Background: Spinal cord (SC) gray and white matter pathology plays a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We aimed to investigate the extent, pattern, and clinical relevance of SC gray and white matter atrophy in vivo. Methods: 39 relapsing–remitting patients (RRMS), 40 progressive MS patients (PMS), and 24 healthy controls (HC) were imaged at 3T using the averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisitions sequence. Total and lesional cervical gray and white matter, and posterior (SCPH) and anterior horn (SCAH) areas were automatically quantified. Clinical assessment included the expanded disability status scale, timed 25-foot walk test, nine-hole peg test, and the 12-item MS walking scale. Results: PMS patients had significantly reduced cervical SCAH — but not SCPH — areas compared with HC and RRMS (both p < 0.001). In RRMS and PMS, the cervical SCAH areas increased significantly less in the region of cervical SC enlargement compared with HC (all p < 0.001). This reduction was more pronounced in PMS compared with RRMS (both p < 0.001). In PMS, a lower cervical SCAH area was the most important magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-variable for higher disability scores. Conclusion: MS patients show clinically relevant cervical SCAH atrophy, which is more pronounced in PMS and at the level of cervical SC enlargement.

Background Little is known about transactional sex (TS) (selling and buying sex) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sweden, especially among foreign-born MSM. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of TS (ever and in the previous five years) among MSM living in Sweden and to determine if there is a difference between Swedish-born MSM and foreign-born MSM. Methods Swedish data from a multicountry online banner survey (EMIS-2017) was used (n = 4443). Multivariable regression analysis was applied to analyse the data. Results The prevalence of ever-selling sex among all MSM participants was 13.2% and 5.9% in the previous five years. Selling sex ever and in the previous five years was higher among foreign-born MSM (16% and 8.4%, respectively) than Swedish-born MSM (12.7% and 5.4%, respectively). Among all participants, younger age (aOR:3.19, 95% CI:1.57–6.45) and really struggling to live on current income (aOR:3.37, 95% CI:2.29–4.96) increased the odds of selling sex. Being foreign-born MSM (aOR:1.33, 95% CI:1.02–1.73) and having had sex with a woman in the previous 12 months increased the odds of selling sex (aOR:1.44, 95% CI:1.00–2.07). The prevalence of ever buying sex among MSM participants in Sweden was 10.8% and 6.7% in the previous five years, with the same trend among foreign-born MSM (11.6% and 6.9%, respectively) and Swedish-born MSM (10.7% and 6.6%, respectively). Higher education and not having a current partner increased the odds of buying sex. Younger age was protective for buying sex (aOR:0.05, 95% CI:0.02–0.14). Among the foreign-born MSM, the length of stay in Sweden decreased the odds of buying sex (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99). Conclusions The comparatively high prevalence of TS among MSM participants in Sweden, where buying sex is illegal, with a higher prevalence among foreign-born MSM participants, calls for sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions in this population. Increased attention, including HIV prevention programming and education, should be aimed at younger MSM, MSM struggling with their current income, and foreign-born MSM, as they are more likely to report selling sex.

Knowledge and effective knowledge management are critical sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Literature reveals that knowledge management positively impacts the overall company performance. For this reason, many companies strive to improve their knowledge management capabilities to enhance their organizational performance. Many studies have confirmed the direct positive influence that knowledge management resources and capabilities can have on corporate financial performance. This paper’s research focuses on evaluating the impact of knowledge management capability on the financial performance of a company sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina in sectors with high levels of knowledge. Research findings revealed a positive relationship between knowledge management capabilities and financial performance, specifically between knowledge creation and application and the financial performance of companies.

Many fuzzy concepts have been researched and described with uncertain information. Collecting data under uncertain information is a difficult task, especially when there is a difference between the opinions of experts. To deal with such situations, different types of operators have been introduced. This paper aims to develop the Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operator for the information in the shape of the interval-valued spherical fuzzy set (IVSFS). In this article, a family of aggregation operators (AOs) is proposed which consists of interval valued spherical fuzzy Maclaurin symmetric mean operator (IVSFMSM), interval valued spherical fuzzy weighted Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFWMSM), interval valued spherical fuzzy dual Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFDMSM), and interval valued spherical fuzzy dual weighted Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFDWMSM) operators. In this paper, we studied an elucidative example to discuss the evaluation of multi-national companies for the application of the proposed operator. Then the obtained results from the proposed operators are compared. The results obtained are graphed and tabulated for a better understanding.

