AbstractEducation plays a key role in the development of human civilisation. Learning and teaching methods are still evolving and undergoing numerous changes as a result of scientific knowledge and revolutionary ideas of stakeholders in the education system, and the development of advanced technologies. We are all familiar with traditional ways of learning wherein educational process is conducted in such a way that the focus is primarily on content. Jan Amos Komensky, the alpha and omega of education science, laid out the class-subject-lesson traditional education system and designed, as early as the 17th century, the school as an institution capable of meeting the mass educational demands of the time. Because these traditional methods use repetition and memorisation of information as the principal means of acquiring knowledge, students are unable to develop their critical thinking, problem-solving and decision-making skills. In the 21st century, teaching should be focused on the effective cooperation between teachers and students who are actively participating in the teaching process, because such an approach ensures the training of innovative individuals who go on to become qualified professionals and responsible citizens, thus creating a more affluent and safer society in general. This paper provides an overview of the important characteristics of modern schools, as well as some modern teaching strategies. Keywords: modern teaching strategies, quality of teaching, teaching--- SažetakObrazovanje ima ključnu ulogu u razvoju ljudske civilizacije. Metode učenja i poučavanja još uvijek se neprestano razvijaju i prolaze kroz brojne promjene zahvaljujući znanstvenim spoznajama, revolucionarnim idejama osoba uključenih u obrazovni sustav kao i razvoju naprednih tehnologija. Svi smo dobro upoznati s tradicionalnim načinima učenja u kojima se obrazovanje provodi tako da je fokus usmjeren na sadržaj. Jan Amos Komensky, alfa i omega pedagoške znanosti, tvorac razredno-predmetno-satnoga tradicionalnog sustava obrazovanja, već je u 17. stoljeću osmislio školu kao instituciju primjerenu zahtjevima tadašnjega vremena za masovnim obrazovanjem. Budući da te tradicionalne metode koriste ponavljanje i pamćenje informacija kao temeljni način stjecanja znanja, učenici ne razvijaju svoje kritičko razmišljanje, vještine rješavanja problema i donošenja odluka. Nastava u 21. stoljeću treba biti usmjerena na učinkovitu suradnju nastavnika i učenika koji su aktivno uključeni u nastavni proces jer takav pristup osigurava osposobljavanje inovativnih pojedinaca koji postaju kvalitetni stručnjaci i odgovorni građani te na takav način stvaraju bogatije i sigurnije društvo u cjelini. U ovom radu dan je pregled bitnih obilježja suvremene škole, kao i nekih suvremenih nastavnih strategija.Ključne riječi: kvaliteta nastave, nastava, suvremene nastavne strategije 

New 1,2,3-triazolo(thieno)stilbenes were synthesized as mixtures of isomers and efficiently photochemically transformed to their corresponding substituted thienobenzo/naphtho-triazoles in high isolated yields. The resulting photoproducts were studied as acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors without or with interconnected inhibition potential of TNF-α cytokine production. The most promising anti-inflammatory activity was shown again by naphtho-triazoles, with a derivative featuring 4-pentenyl substituents exhibiting notable potential as a cholinesterase inhibitor. To identify interactions between ligands and the active site of cholinesterases, molecular docking was performed for the best potential inhibitors. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to assess and validate the stability and flexibility of the protein–ligand complexes generated through docking.

Background and Objectives: Cranial defects pose significant challenges in low and middle-income countries (LIMCs), necessitating innovative and cost-effective craniofacial reconstruction strategies. The purpose of this study was to present the Bosnia and Herzegovina model, showcasing the potential of a multidisciplinary team and 3D-based technologies, particularly PMMA implants, to address cranial defects in a resource-limited setting. Materials and Methods: An observational, non-experimental prospective investigation involved three cases of cranioplasty at the Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 2019 and 2023. The technical process included 3D imaging and modeling with MIMICS software (version 10.01), 3D printing of the prototype, mold construction and intraoperative modification for precise implant fitting. Results: The Bosnia and Herzegovina model demonstrated successful outcomes in cranioplasty, with PMMA implants proving cost-effective and efficient in addressing cranial defects. Intraoperative modification contributed to reduced costs and potential complications, while the multidisciplinary approach and 3D-based technologies facilitated accurate reconstruction. Conclusions: The Bosnia and Herzegovina model showcases a cost-effective and efficient approach for craniofacial reconstruction in LIMICs. Collaborative efforts, 3D-based technologies, and PMMA implants contribute to successful outcomes. Further research is needed to validate sustained benefits and enhance craniofacial reconstruction strategies in resource-constrained settings.

