may also highlight areas for further improvement and growth in Albania's FinTech sector.

Resin and charcoal production have historically shaped the cultural and economic life of Bosnia and Herze-govina, particularly in its rural and mountainous regions. Drawing on a historical-descriptive methodological approach, this overview traces the evolution of resin tapping and charcoal production in Bosnia and Herze-govina, outlines traditional and modern techniques, and evaluates their present industrial relevance as well as future development prospects. Although largely supplanted by modern industry, traditional practices continue to provide valuable ecological and engineering insights, particularly for sustainable forest management. In the context of climate change and the growing demand for renewable raw materials, these forest-based activities may acquire renewed significance. Potential directions include the modernisation of production tech - nologies, the integration of circular economy principles, and the diversification of biomass resources. With its abundant forest resources, inherited expertise, and established industrial base, Bosnia and Herzegovina is well-positioned to re-emerge as a competitive and sustainable producer of resin, charcoal, and related products for regional and European markets.

Zakon o digitalnim uslugama EU nastoji da uredi usluge koje se pružaju na internetu i suzbije zloupotrebu ličnih podataka i proliferaciju štetnih sadržaja poput govora mržnje i dezinformacija, odnosno da unapredi opštu bezbednost korisnika. S obzirom na njegovu složenu i slojevitu strukturu, implementacija ovog propisa predstavlja izazov za EU i države članice. Pored prikaza same strukture i pozicioniranja novog propisa u širem kontekstu politika EU u oblasti digitalnih tehnologija, centralno pitanje ovog rada jeste dejstvo Zakona o digitalnim uslugama na legislativu Zapadnog Balkana. Kroz analizu trenutnih prilika u pravnim okvirima u Bosni i Hercegovini i Srbiji, rad izdvaja ključne odredbe ove regulative iz perspektive potencijalnih rizika i interesa za ekonomije Zapadnog Balkana, ukazuje na moguća lokalna rešenja principa podele nadležnosti između institucija EU i država članica, te druga pitanja implementacije.

Research Question (RQ): Start-up companies represent the support of the development of every economy. However, this is a more fragile part of the economy, because a large number of start-up companies fail in the first years of their development. The results of previous research indicate that there are several reasons for the failure of start-ups, and one of the key ones is the difficult application of innovations. In today's modern and turbulent times, in the embrace of globalization, innovations are an absolute must have. All companies that are not innovatively oriented are doomed to failure. Even large, multinational companies pay for the lack of innovation, so this is a signal to start-ups that investing in innovation is the most important thing in their budget. However, there are numerous challenges and obstacles in the application of innovations at start-ups. The main problem of the research is to detect what are the most important obstacles and challenges for the application of innovations in Bosnian start-ups, and by what methods it is possible to overcome them. Purpose: The main purpose of the research is to point out the obstacles and challenges faced by start-up companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to give adequate recommendations for start-ups as well as all interest groups, how to eliminate them effectively, in order to make the economy and business operations of the company more propulsive and proactive. Method: In the theoretical explanation of the problem, sufficient information contained in previous researches will be gathered, regarding the considered issue. Through empirical research, it will be determined what the most common types of obstacles are and challenges faced by start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, what types of innovations are most often implemented in start-up companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and which methods and ways can be used to overcome the mentioned obstacles. The research will be done on a sample of 10 start-up companies in BiH. Results: The results of the research will show what are the obstacles and challenges in the implementation of innovations recorded in the sample of observed start-ups, what types of innovations are most often implemented in start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and how to most effectively overcome obstacles in the implementation of innovations in start-ups, with the aim of their better and more successful business. Organization: Through research of this type, managers of start-ups (or those who intend to become one) can more easily identify the basic obstacles in the implementation of innovations in their business, and use the proposed methods to overcome them, in order to make their business more stable and sustainable. Society: Increasing the stability of start-ups brings long-term benefits for the entire society. Socially responsible business of start-ups can contribute to a better distribution of resources in society, which is desirable for all participants in society, but also for the environment. Originality: Research of this type represents one of the rare researches on start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a pioneering research in the context of challenges and obstacles in the implementation of innovations at start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Limitations / further research: Limitations: small sample size, difficulties in data collection. Recommendations: research on the implementation of innovations according to the areas in which start-ups operate.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiorenal disease. Beyond their established glycaemic and weight-lowering effects, both drug classes consistently lower blood pressure (BP), a benefit that remains relatively underrecognized. This review provides an integrated synthesis of trial evidence, real-world data and meta-analyses examining the antihypertensive effects of SGLT2is and GLP-1 RAs. Across cardiovascular, heart failure, renal and obesity trials, modest but clinically meaningful BP reductions have been observed in diverse populations, including individuals without diabetes. These effects appear largely independent of glycaemic control and offer additive value in high-risk patients with overlapping comorbidities. The totality of evidence supports the strategic incorporation of these agents into future antihypertensive frameworks, warranting further investigation in dedicated blood pressure-focused trials.

