Gas conditioning Gas conditioning involves a series of treatments like dehydration, sweetening, and fractionation to eliminate impurities and make the gas suitable for its intended applications. These processes help prevent pipeline blockages, equipment corrosion, reduced flow rates, increased energy consumption, and potential system failures, ensuring a reliable and optimized natural gas supply for various industries and consumers. Dehydration involves removing moisture from the gas stream to prevent the formation of hydrates, which can cause pipeline blockages. Sweetening involves removing acid gases that can corrode pipelines and equipment and harm the environment. Fractionation involves separating the heavier hydrocarbons from the natural gas to meet specific product specifications. During the gas conditioning process, removing at least 99.5% of the particles and impurities present in the natural gas stream is necessary for many critical reasons. Safety and Compliance: Impurities in natural gas can pose safety risks and regulatory compliance issues. For example, acid gases like hydrogen sulfide can be toxic and corrosive, posing health hazards to workers and causing damage to equipment and infrastructure. Removing a significant portion of these impurities makes the gas safer to handle, transport and utilize in various applications. Efficiency and Performance: Impurities in natural gas can have detrimental effects on the efficiency and performance of gas processing and utilization systems. Liquid droplets and particulate matter can cause blockages in pipelines, reducing the flow rates, and hindering the system’s overall performance. By removing a substantial portion of these particles, the gas can flow smoothly, maximizing its utilization efficiency and ensuring optimal system performance. Product Quality: Impurities can affect the quality and specifications of natural gas required for specific applications. For instance, heavy hydrocarbons can impact the energy content and combustion characteristics of the gas, affecting its performance in gas turbines or other combustion processes. By achieving a high removal rate of impurities, the resulting gas meets the desired quality standards, ensuring consistent and reliable performance in various industrial and commercial applications. Environmental Considerations: Some impurities in natural gas, such as sulfur compounds, contribute to air pollution and environmental degradation when released into the atmosphere. By removing a significant portion of these impurities, the gas conditioning process helps reduce emissions and minimize the environmental impact associated with natural gas production, transportation, and utilization.

Two Phase Separators Two-phase separator is also called gas-liquid separator. As its name suggests, it is used for separating gas and liquid in wet gas stream, or more generally the gas/liquid stream, when the complex liquid phase components are not required to be separated from each other.

Working Guide to Drilling Equipment and Operations offers a practical guide to drilling technologies and procedures. The book begins by introducing basic concepts such as the functions of drilling muds; types of drilling fluids; testing of drilling systems; and completion and workover fluids. This is followed by discussions of the composition of the drill string; air and gas drilling operations; and directional drilling. The book identifies the factors that should be considered for optimized drilling operations: health, safety, and environment; production capability; and drilling implementation. It explains how to control well pressure. It details the process of fishing, i.e. removal of a fish (part of the drill string that separates from the upper remaining portion of the drill string) or junk (small items of non-drillable metals) from the borehole. The remaining chapters cover the different types of casing and casing string design; well cementing; the proper design of tubing; and the environmental aspects of drilling.

Oil and gas well tubing strings must be designed to withstand the forces and stresses generated by the anticipated service conditions over the operating life of the well. In addition, if the tubing is free to move, tubing length changes must be determined so that adequate seal assembly lengths are selected. This section is designed to help the completion engineer in understanding the reasons and consequences of the stresses and strain caused to the tubing and guide him/her through the tubing stress analysis process. Introduction: The cost of tubulars and completion components is often a large portion of the total well cost and can be as high as 20% of the total. The tubing and the completion form an integral part of the safety of the well. Failure of the completion can result in injuries, fatalities, major expenditure and considerable loss of production. Tubing stress analysis is a major requirement of any completion design. Since the calculations involved in the analysis procedure are complex, a computer program is used in determining the optimum tubing design. Consequently, it is no longer necessary for the designer to perform hand calculations to analyse tubing string stress and strain. However, an understanding of the calculations and procedure is required to properly utilise the tubing analysis computer model. Computer analysis liberates the designer from the drudgery of repetitious calculations due to the all the permutations of prognosed data available and optional completion designs so that he or she can concentrate on achieving a more accurate estimate of the service conditions. The tubing stress analysis computer program in use by BP worldwide is Enertech’s WellCat package. This document is not intended to be a user manual for such computing packages although reference can be made to the WellCat manual. Keywords: tubing stress analysis, oil and gas industry, drilling

What is Oil and Gas Separation? The process of oil and gas separation is crucial in the petroleum industry as it helps in the separation of crude oil, natural gas, and water for further processing and transportation. When oil and gas come out of the wellhead, they are in a state of a multiphase system that comprises of hydrocarbons, water, and at times solids. When there is no separation, downstream refining and transport are affected, and this leads to operational problems and high costs. The main goal of the oil separation process is to maximize the purity of each component with the least amount of energy and time. Effective separation improves productivity, reduces wear and tear of equipment and helps in meeting the legal requirements of environmental impacts. It works like the traffic light system of a city where each component is guided to its proper place to prevent traffic jam and delay. This not only safeguards the infrastructure but also enhances the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery, which is a key element of the current gas industry.