Attacks by dogs, primarily stray dogs, are a very common problem faced by both underdeveloped and developed local goverments. The damage caused by attacks from stray dogs has multiple, and often long-lasting, harmful consequences for their victims, which are also reflected on members of their families. This manuscript provides a veterinary-epidemiological definition of the concept of dogs, as well as their legal definition in the context of „dangerous things“, and the psychological aspect that is regularly manifested in victims. Analyzing the legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a comparative presentation of the regulations of the EU member states, systematic overviews and answers are given, which are important for the improvement of existing regulations and harmonization of law and jurisprudence.

Human life and body represent social values that have always been and remain the subject of criminal law protection. Precisely, the authors in the first part of the work point to the incrimination of the crime of murder throughout the historical era of Serbia and the neighboring countries, and also that the life and body of members of certain social classes were not subject to criminal law protection, and in certain eras the criminal law protection of life and body was not provided equally to every person. The continuous development of society and changes in all spheres led to the need for more and more contact between people, and their relationships led to various conflicts and the desire to be resolved at their own discretion. The second part of the work deals with conflict situations that led to mutual attacks in order to resolve the situations that ended with an attack and endangering the physical integrity of people. Thus, when studying the criminal offense of murder, which is one of the classics, perhaps even the oldest criminal offense which has already been discussed so much from a theoretical point of view and, at first glance, it seems that everything has already been said, there are still a lot of disputed questions that need to be discussed, in a theoretical, criminological sense, as well as to clarify the problems that arise in judicial practice. Some research indicates that a high percentage (even over 80 percent) of perpetrators of criminal acts would not have started committing criminal acts if they had known for sure that they would be discovered as perpetrators of the same. Research data indicate that violence in Serbia has increased by 74%. The third part of the work deals with the incrimination of the most serious criminal offense from the aspect of modern and international criminal law, as well as their recommendations for the purpose of prevention and repression.

To continue downscaling transistors, new materials must be explored. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are appealing due to their thinness and bandgap. The relatively weak van der Waals forces between layers in 2D materials allow easy exfoliation and device fabrication but also result in poor heat transfer between layers and to the substrate, which is the main path for heat removal, resulting in self-heating and thermal degradation of mobility. This study explores the electrothermal properties of five popular 2D materials (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, and 2D black phosphorous). We simulate various devices with self-heating with a range of gate and drain biases and examine the effects on mobility and change in device temperature. The effects are compared to the isothermal case to ascertain the impact of self-heating. We observe that Joule heating has a significant effect on temperature rise, layerwise drain current, and effective mobility. We show that black phosphorous performs the best thermally, owing to its relatively high thermal conductance to the substrate, while WSe2 performs the best electrically. This study will inform future thermally aware designs of nanoelectronic devices based on 2D materials.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the behavior of tourists and their intention to choose a destination based on various factors. The goal of this research was to determine to what extent environmental risks and the attractiveness of the destination influence the choice of destination and the behavior of tourists. Furthermore, the goal was to determine the influence of psychological groups of tourists on their decision to choose a tourist destination using three psychographic techniques: BFI-10 (Big Five Inventories), AIO (Activities, Interests, and Opinions), and VALS 2 (Values and Lifestyle), and a freely determined six-level scale of risk and tourist attractiveness of imagined destinations. Analyzing the results obtained through the structural modeling-path analysis model, it was determined that tourists grouped in almost all psychographic orientations, resulting from lifestyles, negatively perceive destinations with a high degree of risk and attractiveness, while, with the VALS 2 technique, only members of the action orientation tend to accept ecologically risky destinations. Despite the fact that many studies have looked at how tourists perceive various risks and behave, it is still uncommon to use an integrated approach that considers the simultaneous application of several psychological tests and a unique method of gathering responses from travelers by presenting them with descriptively imagined destinations that differ in their levels of environmental risk and tourist appeal. As a result, this study can provide a conceptual framework for theoretical and practical implications for improved risk management strategies in a specific travel destination and in areas vulnerable to environmental hazards, as well as for completing knowledge about traveler behavior in risky destinations.

