Energy security is currently one of the most important topics worldwide. Maintaining a reliable energy supply is one of the biggest challenges in security science. Additionally, defending energy infrastructure from cyberattacks is an ongoing issue. Understanding the vulnerabilities of energy infrastructure, especially the Smart Grid, which relies on information technology and communications, is a significant advantage. Understanding which system vulnerabilities lead to specific cyber threats presents a significant opportunity, enhancing the defence of energy infrastructure. This paper uses a systematic literature review to identify the most common cyber threat and Smart Grid vulnerability mentioned and researched in the literature from 2018 to 2025. This paper also aims to map the vulnerabilities that allow for cyber threats to occur, with the idea that if we know what causes a weak spot, we can effectively prevent it. Identifying specific weaknesses that could lead to cyber threats allows us to mitigate these dangers by addressing and correcting those vulnerabilities.

Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is foodborne zoonotic pathogen widespread among European swine yet unstudied in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). We estimated HEV seroprevalence in domestic pigs in Federation of B&H (FB&H) and assessed farm-level risk factors for exposure. Methods Cross-sectional survey sampled 437 pigs from 87 farms across seven cantons via two-stage random design. Serum anti-HEV IgG measured by commercial indirect ELISA; managers completed standardized biosecurity/management questionnaire. Apparent seroprevalence calculated with 95% CIs. Univariable screening (α = 0.10) informed multivariable logistic regression with farm-level clustering; collinearity checked (Phi), AIC-guided forward selection applied. Results Animal-level seroprevalence 77.1% (95% CI 73.0–81.0%); herd-level 95.4% (88.9–98.7%). Adults showed higher seropositivity than growers (91.0% vs. 71.7%; p < 0.001). Significant factors: wild-boar proximity (adjusted POR 3.11; p = 0.04), small farm size (18.35; p < 0.001), swill feeding (5.70; p = 0.03). Cleaning ≥5×/month strongly protective (0.01; p < 0.001). All surveyed cantons had positives; no equivocal ELISA results. Discussion Findings indicate widespread HEV in FB&H swine with environmental, food-safety, and occupational implications. Older-animal pattern reflects cumulative exposure; small-farm context and wildlife interface likely sustain transmission, whereas frequent cleaning reduces risk. Strengthened biosecurity, wildlife exclusion, feed oversight (including prohibition/monitoring of swill feeding), and improved hygiene, should form basis of One Health interventions to mitigate potential zoonotic transmission via the pork production chain.

In this study, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of commercial cloves were prepared and analyzed. Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasonic extraction (UAE) were used to prepare the extracts. Phytochemicals from plant material were extracted for 2 hours, in the case of both extraction techniques. The content of total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as their antioxidant and antibacterial activity, were analyzed in the extracts. The results show an extremely high content of total polyphenols, which was also confirmed by the high antioxidant capacity, confirmed by DPPH and FRAP methods. Antibacterial screening on reference bacterial strains from the WDCM collection shows high potency of clove extracts at the tested concentration. In terms of the efficiency of extraction of bioactive components, petroleum ether in combination with ultrasonic extraction is the most effective. These results may contribute to further research and optimization of the extraction of biologically active components from cloves and related plant materials.

The paper presents the results of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn, and four radionuclides (226Ra,232Th, 137Cs, and 40K) determination in transplanted lichens after two, four, and six months of exposure. Lichens were sampled from the area of Mountain Igman in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and transplanted to two locations (Pofalići and Bjelave) in Sarajevo, the capital city of BiH. The total metals content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Gamma spectrometry (GS) was used for radionuclide activity determination. Content of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb an Zn in lichen after two, four, and six months of exposure ranged as follows: <LOD-0.61, <LOD-1.55, 3.85-8.08, 332.5-497.9, 19.68-31.65, 2.29-4.24, <LOD-10.30, 32.76-58.58 µg/g, respectively. Cr was not detected in exposed lichen samples. A very strong positive correlation for Cu-Cu, Cu-Fe, Cu-Pb, Cu-Zn, Ni-Ni and Fe-Fe was obtained in lichens, while a strong correlation was between Co-Zn, Co-Cu, Pb-Pb and Mn-Mn. The specific activity of 137Cs ranged from 19.95 to 56.66 Bq/kg, while for 40K ranged from 49.65 to 330.61 Bq/kg. The specific activity of 226Ra and 232Th was below the GS limit of detection.