Coniferous forests cover 41% of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) being an ecologically and economically important species. Bark beetles, especially the European spruce bark beetle ( Ips typographus ), pose a major threat, often causing large-scale dieback. Factors such as wind, drought, terrain exposure, and slope can increase susceptibility to outbreaks. This study aimed to assess the influence of these factors on forest health in bark beetle outbreak areas, based on stump measurements after sanitary logging.Fieldwork was conducted in spring 2024 on five known bark beetle hotspots managed by “Šumsko privredno društvo Zeničko-dobojskog kantona” d.o.o. Zavidovići. Data collected included stump diameter, wood decay, bark thickness, tree coordinates (via AlpineQuest), exposure, and slope. Analyses were performed in STATGRAPHICS Plus using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction.A total of 507 stumps were analyzed. About 81% were in diameter classes 31–50 cm and 51–80 cm and nearly 48% showed central wood decay. Terrain exposure and slope significantly influenced stump diameters, with the largest averages on SW exposure and 2–5% slopes. Stump diameter also significantly affected decay size, while bark thickness showed no significant variation across exposure or slopes.This research confirmed that Norway spruce in diameter size categories 31–50 cm and 51–80 cm is most vulnerable to bark beetle attacks. This susceptibility is further intensified if trees are located on south-facing, moderate slopes. Central wood decay was present in nearly half of the observed tree stumps, leading to the conclusion that its presence is another predisposing factor for bark beetle attacks. Bark thickness on the observed tree stumps did not vary significantly on different terrains, which is a result that differed from the results obtained in other similar studies.

Food, especially fish meat, is extremely vulnerable to oxidation and microbiological deterioration. Therefore, effective analytical techniques for quality control and safety monitoring are required. Electrochemical biosensors have become reliable, rapid, and affordable devices for in-field and real-time food quality assessment. However, their application is often limited in point-of-need scenarios due to the requirement for intensive sample preparation. Here, we introduce a microneedle array (MNA)-based electrochemical biosensor, designed for direct food safety and quality analysis without the need for sample preparation. A gold (Au)-coated polymeric MNA was functionalized with a chitosan-gold nanoparticles (Ch-AuNP) nanocomposite and further modified by immobilizing xanthine oxidase (XO) for selective hypoxanthine (HX) detection. The MNA-based biosensor exhibited a linear range between 5 and 50 μM, and 50 to 200 μM, with a sensitivity of 0.024 μA/μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.18 ± 0.75 μM for HX, with a response time of approximately 100 s. Furthermore, the MNA-based biosensor was successfully utilized for monitoring HX levels in fish tissue samples over 48 h, showing strong agreement with results obtained from a commercial Amplex Red assay kit. The technology can be used for real-time food quality assessment and food safety monitoring due to its high sensitivity, interference tolerance, and lack of requirement for sample preparation.

<p>The traditional role of the fa&ccedil;ade, historically centered on providing protection against environmental conditions and reducing CO₂ emissions, has been significantly redefined through advances in software technologies and material sciences. These developments have led to the emergence of the fa&ccedil;ade system as a structurally independent component functioning as an active regulator of energy consumption, thereby creating new opportunities for research and innovation. One approach to studying these systems involves the application of folding principles derived from origami, which facilitates the design of modular geometric structures capable of dynamic environmental responses. Fa&ccedil;ades composed of interconnected, homogeneous elements can effectively regulate daylight penetration and thermal energy accumulation, particularly in zones exposed to direct external influences.</p> <p>To further develop such systems, it is essential to design an origami pattern whose geometric and mechanical characteristics can potentially respond to the given structural and technical challenges. This study explores the potential application of selected origami patterns in kinetic fa&ccedil;ade systems, with a focus on analyzing the actuation mechanisms that control the movement of geometric modules. Furthermore, the research evaluates the justification for integrating kinetic fa&ccedil;ade systems into contemporary architectural practice, with the aim of contributing to the development of sustainable, adaptive, and energy-efficient building envelopes.</p>