In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), also known as as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit, is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Crude oil is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the distillation process separates this crude oil into broad categories of its component hydrocarbons, or "fractions," which serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.  As oil is being fed into the crude distillation unit, the first thing that happens is the crude is heated to a temperature between 215°F and 280°F (100°C - 137°C).  This allows salts, which can be harmful and corrosive to some equipment, to be removed at the desalter.  The now desalted crude is further heated to temperatures up to 750°F (400°C) as it is fed into the atmospheric distillation tower where the vapors and liquids separate based on the different temperatures at which they boil/condense. At temperatures above 750°F (400°C), the oil would thermally crack, or break apart, which would hinder the distillation process.

Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks. All tasks involved in well servicing ensure that the oil continues to flow and the well components function as expected. Well servicing involves many types of work. Sometimes the well can continue to operate while it undergoes servicing. In some instances, shutting down production can result in better flow following the changes, making the workover effort worth the temporary stoppage. Since each well's situation differs, and various well servicing tasks will be needed at different times. Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks.Well servicing is an essential part of operating an oil or gas well. Servicing encompasses the tasks done during the rest of the life of the well after drilling. Therefore, it is essential to keep up with these maintenance activities. Regular servicing can prevent problems before major disruptions occur. Understanding the basics of well maintenance and services will give you a better appreciation for these tasks during the well's production life. Well work, also known as well interventions, includes any repairs or changes needed to improve the well's operation. This type of service includes light and heavy interventions. Light interventions typically fall to the well service crew. These types of well work do not require the well to stop pumping. Instead, crews may conduct operations such as using wireline or coiled tubing to prevent future blockages. In some cases, light interventions may include collecting data from the bottom of the well or adjusting pumps and valves downwell. The other type of well work is heavy intervention, which also goes by the term workover.

The paper examines the role of revolutionary and mass songs in music instruction and musical activities in elementary schools in PR/SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the educational system underwent various reform processes that affected the curriculum of music lessons, the revolutionary songs retained their continuity. Drawing on research of the archival materials, curricula in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1948-1980), and songbooks, we present some of the revolutionary songs included in the children’s repertoire, as well as compositions inspired by the national liberation struggle by Yugoslav and Bosnian-Herzegovinian composers. The paper aims to highlight the importance of this repertoire for shaping the musical identity of elementary school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Poljoprivredno zemljište kao prirodno bogatstvo i dobro od opšteg interesa prvenstveno treba služiti svojoj temeljnoj svrsi, a to je poljoprivredna proizvodnja; njegovi vlasnici su obavezni da ga koriste na zakonom propisani način. Ta temeljna svrha biva osujećena ako vlasnik poljoprivrednog zemljišta nije utvrđen. U radu su analizirani vlasnički odnosi na poljoprivrednom zemljišu sa fokusom na vlasnički status poljoprivrednog zemljišta koje je različitim mjerama nacionalizacije oduzeto ranijim vlasnicima i dodijeljeno drugim subjektima nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. Izostala je pravno-politička odluka u vezi sa restitucijom ovog zemljišta, što je u pravilu uvod u tranzicijski proces. U svrhu pripreme i zaštite podloge restitucije je u SR BiH 1991. godine bila propisana zabrana raspolaganja ovim zemljištem. U radu se konstatira da je zabrana koja traje preko tri decenije neefikasna, da je došlo do nezakonitog prenosa poljoprivrednog zemljišta, da se produženjem zabrane, a bez jasne vizije da li će restitucija biti izvršena, onemogućava racionalno korištenje i upravljanje i poljoprivredna proizvodnja na velikim kompleksima poljoprivrednog zemljišta, te uključivanje ovog zemljišta u izradu prostorno planske dokumentacije. Pored navedene zabrane, je 2022. godine Visoki predstavnik zabranu raspolaganja državnom imovinom proširio i na poljoprivredno zemljište. Postojanje dvije zabrane raspolaganja, koje imaju različite pravne osnove, slijede različite ciljeve uzrokuje pravnu nesigurnost. Zabrana raspolaganja nacionaliziranim poljoprivrednim zemljištem je uspostavljena radi zaštite ranijeg vlasnika, a zabrana koju je proglasio OHR štiti državnu imovinu do donošenja kriterija o raspodjeli te imovine među različitim nivoima vlasti. Pri tome se, kada je u pitanju poljoprivredno zemljište u državnoj svojini, ne radi o imovini kojoj se ne zna titular i rješavanja pravnog statusa ovog zemljišta nije zavisno o odluci o kriteriju raspodjele državne imovine. Nacionalizirano poljoprivredno zemljište, koje nije bilo dodijeljeno određenom subjektu, od 1965. pripada općinama. Zabranom uspostavljenom 2022. godine je onemogućeno općinama da gazduju poljoprivrednim zemljištem, pri čemu prema trenutnom ustavnom uređenju ne postoji organ države BiH koji bi bio nadležan da gazduje ovim zemljištem, što ga ostavlja bez adekvatne pravne zaštite.