The complete classification of the saddle-point solutions for high-order above-threshold ionization, presented in and for a linearly polarized laser field, is generalized to the case of an arbitrary bichromatic elliptically polarized field. We first present the classification of the saddle-point solutions for the case of a monochromatic elliptically polarized driving field, which is the simplest example of the field that has two components, i.e., that evolves in the plane. For a bichromatic laser field whose elliptically polarized components have the frequencies rω and sω (r and s are integers, s>r, and ω is the fundamental frequency), the system of the saddle-point equations has 8s2 solutions per optical cycle. One-half of these solutions are the so-called backward-scattering solutions for which the direction of the electron motion is significantly affected by the rescattering. The other half are the forward-scattering solutions for which the electron is only slightly deflected during the rescattering event. For some specific field configurations, the number of saddle-point solutions can be smaller. For example, for a bicircular field, which consists of two counterrotating circularly polarized components, there are 4s(r+s) solutions, while for the corotating configuration there are 4s2 solutions. As an application, we have shown that for a monochromatic elliptically polarized laser field, all four threshold anomalies appear in the spectra of the rescattered photoelectrons.

Despite the global coverage of the early detection programs, cervical cancer is still one of the most common causes of death among women worldwide. The integration of Pap test in the healthcare systems worldwide has led to major advances in the diagnosis of premalignant changes in the cervix, although there are limitations regarding the sensitivity of the test. Due to the somewhat lower sensitivity and specificity of the Pap test, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (test has been adopted as the first-tier screening method. The further evaluation of the findings is followed by the various complementary techniques and methods to diagnose patients or quantify the risk of developing high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions. These techniques are increasingly being investigated to provide specific and reliable final diagnosis and instruct the further treatment. This review summarizes the biological basis of p16 and Ki-67 expression, their correlation, and their diagnostic role in the triage of HPV-positive women. The analysis includes results from major clinical trials and meta-analyses, which demonstrate that dual immunostaining of p16/Ki-67 provides higher sensitivity for detecting CIN2+/CIN3+ compared to cytology alone, with an acceptable trade-off in specificity. In conclusion, dual staining represents a reliable complementary tool for the evaluation of abnormal cytological findings, improving early detection of cervical cancer and guiding the appropriate management and treatment of patients.

This paper proposes a battery emulator based on a bidirectional non-inverting buck-boost power electronics converter. With the capability of bidirectional operation, it can emulate both charging and discharging processes. The proposed emulator is controlled with the advanced I2 dual current-mode control (I2DCMC) algorithm, combined with a feedforward control, which ensures fast and accurate tracking of the voltage and current characteristics of the batteries. The emulator is universal in terms of the various mathematical models of the batteries, which can be implemented in real time. It has no limitations regarding different battery types. Detailed analysis and the design procedure of the proposed battery emulator are presented. The performances of the emulator are validated with simulation and experimental results for three battery types: polymer Li-ion, conventional Li-ion, and lead–acid battery. Both steady and transient states are analyzed, especially transitions between charging and discharging phases. The possibility of simple time scaling of charging/discharging processes is successfully achieved and demonstrated, which is very important in making tests faster, with preserved battery characteristics. Considering its low-cost and user-friendly operation, the proposed emulator can be a good alternative to the real batteries in experimental tests of different power electronics systems. The prototype, which is developed for the experimental verification of the emulator, is designed for and limited to the research of lower power ratings systems of up to 100 W. It is suitable in education to easily demonstrate the behavior of the batteries in multiple scenarios in controlled laboratory conditions.

Connected and automated vehicles rely on data from various entities to support safety-critical applications such as Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). However, unauthorized data manipulation through, for example, data injection attacks can compromise vehicle safety and lead to incidents. Existing vehicular security mechanisms, such as Misbehavior Detection System (MBD), have limitations in detecting and mitigating all types of threats on their own. To address these limitations, our prior work has proposed the concept of a Trust Assessment Framework (TAF), which assesses data trustworthiness by combining evidence from multiple security systems operating as trust sources. However, TAF as a concept has not been extensively evaluated in safety-critical Cooperative Driving (CD) applications. In this work, we refine the architecture of the TAF and implement a software prototype based on it. We integrate the TAF prototype with a CACC simulation environment and implement three types of data injection attacks. We demonstrate that by incorporating multiple security mechanisms as trust sources, the TAF significantly improves attack detection performance and reduces the number of crashes by 86% compared to using a single security mechanism, such as MBD.