The process of fish cage inspections, which is a necessary maintenance task at any fish farm, be it small-scale or industrial, is a task that has the potential to be fully automated. Replacing trained divers who perform regular inspections with autonomous marine vehicles would lower the costs of manpower and remove the risks associated with humans performing underwater inspections. Achieving such a level of autonomy implies developing an image processing algorithm that is capable of estimating the state of biofouling buildup. The aim of this work is to propose a complete solution for automating the said inspection process; from developing an autonomous control algorithm for an ROV, to automatically segmenting images of fish cages, and accurately estimating the state of biofouling. The first part is achieved by modifying a commercially available ROV with an acoustic SBL positioning system and developing a closed-loop control system. The second part is realized by implementing a proposed biofouling estimation framework, which relies on AI to perform image segmentation, and by processing images using established computer vision methods to obtain a rough estimate of the distance of the ROV from the fish cage. This also involved developing a labeling tool in order to create a dataset of images for the neural network performing the semantic segmentation to be trained on. The experimental results show the viability of using an ROV fitted with an acoustic transponder for autonomous missions, and demonstrate the biofouling estimation framework’s ability to provide accurate assessments, alongside satisfactory distance estimation capabilities. In conclusion, the achieved biofouling estimation accuracy showcases clear potential for use in the aquaculture industry.

G protein-coupled receptors are among the most widely studied classes of drug targets. A major challenge in this field is to develop ligands that will selectively modulate a single receptor subtype to overcome the disadvantages of undesired “off target” effects caused by lack of target and thus signaling specificity. In the current study, we explored ligand design for the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) since it is an attractive target for developing antiobesity drugs. Endogenously, the receptor is activated by peptide ligands, i.e., three melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH) and by adrenocorticotropic hormone. Therefore, we utilized a peptide drug design approach, utilizing “molecular grafting” of pharmacophore peptide sequence motifs onto a stable nature-derived peptide scaffold. Specifically, protegrin-4-like-peptide-1 (Pr4LP1) and arenicin-1-like-peptide-1 (Ar3LP1) fully activated MC4R in a functional cAMP assay with potencies of 3.7 and 1.0 nM, respectively. In a nanoluciferase complementation assay with less signal amplification, the designed peptides fully recruited mini-Gs with subnanomolar and nanomolar potencies. Interestingly, these novel peptide MC4R ligands recruited β-arrestin-2 with ∼2-fold greater efficacies and ∼20-fold increased potencies as compared to the endogenous α-MSH. The peptides were inactive at related MC1R and MC3R in a cAMP accumulation assay. These findings highlight the applicability of animal-derived disulfide-rich scaffolds to design pathway and subtype selective MC4R pharmacological probes. In the future, this approach could be exploited to develop functionally selective ligands that could offer safer and more effective obesity drugs.

The rapid development of machine learning (ML) techniques has opened up the data-dense field of microbiome research for novel therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic applications targeting a wide range of disorders, which could substantially improve healthcare practices in the era of precision medicine. However, several challenges must be addressed to exploit the benefits of ML in this field fully. In particular, there is a need to establish “gold standard” protocols for conducting ML analysis experiments and improve interactions between microbiome researchers and ML experts. The Machine Learning Techniques in Human Microbiome Studies (ML4Microbiome) COST Action CA18131 is a European network established in 2019 to promote collaboration between discovery-oriented microbiome researchers and data-driven ML experts to optimize and standardize ML approaches for microbiome analysis. This perspective paper presents the key achievements of ML4Microbiome, which include identifying predictive and discriminatory ‘omics’ features, improving repeatability and comparability, developing automation procedures, and defining priority areas for the novel development of ML methods targeting the microbiome. The insights gained from ML4Microbiome will help to maximize the potential of ML in microbiome research and pave the way for new and improved healthcare practices.