The flue gases from coal fired thermal power plants, contain combustion gases (SO₂, NOₓ, CO, CO₂) and fine particles of fly ash. The concentration of sulfur oxides in the flue gas depends on the sulfur content in the coal. The flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process at TPP Ugljevik utilizes a wet scrubbing method, where a limestone suspension serves as the absorbent medium for sulfur oxides, with gypsum as a byproduct. Comparative analysis of emission levels before and after the FGD system installation indicates that the applied desulfurization technology is highly effective. The efficiency of the desulfurization plant ranged from 83.91% to 100%, depending on the inlet concentration of SO₂ in the flue gas. Estimates show that the FGD plant, depending on the intensity of operation, can annually remove between 7,000 and 55,800 tons of sulfur, with by-product gypsum production ranging from 3,660 to 29,280 tons. The implementation of this flue gas purification process significantly reduces the impact on the environment and ambient air pollution caused by sulfur oxides. For economic reasons, the plant is unfortunately unable to operate continuously. Keywords: Flue gases, SO₂ emissions, desulfurization, wet scrubbing process.

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess oral hygiene habits, as well as awareness and knowledge among undergraduate students at a Faculty of Medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine in Foča and included 333 students across three study programs: Medicine (M), Nursing (N), and Special Education and Rehabilitation (SER). The questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information, as well as data on oral hygiene habits and knowledge of oral health. Results. The largest proportion of students (56.2%) brush their teeth twice daily. A higher percentage of N and SER students brush their teeth longer than M students (p=0.004). Students most often replace their toothbrushes every 3 months or sooner (76.3%); 58.9% regularly visit a dentist; and 61% report no oral health problems. Only 14.4% of students believe that dental plaque dysbiosis is the cause of caries, while more than half of the students (53.5%) do not know the impact of dental plaque. Additionally, more than one-third of students (35.7%) are unaware of preventive measures for oral disease. A greater number of M and N students than SER students reported that oral health is related to cardiovascular disease (p=0.002), and more M students reported that it is related to cancer compared to SER students (p=0.032). Conclusion. The results of this study indicate limited knowledge of oral health among students across all three study programs, underscoring the need to improve oral health education for health sciences students.

Proizvodnja hrane u Bosni i Hercegovini, naročito u uslovima klimatskih promjena, predstavlja veliki izazov i strateško pitanje za budućnost. Poljoprivreda je sektor koji u potpunosti zavisi od klimatskih i hidroloških uslova, a povećana učestalost ekstremnih pojava, poplava, suša, toplotnih talasa, mrazeva i oluja, direktno ugrožava stabilnost prinosa i očuvanje plodnosti zemljišta. Klimatske promjene mijenjaju režim padavina, vodni bilans i toplinski režim tla, što dovodi do degradacije zemljišta i smanjenja produktivnosti. U radu se, polazeći od analitičkog izvještaja o procjeni i optimizaciji meteorološke i hidrološke mreže Federacije BiH i postojećeg konceptualnog okvira klimatskih rizika po zemljište, analiziraju kapaciteti hidrološke, meteorološke i agrometeorološke mreže kojima upravlja Federalni hidrometeorološki zavod. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na ulogu modernizacije hidrometeorološke mreže, uključujući automatske hidrološke, meteorološke i agrometeorološke stanice, kao i na metodološki okvir mjerenja temperature tla geotermometrima i temperature zraka na 5 cm iznad tla, koji predstavljaju ključne elemente agrometeorološkog monitoringa. Analiza pokazuje da postojeća mreža nije u potpunosti funkcionalna: oprema je djelimično zastarjela, prostorna pokrivenost je neujednačena, nivo automatizacije ograničen, a međuinstitucionalna razmjena podataka nedovoljno normirana. Sa druge strane, posljednjih godina, kroz projekte podržane međunarodnim fondovima, ostvareni su značajni pomaci u modernizaciji mreže i razvoju digitalnih platformi, uključujući agrometeorološku platformu FHMZa. Na osnovu provedenih analiza predložene su konkretne preporuke za daljnju modernizaciju i integraciju hidrometeorološkog monitoringa kako bi se podržala klimatski otporna i održiva poljoprivreda u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.

Background: Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, and abrupt discontinuation can lead to severe neuropsychiatric destabilization, including withdrawal catatonia. High-potency dopamine D2 receptor antagonists may further precipitate neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a condition with substantial clinical overlap with malignant catatonia. Objective: This report follows CARE guidelines to provide a structured and transparent description of a complex case involving abrupt clozapine withdrawal and rapid antipsychotic transition. Case presentation: This report describes a male patient with schizophrenia who developed malignant catatonia with overlapping NMS features following abrupt clozapine withdrawal and initiation of fluphenazine. Conclusion: The case underscores the importance of cautious antipsychotic transitions and early recognition of catatonia and NMS.