Abstract Polygenic risk scores (PRS) combine the effects of multiple genetic variants to predict an individual’s genetic predisposition to a disease. PRS typically rely on linear models, which assume that all genetic variants act independently. They often fall short in predictive accuracy and are not able to explain the genetic variability of a trait to the full extent. There is growing interest in applying deep learning neural networks to model PRS given their ability to model non-linear relationships and strong performance in other domains. We conducted a survey of the literature to investigate how neural networks model PRS. We categorize deep learning-based approaches by their underlying architecture, highlighting their modeling assumptions, likely strengths and potential weaknesses of the architectures. Several categories of neural network architectures exhibited promising signs for the improvement of PRS’ predictive power, namely sequence-based architectures, graph neural networks and those that incorporated biological knowledge. Additionally, the use of latent representations in autoencoders has improved predictive performance across diverse ancestries. However, a lack of existing model benchmarks on consistent datasets and phenotypes makes it challenging to understand the extent to which different architectures improve performance. Interpretability of deep learning-based PRS is also challenging with great care required when inferring causation. To address these challenges, we suggest the establishment and adherence to reporting standards and benchmarks to aid the development of deep learning-based PRS to find quantifiable trends in neural network architectures.

Psychological studies on close relationships have often overlooked cultural diversity, dynamic processes, and potentially universal principles that shape intimate partnerships. To address the limited generalizability of previous research and advance our understanding of romantic love experiences, mate preferences, and physical attractiveness, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural survey study on these topics. A total of 404 researchers collected data in 45 languages from April to August 2021, involving 117,293 participants from 175 countries. Aside from standard demographic questions, the survey included valuable information on variables relevant to romantic relationships: intimate, passionate, and committed love within romantic relationships, physical-attractiveness enhancing behaviors, gender equality endorsement, collectivistic attitudes, personal history of pathogenic diseases, relationship quality, jealousy, personal involvement in sexual and/or emotional infidelity, relational mobility, mate preferences, and acceptance of sugar relationships. The resulting dataset provides a rich resource for investigating patterns within, and associations across, a broad range of variables relevant to romantic relationships, with extensive opportunities to analyze individual experiences worldwide.

Background Acute cholecystitis (AC) is a frequent surgical emergency associated with significant variability in clinical outcomes and hospital length of stay (LOS). Early identification of patients at risk for prolonged hospitalization can improve triage and resource planning. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), and total bilirubin (TBil), along with biliary complications like choledocholithiasis and Mirizzi syndrome, may have prognostic value. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 150 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for AC at the Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between January 1, 2024, and January 31, 2025. Demographic, laboratory, and intraoperative data were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified optimal cut-offs for inflammatory markers predicting prolonged LOS (≥7 days). Multivariate linear regression was used to assess independent predictors, including CRP, WBC, TBil, and intraoperative findings. Results We found that CRP was significantly higher in patients with prolonged LOS and demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.733 (95% CI: 0.630-0.835), followed by TBil and WBC. In multivariate analysis, only CRP ≥110.5 mg/L (p<0.001), the presence of choledocholithiasis in 26 patients (17.3%; p=0.010), and Mirizzi syndrome in seven patients (4.7%; p=0.017) remained significant predictors. WBC and TBil lost significance after adjustment. Conclusion CRP is the most reliable independent laboratory predictor of prolonged LOS in AC. The presence of choledocholithiasis and Mirizzi syndrome further contributes to extended hospitalization. These factors should be considered in early clinical risk assessment.

Background/Objectives: This research reports the synthesis and evaluation of novel charged thienobenzo-triazoles as non-selective cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEs and BChEs), their anti-inflammatory properties, and a computational study. Methods: Fifteen derivatives were created through photochemical cyclization and quaternization of the triazole core. The compounds were tested for AChE and BChE inhibition. They showed greater potency and selectivity toward BChE. Results: The most potent compound, derivative 14, inhibited BChE with an IC50 of 98 nM, while derivative 9 also displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting LPS-induced TNF-α production (IC50 = 0.66 µM). Molecular docking revealed that triazolinium salts form key π-π and electrostatic interactions within enzyme active sites. In silico predictions indicated favorable ADME-Tox properties for compounds 9 and 11, including low mutagenicity and moderate CNS permeability. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of new charged triazolinium salts as peripherally selective cholinesterase inhibitors with additional anti-inflammatory potential.