ABSTRACT Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern. Currently, the greatest mortality due to AMR is in Africa. A key driver continues to be high levels of dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription. Areas covered A need to document current rates of dispensing, their rationale and potential ways forward including antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs). A narrative review was undertaken. The highest rates of antibiotic purchasing were in Eritrea (up to 89.2% of antibiotics dispensed), Ethiopia (up to 87.9%), Nigeria (up to 86.5%), Tanzania (up to 92.3%) and Zambia (up to 100% of pharmacies dispensing antibiotics without a prescription). However, considerable variation was seen with no dispensing in a minority of countries and situations. Key drivers of self-purchasing included high co-payment levels for physician consultations and antibiotic costs, travel costs, convenience of pharmacies, patient requests, limited knowledge of antibiotics and AMR and weak enforcement. ASPs have been introduced in some African countries along with quality targets to reduce inappropriate dispensing, centering on educating pharmacists and patients. Expert Opinion ASP activities need accelerating among community pharmacies alongside quality targets, with greater monitoring of pharmacists’ activities to reduce inappropriate dispensing. Such activities, alongside educating patients and healthcare professionals, should enhance appropriate dispensing of antibiotics and reduce AMR.

Using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), coronary plaques can be characterized based on both their morphology and composition. Coronary plaques are generally assessed on 2D axial and multiplanar reformatted images. Nevertheless, these visualization tools are limited to observing extraluminal changes in the coronary artery. The presence of plaques prevents them from providing a visual representation of the intraluminal coronary wall. Since its invention in 2000, coronary fly-through or virtual angioscopy (VA) has been extensively studied. However, its application was limited because it required an optimal CT scan and time-consuming post-processing. In recent years, advances in post-processing software have made construction of VA easier, but until recently the quality of the images was insufficient for most patients. Using 3D intravascular endoscopy (3DIE) visualization, we present various intraluminal appearances of the coronary wall and plaque in relation to various types of plaque.

This research investigated renovation considerations and design strategies for post-pandemic, hybrid office environment within an academic institution. The focus was on two case-study office spaces that are part of the same organization at the University of Utah, where the existing physical space was insufficient for future growth and non-functional for its novel, hybrid work mode structure. The objective was to evaluate the physical conditions of the existing office spaces, to investigate the employees’ working patterns and office culture, and to propose renovation strategies that would meet both the current and the projected future needs that support a hybrid work structure. The study was based on mixed-mode research methods, which included qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods included archival and empirical research of the existing office space conditions, as well as users’ input through online survey and focus group interviews. Using the latest, as-built construction drawings and current state photographs, 3D BIM models of each of the two office wings were developed, inclusive of their structural elements, partition walls, existing lighting fixture locations and specific furniture arrangements. These models were then used for egress, circulation, daylighting, and existing space planning analysis. Literature review was also conducted, identifying rising trends and design considerations for hybrid office workflow. Surveys and focus group interviews were conducted with current employees of the two offices to evaluate work patterns and space needs through user insight. Meanwhile, quantitative methods included quantitative analysis of the survey and focus group interview results, computational modeling, and visualization of the existing and proposed design strategies, as well as a review and validation of final design’s egress and accessibility compliance. Through several design option iterations, these results were used to provide space planning strategies and recommendations that meet the specific needs of these two office spaces. The final design, which considered users’ input regarding team dynamics, work schedules, and specific space and function needs, achieved a significant improvement in balances between team and individual space functions, private and public circulation, access to daylight and accessibility, while respecting the existing wall partitions, egress paths and occupancy counts. Moreover, the design solutions provided inclusive, comfortable, and functional spaces that catered to the specific work culture and individualized needs of employees. While this research focused on two specific case-studies, results demonstrate that through a user-integrated approach, significant improvements can be achieved to provide well-functioning spaces and a more comfortable and inclusive working environment. Additionally, the presented process that focuses on user-input and participation in the renovation design process can be applied to other existing, traditionally structured office spaces when transitioning to a hybrid office structure.