This study evaluated the potential non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children associated with the intake of heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Pb) through Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) consumption in the Mostar region, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentrations of heavy metals in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) were within the permitted national limits (Cu: 1.06–2.8 mg/kg, As: 0.004–0.014 mg/kg, Cd: 0.025–0.051 mg/kg, Pb: <LOQ–0.047 mg/kg). No significant differences were observed among samples from different market locations.Risk assessment, based on body weight, intake rates, and reference doses, indicated low exposure levels in adults (Hazard Quotient, HQ < 1). Children showed higher Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and HQ values, but these also remained below the safety threshold (HQ < 1).Although all concentrations complied with regulatory standards, the comparatively higher intake in children may indicate potential long-term health concerns, especially when cumulative exposure from other dietary sources (cereals, fruits, vegetables, water) is considered. These results underline the importance of ongoing monitoring and preventive strategies to reduce potential heavy metal exposure, particularly in sensitive population groups.

The simplest explanation of accommodation is the ability of eye to focus on objects which are close the same way as in the distance. The speed at which the eye attains this is one more aspect of human sight. Importance of speed of accommodation, the way ofinvestigation, differences in rapidity of accommodation speed to age and differences in speed of accommodation related to condition of refraction are pointed out in this work. We also strive to introduce the results of a certain research and give our opinion about it. The analysis shows that younger individuals have faster accommodation than older ones, and that myopes have slower accommodation speed compared to emmetropes and hyperopes.Key words:accommodation speed, accommodation, refraction faults

The aim of this review paper was to investigate the impact of the application of artificial intelligenceand assistive technology on the quality of life of people with visual impairments. The paper systematically reviewed research from electronicdatabases:PubMed,GoogleScholar and ResearchGate, in the period from 2015to2025.Thecriteriaforincludingtheresearchwere: only research with a specific sample was considered, that visually impaired people, i.e. blindor partially sighted peoplewereincluded,thatthepeopleusedassistivetechnologybeforeorduring the research, that the papers had undergone peer review. 60 studies were included in the triage procedure. 6 studies were included in the final analysis, whichmet the inclusion criteria. The results of the analyzed studies showed that the use of artificial intelligence and assistive technology significantly contributes to improving mobility, orientation and safety for users.The paper also points to certain limitations in theaforementionedstudies,includingsmallersamples, lack of user education and lower digital literacy, which future researchandanalysesshouldtake into account.Keywords: artificial intelligence, visual impairment, assistive technology.

Background: The Acute Apical Abscess (AAA) represents a common endodontic emergency. The aim of this case report was to present successful root canal treatment, despite poor and uncertain prognosis. Case presentation: Despite the severity of the findings, which required a modification from standard therapeutic approach, the patient underwent immediate root canal treatment. The modified protocol involved the repeated, long-term application of aqueous calcium hydroxide paste, enhanced with methylcellulose. This formulation achieved a rapid pH increase and effective endotoxin neutralization, initiating bone healing. Conclusion: This case highlights the clinical significance of long-term calcium hydroxide dressing in the conservative management of AAA with extensive periapical bone resorption. The extended medication protocol induced bone healing, enabling the completion of the root canal treatment and resulting in a favorable long-term therapeutic outcome, contrary to the initial prognosis.

Gingival melanin or metal tattoo pigmentation is occasionally observed and produces aesthetic problems to the patients while smiling. Among dental lasers, the Er:YAG laser used water spray minimizes the thermal changes of the irradiated soft tissue and safe and effective tool for depigmentation procedure. Microscope-assisted Er:YAG laser surgery can precisely detect and remove melanin pigmentation and metal debris embedded in the connective tissue. When using a laser device in a microsurgery, it is necessary to pay attention to safety. It is essential to wear protective goggles to protect from reflections and scattered light during treatment.