The conducted research aimed to determine the dietary habits of elderly people. The research was conducted on a sample of 237 respondents differentiated by gender, 133 males and 104 females and by age 65 -89 years. Data processing was done in the SPSS program and descriptive and comparative statistics were used to obtain data. Descriptive parameters were created for the analysis of the factual state of the respondents. The collected data were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 tool, and are presented in tables. It is evident that the health status of the respondents worsens with age, and dietary habits change in a positive sense with age. Given that the world's population is aging, it is necessary to emphasize attention to certain needs and challenges faced by many older people. Nutrition is an important element of health in the elderly population and affects the aging process. Although it is a study on a relatively small number of subjects, in comparison with a larger European study, it becomes relevant for proving the present problem of malnutrition among elderly patients. It is necessary to take all measures to increase the awareness of health workers about this problem in order to successfully prevent it or stop it in time.Looking at the entire sample of respondents globally, we can conclude that overall, a significant number of respondents do not pay enough attention to the structure of foods in their diet and water consumption.In line with previous research, the results of this study highlight the importance of dietary habits in creating a healthy lifestyle and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. Key words:eating habits, age, respondents, differences, lifestyle

Menopause represents an inevitable transition in a woman’s life, presenting with vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep difficulties, and prolonged risks such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Hormone replacement therapy emerged as the cornerstone of menopausal management, particularly for alleviating symptoms and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, findings from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study in 2002 highlighted increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke associated with hormonal replacement treatment, leading to a significant global decline in its usage. Consequently, numerous women were deprived of essential therapy, endangering their health and quality of life. This review presents the findings of the WHI study, discusses its methodological errors, and evaluates its benefits and harms. We explore landmark studies that have reestablished the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy over the past two decades. Guidelines supported by these findings are presented in this review. Despite advancements, public perception of hormone replacement treatment remains influenced by outdated findings, limiting its utilization in many regions, especially in developing countries. Our objective is to provide evidence that misconceptions about hormone replacement therapy significantly impact women’s general health and quality of life, as well as to clarify the short-term and long-term impacts of hormone replacement therapy. We conclude that hormonal replacement treatment is effective and safe when administered according to established guidelines. Access to information, coupled with knowledgeable physicians who consistently interact with women, is as vital as the contributions of menopause healthcare specialists. Conflicting information from outdated professionals can likely lead to treatment failure in patients. Keywords: menopause, women’s health, estrogens, progestins, quality of life

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the entire personality and is most often diagnosed during school age. The Tomatis Method involves neurosensory brain stimulation through unique listening programs. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the Tomatis Method on the attention of a child with ADHD. The listening program was tailored to the child's specific needs and was administered by a certified Tomatis practitioner. Each treatment cycle lasted 14 days. The assessment was conducted at four time points: before and after the first cycle, and before and after the second cycle of the Tomatis treatment. A software-based assessment tool specifically designed to evaluate components of executive functions was used to measure attention. The collected data were processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software for statistical analysis. Basic statistical parameters were calculated. The results showed improvements in attention-related abilities, including increased response accuracy and faster reaction times. Key words:Tomatis Method, ADHD, attention.

Purpose Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) significantly affects health and healthcare costs due to chronic kidney disease complications. Given asprosin’s potential as a biomarker for disease progression, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis on its relationship with DKD in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and Fisher’s Z transformation were used to examine the relationship between asprosin and DKD. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and its version for cross-sectional studies. Heterogeneity (I² > 50%) was analyzed with a random-effects model. Results Six studies (n = 1340) were included. Meta-analysis results indicated that T2DM patients with DKD (micro/macroalbuminuria) had significantly higher circulating asprosin levels than normoalbuminuric T2DM patients (SMD: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.69–2.32, p = 0.0003). Meta-analysis of correlation revealed a positive association of asprosin with urinary albumin excretion ratio (UACR) (Fisher’s Z = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.240–0.554, p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (Fisher’s Z = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.036–0.301, p = 0.013), and a negative association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Fisher’s Z = −0.35; 95% CI: −0.471 to −0.239, p < 0.001). Conclusion Asprosin is elevated in T2DM patients with pre-DKD (early stage DKD) and DKD and correlates with key markers of disease severity. Additional research is required to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of asprosin and its role in DKD.

