Radiography is carried out based on the geometrical shape of the material and the required details of the image. The best possible configuration is chosen and the film placement and location of radiation source is determined. In this respect the configuration of cylindrical objects like pipeline and offshore structural members are more critical.

Measuring the flow of liquids is a critical need in many industrial applications. In some operations, the ability to conduct accurate flow measurements is so important that it can make the difference between making a profit or taking a loss. In other cases, inaccurate flow measurements – or failure to take measurements – can cause serious (or even disastrous) results. With most liquid flow measurement instruments, the flow rate is determined inferentially by measuring the liquid’s velocity or the change in kinetic energy. Velocity depends on the pressure differential that is forcing the liquid through a pipe or conduit. Because the pipe’s cross-sectional area is known and remains constant, the average velocity is an indication of the flow rate. The basic relationship for determining the liquid’s flow rate in such cases is: Q = V x A Where Q = Liquid flow through the pipe V = Average velocity of the flow A = Cross-sectional area of the pipe Other factors that affect liquid flow rate include the liquid’s viscosity and density, as well as the friction of the liquid in contact with the pipe. What is a Flow Meter? A flow meter (or a flow sensor) is type of flow instrument that is used to indicate the amount of liquid, gas, or vapor moving through a pipe or conduit by measuring linear, non-linear, mass, or volumetric flow rates. Since flow control is often essential, measuring the flow of liquids and gasses is a critical need for many industrial applications – and there are many different types of flow meters that can be utilized depending on the nature of the application. When choosing a flow meter, one should consider such intangible factors as familiarity of plant personnel, their experience with calibration and maintenance, spare parts availability, and meant time between failure history, etc., at the particular plant site. It is also recommended that the cost of the installation be computed only after taking these steps. One of the most common flow measurement mistakes is the reversal of this sequence: instead of selecting a sensor which will perform properly, an attempt is made to justify the use of a device because it is less expensive. Those “inexpensive” purchases can be the costliest installations. 

Because man strives to ensure the comfort in living and working spaces, there is a lot of air conditioning devices to achieve the desired temperature. Bacteria from the genus Legionella is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause the disease to occur in very severe form. It most often inhabits water systems created by human activity, among which are air conditioning devices, which is why there is a need to test factors that favors bacteria colonization. The study included 79 facilities from the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, of which 42 or 53.2% facilities with centralized, and 37 or 46.8% facilities with individual air conditioning devices. Data were collected using a survey and laboratory analysis of samples. The analysis was performed individually, taking into account the different requirements and complexity of the two types of air conditioning devices. The objectives were related to the correlation between the age, distribution installation material, project, the maintenance dynamics and the need to use the air conditioner with Legionella spp. colonization. The results indicate a positive influence of the air conditioner age and steel distribution installation on the Legionella spp. colonization. Significant correlation was not observed between the collected survey responses (project, maintenance and the air conditioner use frequency) and the Legionella spp. colonization. The identification of factors that positively correlate with the presence of Legionella spp. in air conditioning devices has significant public health and technical contribution, especially in the context of legionellosis prevention, the implementation of adequate monitoring and maintenance.

Introduction: Coinfection with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant clinical and public health challenge, as tuberculosis remains one of the leading opportunistic infections among people living with HIV. Immunosuppression caused by HIV infection increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis as well as disseminated and severe clinical forms of the disease. The aim: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of HIV-tuberculosis coinfection among patients treated at a tertiary care center in the Republic of Srpska. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with HIV infection between 2016 and 2026 who were treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, CD4 lymphocyte counts, the presence of active or latent tuberculosis, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included 103 patients with HIV infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was confirmed in 21 patients (20.38%). Active tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5 patients (4.85%), while latent tuberculosis infection was identified in 16 patients (15.53%) using the IGRA test. All patients with active tuberculosis were male, predominantly aged 20-40 years, with a mean CD4 lymphocyte count of 48 cells/µL. The most common clinical form was cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis was more frequently detected in patients aged 40-60 years, with a mean CD4 count of 295 cells/µL. Conclusion: Although the overall prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV is relatively low, coinfection remains a significant clinical challenge due to its association with advanced immunosuppression and severe clinical forms of disease. Early screening for latent tuberculosis and timely initiation of preventive therapy represents key strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality in this population.

Neutral stochastic dierential equations represent an important class of mathematical models in which the present dynamics depend on both the current state and delayed memory eects under random perturbations. In this paper, a class of neutral stochastic dierential equations with delay is studied through an eective-state formulation. Instead of analyzing only the original process x(t), the neutral expression  z(t) = x(t)-u(x(t-δ(t)), t)  is introduced as the main dynamic quantity. This eective state separates the current state, the delayed state and the neutral memory term, which makes it suitable for stability analysis. A Lyapunov-type approach is used to formulate sucient conditions for boundedness and mean-square stability of the eective state. A scalar neutral stochastic model with delay is also considered as a motivating example. The proposed framework provides a basis for further numerical approximation and computational stability testing of neutral stochastic systems.