Social communication plays a crucial role in children’s social, emotional, and academic functioning, while difficulties in this domain may result in long-term developmental consequences. Increasing attention in contemporary research has been directed toward the role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder, particularly those present during the prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal periods. The study initially included 200 primary school students of both sexes, within which participants with social communication disorder were identified and constituted the experimental group. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and frequency of biological risk factors in children with social communication disorder, to examine differences between children with and without social communication disorder in relation to selected biological indicators, and to explore their association with the occurrence of the disorder. The research was conducted on a sample of 60 primary school students aged 7 to 11 years, including 30 children with social communication disorder and 30 children without the disorder. The criterion for forming the experimental and control groups was performance on a standardized test for the assessment of social communication. Data on biological risk factors were collected using a specially designed questionnaire completed by parents, encompassing prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal variables. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The results showed that social communication disorder was statistically significantly more prevalent among boys. Children with social communication disorder were more frequently bornprematurely, had lower Apgar scores, deviations in birth weight, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and a higher frequency of prenatal complications and maternal medication use during pregnancy. No statistically significant differences between groups werefound with regard to mode of delivery, postnatal hospitalization, or the presence of diagnosed illnesses. The obtained findings confirm the significant role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder and highlight the need for early identification of children exposed to biological risks, as well as the planning of timely and targeted early intervention.Key words: social communication disorder; biological risk factors; prenatal and perinatal factors; children; early development

The aim of this research was to examine the current state of speech therapy work in the context of bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a special emphasis on diagnostic techniques, assessment measures for bilingual speakers, and the preparedness of speech therapists for such assessments. The research was conducted through a survey entitled "The State of Speech Therapy Practice in the Context of Bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina", which was answered by 61 speech therapists from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that speech therapists most often rely on interviews with family members to collect information about the language abilities of bilingual individuals, while informal assessment of both languages is the dominant assessment measure. The most common problem in working with bilingual speakers is the lack of developmental norms and standardized assessment measures for other languages. The results obtained indicate the need for further professional development of speech therapists, as well as the necessity of improving diagnostic approaches and treatments in order to characterize speech therapy practice in this specific context.Keywords:bilingualism, diagnostic techniques, professional readiness, speech therapists.

Objectives: Our work aimed to compare two strategic approaches in defining efficient personal dietary and physical activity plans based on available data. Methods: Energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended is the elementary cause of obesity and overweight and can be addressed with population based guidelines and recommendations for personalized dietary and physical activity plan methodologies. Two independent professionals in nutrition and physical coaching made a parallel set of personal plans for 15 participants who voluntarily asked for their dietary and physical activity plan. One professional used physical measurement and self-reported data while the second used genetic profiling data in addition. Main differences were observed in more specific plans for dietary restrictions in calorie type intake and type of endurance training that was feasible only when genetic data were taken into account.  Results: Out of 15 participants, 9 of them were into the category of obese or overweight. 46,7 % of them did not have any specific dietary regime, 73,33 % hade sedentary job while 53,3 % of them had regular physical activities 2 or 3 times per week. Discussion: Compared to the parameter "frequency of exercise" (using Interrater kappa agreement test), the value of the kappa parameter of -0.15 was obtained, which indicates a negative match between the two tested methods. Conclusions: Our study implies that informed and guided use of widely accessible genetic profiling and its standardized use could significantly contribute to the specificity of personalized dietary and physical activity plans.

We explicitly construct a heat kernel as a Neumann series for certain function spaces, such as $L^{1}$, $L^{2}$, and Hilbert spaces, associated to a locally compact Hausdorff space $\mathfrak{X}$ with Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{B}$, and endowed with additional measure-theoretic data. Our approach is an adaptation of classical work due to Minakshishundaram and Pleijel, and it requires as input a parametrix or small time approximation to the heat kernel. The methodology developed in this article applies to yield new instances of heat kernel constructions, including normalized Laplacians on finite and infinite graphs as well as Hilbert spaces with reproducing kernels.