Abstract Consumers of agricultural products represent a sensitive category of society, therefore communication with them is particularly important. Communication is influenced by a large number of factors, and in this regard, making the right decision about the way to communicate is an extremely complex job. In previous research, the emphasis was placed mostly on the entire supply chain, much more than on the method of choosing communication with end consumers of agricultural products. Therefore, this research represents an attempt to make an additional contribution to rational decision-making in this part of the agricultural supply chain. In this paper, the selection of criteria used in the process of communicating with consumers in a country was carried out by applying expert fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making. The innovative fuzzy method SiWeC (Simple Weight Calculation) was applied to evaluate ten given criteria with the aim of their selection. The subject of the research were several agricultural companies and the experts were six experts from the marketing department of the companies in question. The results show that the method of communication itself is the best evaluated criterion, as well as the delivery time, i.e. the impact of delivery speed on the demand for a particular agricultural product. Uncertainty in decision-making is reduced by applying fuzzy decision-making logic, and the results provide the basis for future research that should be directed at selecting the most favorable methods of communication when products of this type are in question, as well as the development of the existing methodology, which in this case has proven to be adequate.

The aim of this research was to determine differences in the levels of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and quality of life among parents of children with different developmental difficulties (intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, and cerebral palsy). The sample consisted of 104 parents, the majority of whom were female (85.6%). Most parents reported that their child had an autism spectrum disorder (45.2%), while the rest reported Down syndrome (29.8%) and cerebral palsy (25.0%). The following instruments were used for the purposes of the research: Demographic Data Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Family Quality of Life Scale (FQoL), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Statistical data analysis was conducted using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that parents of children with cerebral palsy exhibit statistically significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress compared to parents of children with autism and Down syndrome. These findings confirm previous research on the impact of the complexity of motor impairments on the psychological state of parents and highlight the need for targeted psychosocial support for this population. On the other hand, the study did not show statistically significant differences in the perception of overall quality of life among parents, regardless of the type of their child's difficulty. This result implies that factors such as family support, adopted coping mechanisms, and the degree of acceptance of the situation may play a key role in maintaining the subjective sense of life homeostasis. Keywords:parents, developmental difficulties, anxiety, depression, quality of life.

The paper aims to identify and analyze effective strategies aimed at managing autistic behaviorand learning barriers. A qualitative analysis of the relevant scientific and professional literature published in the last decade was carried out, and after screening, 41 papers were included in thematic analysis. Strategies are divided into six categories: Behavioral interventions and behavior management, Education of children and youth with ASD and the empowerment of educators, Teaching social skills, Sensory integration therapies, Digital and assistive technologies, and Transition support. All included strategies are evidence-based practices (EBPs). The literature review confirms that there is no universal approach in working with children and youth with ASD. Still, successful intervention is based on the application of a combination of strategies adapted to the individual needs of students, the educational environment, and developmental goals. Despite the multitude of strategies at a given setting's disposal effective implementation of EBPs is often thwarted by system, school, and individual factors suchas limited resources, training, as well as consistency across environments. By addressing these challenges in a comprehensive manner—through inclusive pedagogy, adaptive technology, and collaborative support systems—we can bridge the research-practice gapand provide rich, enabling learning experiences for students with autism spectrum disorders. Key words: autism, learning strategies, behavior management, learning barriers

It can be stated that quality is an integral part of our daily life. All people constantly insist on quality in certain areas of life, which indicates that quality can be found in all segments in which a person work. The main objective of this study is to examine the satisfaction of clients/users with the services of spa centers. The basic research methods used are: synthesis, analysis, induction and deduction, comparative and statistical methods. The collection of primary data was carried out through an online survey, which contains a standardized scale (SERVQUAL). The correlation analysis confirms the general objective, so it can be concluded that the Pearson coefficient is -0.158, from which it follows that there is a very weak negative correlation between these two variables. It is concluded that sociodemographic factors do not at all influence the attitude of respondents about the quality of service of spa resorts. But, Pearson coefficient indicates a high degree of correlation between respondents' satisfaction with the quality of service in sparesorts and other factors. There is a very high degree of correlation between respondents' satisfaction with service quality and other factors -81%, which have an impact on the respondents' satisfaction with thequality of service in the spa: the first contact in the spa, the reason for coming to the spa, the distance from home to the spa, travel time and the manner the therapy is introduced. Key words: Quality, safety of services, spa resorts, Bosnia and Herzegovina

