The communal culture of traditional societies fundamentally contrasts with the individualistic framework of intellectual property rights (IPR). Indigenous communities prioritize collective interests without negating individual rights. This study aims to examine and analyze the optimization of traditional knowledge protection as an effort to improve the welfare of communal societies. The research employs a normative juridical method by reviewing statutory regulations and related legal instruments. The findings reveal that communal intellectual property is recognized under both international and national legal frameworks. National regulations require each region to conduct an inventory of community intellectual property; however, public awareness of its importance remains limited. Therefore, renewed strategies are needed to ensure that communities fully understand the economic, social, and cultural value of their traditional knowledge. Local governments play a crucial role in disseminating information and implementing inventory programs through regional regulations. Furthermore, the development of traditional knowledge–based products can be advanced to the industrialization stage through Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), thereby supporting the welfare of indigenous peoples. The ideal model of local government intellectual property protection is to guarantee community ownership rights while ensuring a fair profit-sharing mechanism with third parties.

This study examines the urgency of strengthening Indonesia's presidential institution to enhance governance and adapt to contemporary challenges. The research aims to assess the institution's capacity to ensure political stability, promote democratic values, and address corruption and centralization of power. Utilizing mixed methods, the study combines surveys, in-depth interviews, and direct observation, supported by thematic and statistical analysis. Key findings indicate that improving inter-institutional collaboration, adopting innovative decision-making strategies, and leveraging technology for transparency are crucial for addressing governance challenges. The study concludes that reforms in legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms are vital for enhancing public trust and institutional responsiveness. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to advance democratic governance and institutional resilience

In recent decades, China has significantly increased its global economic presence, emerging as one of the leading powers in the international system, in alignment with its strategic plan through 2049. This presence includes a keen interest in Southeast Europe, with Serbia identified as a key strategic partner. China's approach to Serbia intersects with Russia's longstanding presence rooted in the historical and cultural ties with Serbia. This paper examines the strategic interests and goals of China and Russia in Serbia, exploring their respective methods and tools. It also delves into Serbia's foreign policy aspirations for sustainable security trying to balance the presence of superpowers within, and around its territory. The paper evaluates Serbia's try of strategic navigation of its geostrategic position between East and West, questioning if Serbia is actually naive or aware of its circumstances. The study elucidates on how China and Russia's strategic maneuvers in the region, often subconsciously, shape Serbia and its neighboring countries. Within this intricate landscape, the concept of “Strategic symmetry” emerges as a crucial element, highlighting the delicate balance of influence that both powers exert in Serbia while it strives to maintain its entry into the European Union.

Research Objective: This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening Indonesia's presidential institution through the advancement of presidentialism and the refinement of its constitutional framework, while also exploring the historical development of presidential power within the country's political dynamics. Research Method: The research employed a qualitative approach, conducting a systematic analysis of existing literature, legal frameworks, and political practices. This analysis assessed the evolution of the presidential institution and its current operational context within Indonesia's constitutional system and democratic governance framework. Results: Identifying correlations between presidential authority and governance effectiveness as the institution has adapted to changing political landscapes and constitutional amendments. The study uncovers patterns of institutional evolution across various presidential administrations. Findings and Implications: The presidential institution is essential for effective governance, particularly in enhancing decision-making processes and ensuring political stability. The research demonstrates that a robust presidential system significantly improves policy implementation and government coherence, while also underscoring the need for constitutional improvements to establish appropriate inter-institutional checks and balances. Conclusion: A strong presidential system is vital for Indonesia to effectively address contemporary governance challenges and maintain national resilience. A well-balanced presidential authority within a democratic framework serves as a foundational element for political stability and effective governance in the modern era. Contribution: This study enhances scholarly understanding of presidentialism within Indonesia's constitutional context, offering analytical insights into how institutional design influences governance outcomes. Additionally, it contributes to constitutional theory by examining presidential power within frameworks of democratic consolidation. Limitations and Suggestions: The study is limited by a lack of empirical data regarding governance outcomes across different presidential administrations. Future research could benefit from comparative analyses of presidential systems in similar emerging democracies, as well as longitudinal studies on presidential effectiveness in specific policy areas

geopolitical the definitions. The concept of the book consists of seven chapters: Introduction , Model and Theory , Several Geopolitical Approaches in the Recent Past , Classical Geopolitical Assumptions , Classical Geopolitical Theories, Applications of the Model, Setting the Course for a Rejuvenated Geopolitics , and Annex: Classical Geopolitical Concepts / Theories , Notes and Index . Following an overview of the development of geopolitics, the book introduces us to the history of geopolitics, but also its directions and scholars along two lines. The first line would be an organic, reflected by German concern about scientific laws, which contributed to the survival of states in an increasingly volatile world, with his two scholars Friedrich Ratzel and Rudolf Kjellén. Another would be the geostrategic British and North American interest, through the depicted geographical position of states and regions as a condition of foreign action with Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford Mackinder, and Nicholas Spykman as their standard bearers. After World War II, these classical directions were exposed to great influence by the alleged connection with General Karl Haushofer and his geopolitical school in Munich as well as the aggression of Adolf Hitler, both directions in promoting war and racism. The book is structured to follow three main goals: first, purpose; constructed classical geopolitical model, second, objective; by its construction it outlines the usefulness and legitimacy of classical geopolitics as an important model of international relations, third, access; listed three ways that will show the benefit of classical geopolitics. Phil Kelly separates the model from theory and its application. Theory and the model are different, first, the theory is part of the second, the model. It lists sixty theories in our geopolitical model. These theories can be used to interpret actions and policies in the field of international relations