The oil and gas industries remain among the largest industries in the world, we believe pumps play a crucial role. Despite much effort worldwide to reduce dependency on these materials, our demand for energy supersedes alternative methods to power our planet or live differently. As pumps play a significant role in the equation, they form indispensable components in the oil and gas industry from exploration to refining. Facilitating the movement of fluids through the lifecycle of hydrocarbon production, transportation, and refining processes, pumps engage in the initial extraction of crude oil from deep reservoirs to the final delivery of refined products to consumers – and are therefore crucial to ensuring efficiency, safety, and profitability of all operations. The work of pumps: a step-by-step process Exploration Pumps present as a critical component in the process known as drilling fluid circulation. More simply put, pumps are used to circulate drilling fluid – in other words mud those results during the drilling process. Key purposes include maintaining pressure in the wellbore, preventing blow-outs, and carry out rock cuttings to the surface. Pumps are a vital part of seismic testing, which involves injecting fluids into the ground to generate seismic waves that facilitate the analysis of subsurface structures. In this way, pumps help to maintain pressure during the injection and extraction of fluids. Production During production, pumps are used to extract crude oil or natural gas from wells to the surface. Diverse types of pumps, such as submersible pumps or beam pumps, may be used depending on the well’s depth and characteristics. In mature oil fields, water injection is often used to maintain reservoir pressure and enhance oil recovery. Pumps inject water into the reservoir, displacing oil towards production wells. Transportation Oil or gas is often transported via pipelines. In order for the material to move along the pipe, pumps are installed at various intervals to maintain the pressure needed for efficient conveyance of crude oil or natural gas. Their value in the process is that they can ensure a continuous flow of fluids over long distances and through varying terrain. Once the oil and gas reach terminals or loading docks where it is stored, pumps are engaged to transfer this raw material from storage tanks to tanker ships or trucks for distribution. As part of a crucial role in loading and unloading operations, pumps are there to ensure timely and safe transfer operations. Refinery processes Pumps are used to transport crude oil within refineries and between different processing units. They function as a key component in moving crude oil through distillation columns, reactors, and various other refining processes. Then there are various stages of the refining process – and pumps again play a significant role in transferring refined products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel between different junctures, and transporting finished products from the refinery to distribution terminals or storage facilities. There is an important hydrocarbon recovery procedure incorporating processes like alkylation or catalytic cracking, during which pumps are employed to circulate catalysts or reagents and recover valuable hydrocarbons from byproducts. Environmental and safety concerns During the drilling, production and refining processes, there may be considerable wastewater generated, and pumps are used to transport this wastewater to various treatment facilities or disposal wells, thus mitigating any environmental impact. Naturally, when dealing with oil and gas, fire protection must be top of mind. Pumps therefore form integral components of firewater systems installed in all oil and gas facilities to provide the necessary water pressure for firefighting in the event of emergencies.

<span>Comparing </span><span>NACE MR0175 /ISO 15156 Vs </span><span>NACE MR0103 /ISO 17495-1</span> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span> <div> <span>Always in pipeline systems we met the material with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 pipe or fittings, so do you really know what is the major differences between NACE carbon pipe and normal carbon steel pipe? And how is the cost for nace material?</span> </div> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span>So today we are going to introduce NACE MR0172 / ISO 15156 from different aspects as below:</span> </div> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span>Definitions and means</span> </div> <div> <span>Standard Scope</span> </div> <div> <span>Related equipment and products</span> </div> <div> <span>Material Cost</span> </div> <div> <span>Chemical Compositions</span> </div> <div> <span>Mechanical Strength</span> </div> <div> <span>Applications</span> </div> <div> <span>Work Conditions</span> </div> <div> <span>Notifications before Purchasing Nace Pipe and Fittings</span> </div></span> </div>