This scientific research work investigates the social and legal protection of unaccompanied and separated children from the population of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in the municipality of Velika Kladušafrom 2019 to 2022. The research is based on data collected from government records, reports from non-governmental organizations and interviews with key actors, including social workers, lawyers and representatives of civil society organizations. The research reveals that unaccompanied and separated children in Velika Kladuša face significant challenges in accessing social and legal protection. Many of these children experience trauma, violence and exploitation during the journey, but also in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and continue to face significant risks and vulnerabilities upon arrival. Despite the established legal and political frameworks for the protection of these children, the ability of institutions and services to respond to their needs is limited, and many children fall through gaps in the system.The research highlights the need for increased resources, funding and training for institutions and service providers working with unaccompanied and separated children. It also highlights the importance of a holistic, child-centred approach to social and legal protection, which takes into account the specific needs and vulnerabilities of this population. Ultimately, this research provides important insights and recommendations for improving the social and legal protection of unaccompanied and separated children in the municipality, and contributes to broader efforts to ensure the rights and well-being of all children on the move. Key words: unaccompanied and separated children, migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, social and legal protection, risks, vulnerabilities, institutions, services, capacities, child-centred approach, resources, policy frameworks, recommendations.

This study examines the agreement between health-related quality of life assessments in children with cerebral palsy and their mothers, analyzes the relationship between functional domains (daily activities, mobility, pain, fatigue, nutrition, communication) and psychosocial health of the child from the perspectives of both children and mothers, and investigates the impact of maternal education level and family socioeconomic status on the psychosocial health of children as assessed by their mothers.The study involved 61 children with cerebral palsy, aged 5 to 18 years, along with their mothers who were the primary caregivers. Data were collected using validated instruments, includingthe PedsQL 4.0 and PedsQL 3.0 questionnaires, completed by both the children and their mothers. Socioeconomic status was determined using the Hollingshead index, and statistical analysis—descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman’s correlation)—was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.The results showed significant differences in quality of life assessments between children and their mothers, particularly in the domains of daily activities, school activities, mobility, and balance. Daily activities, mobility, and nutrition were correlated with the psychosocial health of children according to the children’s self-reports, while, according to mothers’ assessments, the strongest correlations were observed for daily activities and nutrition. Socioeconomic status and maternal education level did not have a significant association with the psychosocial health of children in this sample. The findings highlight the importance of considering the child’s perspective and focusing interventions on daily functioning. Keywords:cerebral palsy, quality of life, psychosocial health, daily activities, socioeconomic status

BACKGROUND ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) outcomes have improved through initiatives that promote timely access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, little is known about how primary PCI is performed across different settings. This study proposes to characterize and compare practical aspects of primary PCI globally. METHODS An electronic survey, assessing thirteen aspects potentially affecting primary PCI timing and efficacy, was distributed to interventional cardiologists in the "Stent-Save a Life!" initiative. Comparisons were made based on geographical locations and annual PCI volume. RESULTS Seven hundred-and-twenty-four responses were received (59 % from Europe, 18 % from Latin America, 15 % from Asia, 9 % from Africa); 88 % of participants worked in high-volume primary PCI centers. African operators generally performed ≤75 primary PCIs annually, in contrast to their counterparts in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Access route varied significantly across regions: radial access was used in 98 % of primary PCIs in Europe but only 53 % in Africa. Left ventriculography was more frequently performed in Latin America (25 %) and Africa (20 %) than in Europe (9 %) and Asia (6 %). Aspiration thrombectomy was performed under different conditions. Non-culprit lesion revascularization was typically completed during the index procedure or before discharge, except in Asia. Most participants from Europe (82 %) and Asia (85 %) reported pretreating their patients with P2Y12 inhibitors. High-volume operators were more likely to work in 24/7 PCI hospitals, prefer radial access, and routinely perform thrombus aspirations and PCI on non-infarct-related arteries after discharge. CONCLUSIONS This global survey identified procedural variations in performing primary PCI, indicating room for improvement, particularly in the African region.