The aim of this study was to examine the extentto which parents use artificial intelligence (AI) as a source of information about child health and development, as well as to analyze the influence of age and educational level on the frequency of AI use. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sampleof 400 parents using a structured electronic questionnaire. The study analyzed the frequency of AI use, trust in AI and experts, and the association between demographic characteristics and the use of digital information sources. Overall, 52.5% of parents reported using AI tools to obtain information about child development. Younger parents and those with higher levels of education used these tools significantly more often. Parents with higher education had a fourteen-fold higher likelihood of using AI compared to respondents with only primary education. Most parents expressed moderate to high trust in AI, but at the same time, 83.8% believed that AI cannot replace professionals. The findings indicate that AI is becoming an important source of information among parents, particularly among younger and highly educated individuals. Based on the obtained results regarding parents’ attitudes toward AI technologies, these tools have potential as a supplementary resource for initial information seeking; however, professional judgment remains irreplaceable. The data provided by parents also highlight the need for the development of medically validated and regulated AI tools, as well as education on their safe and responsible use.Keywords: artificial intelligence, parents, education, trust, digital information-seeking.

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the association between the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy and various sociodemographic characteristics, as well as to analyze the relationship between mothers’ subjective assessments of their quality of life and the psychosocial functioning of their children.The sample consisted of 61 mothers and their children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Data were collected using the PedsQL™ 2.0 Family Impact Module and the PedsQL™ 4.0 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, both completed by the mothers. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the Hollingshead Index. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests, including Spearman’s correlation, and were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.The results indicated that sociodemographic factors had a limited impact on mothers’ quality of life, whereas the psychosocial functioning of the child significantly influenced the mothers’ daily lives. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive support that addresses the emotional and social dimensions of children's health in order to improve the overall well-being of their mothers.Keywords: cerebral palsy, mothers, quality of life, psychosocial functioning, socioeconomic factors, caregivers.

This scientific research paper examines the connection between the use of social networks and the presence of internalized and externalized behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. By using multiple regression analysis, the effects of addiction tothe Internet and social networks, time spent on the Internet and the frequency of using social networks on the problems of children and young people were investigated. The results show that predictors related to the use of social networks explain 12% of the variance of internalized behavioral disorders and 10% of externalized ones. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the abuse of the Internet and social networks has a significant impact on the appearance of anxiety, depression, aggressiveness and impulsivity. The work points to the need for preventive measures and education of children, parents and teachers about the responsible use of digital technologies. Key words:social networks, internet addiction, behavioral disorders, internalized problems

Introduction: Job satisfaction of nurses is an important indicator of the safety and quality of healthcare and professional efficiency. Its level directly affects employee motivation and patient satisfaction. It is determined by financial and organizational factors, job content, and interpersonal relationships. The aim of this research is to assess the level of job satisfaction among nurses in public health institutions in Canton Sarajevo and to identify the factors that shape job satisfaction in this professional group to the greatest extent. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2025 on a sample of 504 nurses. The job satisfaction survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The overall score was classified into dissatisfaction, ambivalence, and satisfaction, and the associations with sociodemographic and work characteristics were assessed with the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: Almost half of the respondents were dissatisfied with their job (47.6%), whereas 38.5% reported ambivalent attitudes and 13.9% were satisfied. Job satisfaction was significantly associated with length of service, compatibility of work with education, management function, working hours, type of institution, psychological job demands, and income level (p < 0.05). No statistically significant associations were found with gender, age, marital status, number of children, level of education, or job changes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Job satisfaction among nurses stems from job content and relationships, and dissatisfaction from financial and organizational factors. Priority measures include fair valuation of work, clear reward systems, and development support to improve healthcare outcomes.

The aim of the present study was to examine rapid automatized naming(RAN)abilities in primary school students and to construct percentile norms for the applied tasks. A total of 480 students participated in the study. The assessment included RANtasks with objects, numbers, letters,and colors.Results showed that with increasing chronological age, naming speed improved. Percentile norms for the applied tasks are presented separately for each grade, from the secondto fifth.Keywords:dyslexia, rapid automatized naming, children.

Arc conductance decay is a well-established performance indicator for thermal interruption in SF6, with a narrow range of known limit values. It is also shown that conductance decay can also serve as a performance indicator in CO2-based mixtures, although different limit values for successful thermal interruption apply. In this publication, values of arc conductance 200 ns before current zero are presented for a large number of experiments performed in CO2/O2 90/10 mixture under short line fault-like conditions. These measurements are used to establish limit values for the CO2/O2 mixture, and to investigate the pressure dependence of conductance decay.