Fatigue is a process in which damage accumulates due to the repetitive application of loads that may fall below the yield point. Fatigue is the initiation and propagation of microscopic cracks into macro cracks through repeated application of stresses. All structural steel materials contain metallurgical or fabrication-related discontinuities, and most also include severe stress concentrators. The fatigue begins as an internal or surface flaw where the stresses are concentrated and consist initially of shear flow along slip planes. Over a number of cycles, this slip generates intrusions and extrusions that begin to resemble a crack. A true crack, running inward from an intrusion region, may propagate initially along one of the original slip planes but eventually turns to propagate transversely to the principal normal stress until observing a sudden fracture of the remaining cross-section. The phenomenon may be problematic because a single application of the load would not produce any sign of defect, and a conventional stress analysis may lead to an assumption of safety that does not exist. The history of fatigue covering a time span from 1837 to 1994 was reviewed in an extensive paper by Walter Schütz [1]. Historical milestone papers were collected by Hanewinkel and Zenner [2] and Sanfor [3]. John Mann [4] compiled 21075 literature sources on fatigue problems covering the period from 1838 to 1969 in four books. Since that time the number of publications on fatigue has still considerably increased and it may be estimated to be around 100,000 in the year 2000. Fortunately, consulting the literature on specific topics can now be done with computerized literature retrieval systems.

Liquified Petroleum Gas, often referred to as LPG, is a type of flammable hydrocarbon gas like propane, butane, or a mixture of these gases. When stored under pressure, LPG becomes a liquid which allows for easy transportation and storage. LPG poses numerous hazards ranging from potential leaks and explosions to the dangers posed by improper handling and storage. Liquified petroleum gas is heavier than air and will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. This could cause an explosion if the mixture of LPG and air is within its explosive limits and there is an ignition source. Workers can be at risk of suffocating if the gas displaces air and reduces the oxygen concentration in the area. Hazardous exposure to LPG can happen by inhalation, skin, and eye contact. Excess pressure due to overfilling, temperature changes, corrosion, a faulty pressure relief valve, or a malfunctioning regulator can lead to leakage, container rupture, damage to connected equipment, or even explosion. Because of these hazards, adequate training must be provided to all workers who may handle compressed or liquified gas cylinders or who will be working near LPG tanks. Appropriate PPE, especially eye and hand protection, should be worn when connecting and disconnecting LPG to or from hoses. Take care when choosing a storage location for liquified petroleum gas. The containers should not be located in any area that has a risk of experiencing excessive heat, tampering by unauthorized persons, or physical damage by passing or falling objects. It’s best to store LPG cylinders at least 20 feet away from the building in an area that is protected from rain, like an open-air cage with floor and a roof. LPG cylinders should not be stored (even temporarily) near exits, stairways, or any other high-traffic areas. Protect stored LPG cylinders from falling by using a support system, like a chain. Consider securing each container individually for easy and safe removal. LPG cylinders should not be rolled, dropped, dragged along the floor, or allowed to bang against other objects. LPG cylinders should be placed in a such a way that the relief valve is in direct contact with the vapor space in the container. LPG cylinders, like propane, may generally be stored in a vertical position. When propane cylinders used to fuel forklifts are placed horizontally the relief device must be at the top. When not in use, the valve on the LPG container should be closed to avoid a potential leak. Do not use excessive force when opening or closing the valve. Carry and transport liquified petroleum gas cylinders in a vertical position, with the valves closed. It is best if the LPG containers have some amount of ventilation while being transported. The LPG cylinders must not be left inside a closed vehicle during hot weather if there is a chance of excessive heat build-up. When transporting an LPG cylinder in a vehicle, it’s generally okay to lay it down but it’s always best to keep it standing up and secured, if possible. Never ask a passenger to hold onto an LPG container. Always transport LPG cylinders in the trunk or cargo area of the vehicle.