Authors in this paper investigates the relationship between the business environment and the operating performance of the plastic products manufacturing sector intended for the construction industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The focus is placed on how regulatory and institutional conditions impact economic indicators such as sales revenue growth, profit, export earnings, total assets, and employment. Since empirical studies in this area are scarce, this research contributes to filling an important academic gap. The study relies on both secondary and primary data sources. First, the business environment of BiH is evaluated using reports. Second, financial and operational data were collected for the top 20 companies in the plastic products manufacturing sector for the construction industry in BiH. The analysis covers the period 2015–2024, using indicators of revenue, profit, exports, total assets, and number of employees. A trend analysis was conducted to identify growth patterns, while a qualitative assessment was applied to connect these trends with the conditions of the business environment. The analysis of company performance reveals a positive growth trend in all major economic categories. Sales revenue steadily increased between 2015 and 2024, reflecting growing demand in the markets. Profitability improved despite regulatory barriers, indicating a strong adaptive capacity of firms. Export earnings expanded, showing that plastic product manufacturers. Total assets of the companies grew significantly, suggesting reinvestment and capacity expansion. Employment levels also increased, underscoring the sector’s contribution to job creation. These results support the hypothesis of a significant impact of the plastic products manufacturing industry on economic performance indicators in BiH.

Wearable electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative to conventional invasive blood‐based methods for monitoring biomarkers in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Microneedle (MN)‐based technology provides direct access to the skin's interstitial fluid (ISF), enabling real‐time monitoring of biomarkers. Nevertheless, current micro‐ and nanofabrication techniques do not adequately support the development of MN‐based wearable technology that can utilize soft hybrid conductive inks, limiting its use in transdermal biosensing. Herein, an MN‐based biosensing platform is developed by integrating 3D printing, soft lithography, and hybrid conductive ink technology, featuring a fenestrated MN shell (FMNS) that serves as a protective layer for the inner hybrid conductive ink coating and prevents delamination during skin application. This FMNS patch demonstrates a wide pH monitoring range, high selectivity and accurate detection of subtle ISF pH changes, safe integration of hybrid conductive inks, and reduced fabrication time and cost when compared to other microfabrication methods such as lithography and deep reactive ion etching. The biosensor excels in protecting the biosensing layer and demonstrates excellent analytical performance in monitoring changes in pH levels of the skin ISF. This micro‐ and nanofabrication approach has great potential in integrating hybrid conductive ink technology into transdermal wearable devices for health monitoring and diagnostics.

In computational cardiology, a paradigm shift has occurred with the transition from static cardiovascular risk assessment to dynamic, customized modeling. A hybrid conceptual framework for AI-based digital twins is presented in this paper, which combines simulation models informed by physics and datadriven perception models in a synergistic way. For conditions like myocardial infarction and stroke, this strategy seeks to provide previously unheard-of possibilities for disease prediction, real-time cardiovascular monitoring, and customized treatment optimization. Key elements of the framework include graph neural networks (GNNs) for modeling vascular topology, physicsinformed neural networks (PINNs) for hemodynamic analysis, and multi-scale mathematical underpinnings. We illustrate a crucial first step toward the realization of a comprehensive digital twin that is based on physiological first $p$ rinciples a nd responsive to real-time data by validating the data-driven perception module.

We chart new-physics models that produce exotic, high-multiplicity muon decays featuring prompt or displaced $e^+e^-$ pairs and/or photons, with or without missing energy, such as $\mu \to 5e$, $\mu \to 7e$, etc. Starting from an effective-field-theory perspective, we estimate the reach on the ultraviolet scale and identify conditions under which lower-multiplicity modes are suppressed or occur at comparable rates. We then construct explicit realizations in minimal dark-sector models with light, feebly interacting particles, such as flavor-protected scalars, dark photons, inelastic dark matter, and axion-like particles. The predicted novel signatures can be probed at MEG II and Mu3e, as well as during calibration runs of COMET and Mu2e. A future discovery would provide valuable insights into short-distance dynamics and the mechanism of lepton-flavor symmetry breaking.