Introduction: Respiratory manifestations of ANCA vasculitis (manifestations of the upper and lower respiratory tract) are a common clinical presentation of this type of vasculitis. The aim: Show the frequency and type of respiratory manifestations in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis as well as the impact on patient survival (1-year, 3-year and 5-year) for all patients together as well as the differences in survival in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 27 patients with ANCA vasculitis who were admitted to the nephrology department of the Internal Medicine Clinic of the University Clinical Center in the period from 2007-2023. The clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis, differences in the involvement of individual organ systems between the 3 most important clinical presentations, respiratory manifestations of the disease and their impact on patient survival were analyzed. Results: There were 27 patients, 14 men and 13 women, the average age of patients at the time of diagnosis of the disease was 57. 8 years. The follow-up time was from 8 months to 16 years. The clinical presentation of patients with ANCA vasculitis was microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in 17 patients, granulomatosis with angiitis (GPA) in 7 patients and isolated renal vasculitis in 4 patients. 13 patients had respiratory manifestations of the disease, 3 with manifestations of the upper respiratory tract, 10 with pulmonary manifestations, 3 with the most severe clinical picture of pulmonary syndrome. Fatal outcome because there were 4 patients, all with MPA. Cumulative 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival times were 96. 3%, 92% and 88. 2%. Conclusion: Respiratory manifestations of the disease at the time of diagnosis of ANCA vasculitis did not have a statistically significant effect on patient survival. There was no significant difference in survival in the 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis.

This paper examines the role of human capital and organizational culture in promoting innovation in small and medium-sized companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a specific focus on mentoring and informal education, career development, external communication with clients, and the formalization of internal processes. The aim is to determine which internal organizational factors most effectively stimulate innovative behavior in the context of a transition economy. The study applies a quantitative research design based on a structured questionnaire distributed to managers in 304 SMEs across different sectors. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, multiple and logistic regression, and comparative group tests, supported by visual data representations. The results reveal that mentoring, informal education, external client communication, and formalized procedures have a significant positive impact on innovation, whereas career paths and coaching do not exibit statistical significance. These findings highlight the importance of interpersonal knowledge transfer, customer-driven innovation, and structured processes in building an innovative organizational culture. Theoretical implications include the integration of human capital and organizational culture perspectives into SME innovation literature, while practical implications suggest that managers should invest in internal mentoring systems, informal learning opportunities, and simplified but clear internal procedures. The study is limited to SMEs operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with sectoral distribution potentially affecting generalizability. Data are based on self-reported perceptions, which may introduce bias. Future studies should expand to comparative regional analyses and include longitudinal data. This research contributes to the relatively scarce empirical evidence on innovation drivers in SMEs in transition economies, by integrating human capital and organizational culture perspectives. It offers actionable recommendations for managers and policymakers to enhance innovation capacity without relying solely on costly R&D investments.

Poljoprivredni sektor Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) nalazi se pred brojnim izazovima uzrokovanim sve izraženijim geopolitičkim tenzijama, unutrašnjim političkim problemima, negativnim posljedicama klimatskih promjena kao i strukturnim, ekonomskim i agrarno-političkim nedostacima. Poljoprivreda i njeni lanci vrijednosti, osim rijetkih primjera, nedovoljno su konkurentni, a BiH je izraziti neto uvoznik poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda, sa -3,9 milijardi KM trgovačkog deficita (2024). Ruralna područja značajno zaostaju u razvoju i suočena su sa sve prisutnijom depopulacijom i problemom nedostatka radnih mjesta i radne snage. Jedan od glavnih političkih ciljeva BiH, barem deklarativno, jeste pristupanje Europskoj uniji (EU). To implicira da je Zajednička poljoprivredna politika (ZPP) glavno polazište za postavljanje buduće poljoprivredne politike BiH, odnosno Federacije BiH (FBiH), Republike Srpske (RS) i Brčko distrikta BiH (BDBiH). Ovaj rad analizira strukturu trenutno provedenih poljoprivrednih politika u entitetima BiH i BDBiH i agregatno na nivou BiH te dostignuti stepen usklađenosti sa ZPP-om. Neizvjesnost uslovljena početkom pregovora i datumom pristupanja EU i promjenjiva priroda ZPP-a (ZPP kao pokretna meta), mogu implicirati da je izbor poljoprivredne politike u BiH entitetima rezultat, s jedne strane zahtjeva procesa pristupanja EU, a s druge strane domaćih političkih pritisaka. Za potrebe ovog rada korišten je konceptualni okvir za definisanje ključnih načela usklađivanja poljoprivrednih politika i klasifikacijski sistem mjera poljoprivredne politike (APMC), čime je omogućeno detaljno razumijevanje postojeće poljoprivredne podrške u BiH. Iako BiH i njeni entiteti su jasnog opredijeljenja približavanju ZPP-u u budućnosti, stvarna implementacija poljoprivrednih politika značajno odstupa od deklariranog pristupa i više odražava domaće političko-ekonomske interese. Očekivani pritisci pregovora o pristupanju EU i pretpristupna pomoć EU, koja je trenutno znatno niža u odnosu na druge zemlje Zapadnog Balkana (nedostatak pristupa IPARD fondovima), trebali bi biti ključni elementi procesa pristupanja EU koji će potaknuti BiH da prilagodi svoje poljoprivredne politike ZPP-u.