Temper Bead Welding (TBW) Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was adopted into the 2004 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX; the adoption of TBW has permitted welders to strategically exploit the effects of welding. Of particular note, is the ability to utilize TBW to create a weldment with improved strength and low temperature impact properties without the application of post weld heat treatment (PWHT). However, to reliably obtain these benefits requires development of a robust welding procedure, performance qualification and parameter controls during production welding. The origins of the process can be traced back to the half-bead repair approach using SMAW electrodes

Joint efficiency is a factor required in all head and shell calculations that accounts for how closely a finished weld joint approximates the quality of the seamless parent material. Without further inspection it is assumed the welded joint is weaker than the material around it due to potential defects such as porosity, slag inclusions, and others. Shell thickness and therefore weld quantity is increased to account for this reduction in strength. Code welders following a qualified weld procedure are tested to weld a finished joint that maintains 100% of the parent material strength, but without further testing the allowed strength of a production joint is reduced to 70%. For some design conditions, such as lethal service, the Code requires the designer to specify full radiography. However, when not required, the designer can specify optional radiographic examination to increase joint efficiency and reduce the required thickness of shells and heads. The designer weighs the material and welding costs against inspection costs to determine which course is best suited for the application.  The figures below show the ASME VIII-1 joint efficiency values based on Type 1 joints (butt joints fully welded from both sides or equivalent) and degree of radiographic examination. The information is generated using the radiography logic diagrams and samples from Part 7 of PTB-4-2013 ASME Section VIII – Division 1 Example Problem Manual – the PTB-4 ‘E7.1’ through ‘E7.4’ example numbers are indicated where applicable. Radiography test is a nondestructive testing method of inspecting some hidden cracks in the material by using radio magnetic radiation to penetrate through the materials. The purpose is to ensure the structural integrity of the weld joint. As per ASME, there are four types of Radiography test (RT), i.e. RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4. Joint efficiency is the number used to define welded joint strength which basically depends on the RT type. This Joint efficiency plays a vital role in determining the thickness of the pressure vessel components in Mechanical calculation. For RT1 and RT2 joint efficiency is 1.0, for RT3 efficiency is 0.85 and for RT4 efficiency is 0.70. The Weld Joint Category is how each weld on a Pressure Vessel Engineering is classified to a Joint category, based on the criticality. As per ASME there are four types of weld joint categories, Category A, Category B, Category C, and Category D. Now we can see how these three are interlinked as per ASME Sec VIII Div.1 As per ASME Sec VIII Div.1 the RT type 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 will be selected based on the type of weld joint category A or B or C or D. In turn the type of RT 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 will decide the Joint efficiency value 1.0 or 0.85 or 0.7. So this is how the Radiography test, Joint efficiency and Weld Joint category are interlinked as per ASME Sec VIII Div.1. To give an example, we have detailed the RT type with Joint efficiency based on weld category. Category A and D butt welds shall be fully radiography (RT1) hence the Joint efficiency is 1.0. Category B and C butt welds shall be spot radiography (RT3) hence the joint efficiency is 0.85. This is because longitudinal joints are more critical than circumferential joints. In general, heads connecting with shell will fall on Category B (RT-3 Spot Radiography), however in case of hemispherical head, the head with shell joint will fall on Category A (RT-2 full radiography), because this joint is more critical or it will be under double stress.

<div> Types of Industrial Pumps Used in the Oil and Gas Industry </div> <div> Various types of industrial pumps are utilized for fluid transfer in the oil and gas industry. Pumps used in O&G can be classified based on their design and construction and generally fall into 6 major categories: </div> <div> <span>Centrifugal pumps</span> </div> <div> Reciprocating plunger pumps </div> <div> Progressive Cavity pumps </div> <div> Gear Pumps </div> <div> Diaphragm pumps </div> <div> Metering pumps </div> <div> <span>1. Centrifugal Pumps</span> </div> <div> Centrifugal pumps are the most common types of pumps used in the oil and gas industry. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force through the rotation of the pump impeller to draw fluid into the intake of the pump and force it through the discharge section via centrifugal force. The flow through the pump is controlled by discharge flow control valves. </div> <div> <span>Single stage centrifugal pumps are primarily used for transferring low-viscosity fluids that require high flow rates. They are typically used as part of a larger pump network comprising other centrifugal pumps like horizontal multistage pump units for crude oil shipping or water injection pumps used in secondary oil and gas recovery.</span> </div>

Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry, is a recommended practice developed and published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that provides an in-depth look at nearly 70 different damage mechanisms that can occur to process equipment in refineries. According to the third edition of this recommended practice, its purpose is “to describe the wide variety of service-induced damage and deterioration mechanisms, including corrosion and other types of metallurgical damage, that are most likely to affect the condition of the materials of construction commonly used in refinery equipment.” However, much of the information included in this document can also be applied to petrochemical and other industrial applications, as the user deems appropriate. API RP 571 was originally published in 2003, and the third edition was released in March of 2020. This RP is intended to supplement API RP 580, API RP 581, and API RP 579, and is nearly 400 pages long.

Pressure vessels are specialized containers used to store or transport gases and liquids under pressure, either significantly higher or lower than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. These containers are highly regulated and must meet strict safety standards to ensure they can withstand the extreme pressures they are subject to. Examples of pressure vessels include boilers, compressed air tanks, propane tanks, heat exchangers, and chemical reactors. In addition to steel, pressure vessels can also be made from aluminum or composite materials. Pressure vessels can be either spherical or cylindrical in shape and range in size from small tanks one person can carry to massive industrial vessels several stories tall. Regardless of their size or shape, all pressure vessels share one common goal: safely contain their contents at high pressures. Pressure vessels are used on space vehicles to store a variety of consumable commodities in liquid or gaseous form over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The stored commodities can be used as pressuring, propellants, pneumatic gases, hydraulic fluids, power reactants, coolants, purge gases, or sources of breathable atmosphere. The pressure vessels themselves can be designed with any geometry; however, due to packaging efficiency and manufacturing considerations, they are typically spherical or cylindrical in shape and designed primarily for the storage of pressurized fluids.

Proper nutrition plays an important role in shaping our thinking and behaviour, and influences how food intake affects our emotions. The aim of the work was to assess the dietary habits and mental health of students. The study is a quantitative, cross-sectional research with observational-analytical methods. Students were selected using the convenience sampling method. Out of the total number of participants who participated in the study N=805. More frequent consumption of cakes/biscuits, fresh fruits, salad/raw vegetables, lemonade/soft drinks, meat/sausages and fish/seafood positively correlates with positive mental health. The development of the participants’ sense of coherence directly positively correlates with more frequent consumption of fresh fruit, lemonade/soft drinks and meat/sausages. Participants who consume fresh fruit, salad/raw vegetable, and lemonade/soft drinks less frequently perceive higher levels of stress. Frequent consumption of lemonade/soft drinks is negatively associated with anxiety, and along with meat/sausages, with depressive symptoms. Mental health correlates with the food categories cakes/biscuits, fresh fruit, salad/raw vegetable, lemonade/soft drinks, meat/sausages, fish/seafood, and fast/canned food.

Pipe welding involves several sequential passes to create a perfect, strong weld. The welding passes refer to the order of execution required when carrying out the pipe welding process. The four passes typically used in pipe welding include the root pass, hot pass, fill-up pass and capping. Root Passes A root pass is the first step in any welding process and involves joining two pieces to form one structure. In this step, we heat the filler metal to an exceptionally high temperature and pass it through the gap between the pipes. Utilising the root pass requires more expertise than the following passes, so it is essential to exercise caution. To ensure complete fusion, the welder should use quality control measures like backing gas. In order to complete the weld pass, you must keep the root face smooth and uniform. If there are any imperfections on the weld face, you can correct them by grinding it out, so it does not have to be smooth or uniform initially. distribution of non-critical materials in industrial settings. People typically use it for transporting water, non-combustible chemicals, and other non-hazardous materials. Because its contents are not hazardous or flammable, low-pressure pipes provide a safe and cost-effective solution for many applications.