Background:Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), a disorder of gut-brain interaction, is diagnosed using symptom-based Rome criteria. These criteria classify IBS patients into four subtypes in accordance to their stool patterns. However, whether this subtyping approach is based on true differences in the underlying biology of IBS patients, is unclear. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the faecal headspace reflect both the gut microbial and host intestinal intraluminal processes and thereby may be used to study pathophysiological differences between IBS and its subtypes. Methods:We profiled faecal headspace VOCs in a cohort of 164 patients with IBS and 143 healthy controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Random forest models were employed to impute missing values and identify discriminatory VOCs to differentiate IBS patients from healthy controls. We corrected for faecal water content using Partial Least Squares Regression. Multivariate associations between the obtained volatile profiles and Rome III IBS subtypes were evaluated using regularized MANOVA. Results:A total of 39 VOCs, including short-chain fatty acid esters, neurotransmitter-related metabolites, alcohols, and sulphides, were selected as significantly altered in patients with IBS. Our classification model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 on both training and independent test sets, demonstrating robust separation between IBS patients and healthy individuals. However, VOC profiles did not associate to Rome III -based IBS subtypes. Conclusion:This study highlights the potential of faecal VOC profiling as a non-invasive tool for studying and characterising IBS, yet they also reveal a disconnect between metabolic signatures and current stool-based subtypes. While the Rome criteria remain the clinical standard for diagnosis and subtyping of IBS, they offer limited insight into underlying disease mechanisms. Future research should focus on integrating VOC analysis with other omics approaches to refine IBS sub-classification into biologically relevant clusters, which may aid to improve personalised therapeutic strategies.

Anterior clinoidal meningioma (ACM) remains a challenging lesion to treat surgically due to its intricate neurovascular relationships with surrounding anatomy and often presents with ipsilateral visual loss. Anterior clinoidectomy (AC) by skilled skull base surgeons enables early optic nerve (ON) decompression, tumor devascularization, and radical tumor resection. The authors provide an update on ACM surgery, current views on the role of AC and its impact on outcomes in surgical treatment, as well as a new 2 stage 4 by 4 step concept of ON decompression involving AC. A systematic review of PubMed and meta-regression of surgically treated ACMs was performed. In total, 908 patients were analyzed; 415 (45.7%) underwent routine AC (performed in all cases) and 493 (54.3%) underwent selective AC (planned preoperatively). The routine AC cohort showed higher risk for new cranial-nerve (CN) deficits (12.5% vs. 3.0%; p < 0.001), vascular complications (6.7% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.02), and new focal neurological deficits (5.5% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.04). No differences were found in visual outcomes, gross-total resection, mortality, recurrence, or other major complications. Random-effects meta-regression of routine AC showed increased odds of new CN deficit (odds ratio [OR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.51–7.38; p = 0.005; heterogeneity [I2] = 60.5%) and vascular complication (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.05–6.38; p = 0.04; I2 = 47.8%), with moderate and substantial heterogeneity among routine AC studies, respectively. In experienced hands, AC remains an invaluable tool for ACM treatment as it offers more consistent tumor devascularization, prevention of tumor recurrence, optic nerve decompression, and increased working space, which facilitates optimal tumor resection and better long‐term control and functional outcome. We propose a new didactical structured concept of routine AC via 2-stage, 4 by 4 steps to improve the utility of AC and decrease associated operative risks compared to selective AC.

Treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in University Clinical Hospital Mostar from an economic perspective Clostridioides difficile is the most prominent pathogen directly tied to a healthcare system and proven to be one of the main causes of high economic impacts. It results in a frequent need for hospitalization, including the treatment of sepsis and post-acute care, and requires an extended number of days spent at the hospital. In addition to the costs of the medicine and laboratory analysis, extended hospitalization is the key component of the high healthcare expenses. The rational use of antibiotics, mandatory implementation of general hygiene measures, like washing hands, and disinfecting surfaces can significantly contribute towards hospital's overall expenses. This is particularly important for those in contact with an infected patient or with a patient suspected of having CDI. These basic measures establish security systems in the prevention of CDI. Proper managing and forecasting of the costs on the annual level for each individual healthcare institution is a necessary measure. Developing an accurate estimate of the funds needed for the treatment and prevention of CDI and its best Treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in University Clinical Hospital Mostar from an economic perspective Clostridioides difficile is the most prominent pathogen directly tied to a healthcare system and proven to be one of the main causes of high economic impacts. It results in a frequent need for hospitalization, including the treatment of sepsis and post-acute care, and requires an extended number of days spent at the hospital. In addition to the costs of the medicine and laboratory analysis, extended hospitalization is the key component of the high healthcare expenses. The rational use of antibiotics, mandatory implementation of general hygiene measures, like washing hands, and disinfecting surfaces can significantly contribute towards hospital's overall expenses. This is particularly important for those in contact with an infected patient or with a patient suspected of having CDI. These basic measures establish security systems in the prevention of CDI. Proper managing and forecasting of the costs on the annual level for each individual healthcare institution is a necessary measure. Developing an accurate estimate of the funds needed for the treatment and prevention of CDI and its best