The circumstantial clause (al-ǧumla al-ḥāliyya) is one of the syntactic structures in Arabic that received due attention in Arabic grammatical description throughout the time span from the era of classical Arabic until the present day. Various forms of the circumstantial clause were therein described, including its syndetic and asyndetic, nominal and verbal form, the form it takes depending on the time of events in the main clause and the circumstantial clause, as well as the relationship between the circumstantial clause and the circumstantial accusative as its non-finite equivalent. Still, in the extensive and widespread description of the circumstantial clause, fully justified by its frequent use in Arabic, the syntactic functions of this clause are mentioned only rarely and sporadically, lacking a systematic analysis. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is the analysis of various syntactic functions that circumstantial clauses can take in the Arabic complex sentence. Such an analysis shows that this syntactic category, special in so many ways, whose subordinating conjunction is at the same time the most frequent coordinating conjunction in Arabic, covers a wide spectrum of syntactic functions in Arabic clauses, from verb phrase modifiers to noun phrase modifiers and, although less frequently and with limited distribution, to verb phrase complements. Such a wealth of syntactic functions certainly deserves to be a subject of a systematic description.

Some of the main characteristics of the centralised Ottoman system of education are the unitary basic curriculum, determined medrese categorisation and clearly defined the way of muderrises promotion. This paper aims to present the curriculum of the Ottoman medreses in the classical age (1470–1839) that is based on primary sources: laws passed by the Ottoman sultans Mehmed II The Conqueror (1451–1481) and Suleiman The Magnificent (1520–1566). The scientific autobiography of the Ottoman scholar Ahmad Tashköprüzade and the official report from 1741 for the French embassy are discussed in this paper. The analysis of the teaching methods, representation of some sciences in the curriculum, and contents of some textbooks are also presented.

The aim of this research was to examine the connection of body mass index of eighth grade students and their results in motor abilities test, with the purpose of gaining insight in which tests is that connection more or less expressed, or there isn’t any. The sample of subjects consisted of 66 male and 64 female students from four elementary schools from the Varaždin city area, who attended eighth grade in the school year of 2018/2019 For data analysis, the results of the final testing of motor abilities were used. The sample of variables consisted of six motor tests and two anthropometrical measures, student’s age and their body mass index. For all 10 variables the basic descriptive parameters were calculated (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum), both for female and male students. Further data processing was done by linear regression analysis – 6 x regression analysis for each motor ability. The results of the regression analysis in male students showed statistically significant connection of body mass index and four variables (standing long jump, shuttle run with carrying objects, sit and reach and pull-up hold), while in female students the connection was significant only in two variables (standing long jump and pull-up hold). Overweight and obesity of children and adolescents is a growing phenomenon all over the world. Motor abilities are an important indicator of physical activity and one of the possible indicators of the level of fitness. Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight, negatively influence the condition and development of motor abilities, and the role of Physical education classes are of great importance in prevention and promotion of healthy living habits of students.

Research has shown that glycemic variability increases the risk of the development of acute and chronic complications with diabetes. Accordingly, the assessment of glycemic variability is of great importance to determine the quality of life for people suffering from diabetes. Objective: To examine the connection between glycemic variability and the quality of life for people with type 1 diabetes who use self-monitoring blood glucose devices. Respondents and methods: 42 respondents participated in the research with an average age of 39.6, who are treated with intensified insulin therapy. For the purpose of glycemic variability assessment, an innovative uniGluko system is used, which enables the display of glycemia in a unique graphic interface in the form of numeric values within the last three months from which a glycemic variability index was calculated as well as a general information survey, a survey on the quality of life from the World Health Organization (WHOQOL – BREF) and a short questionnaire regarding illness perception (Brief – IPQ). Results: By usage of standard deviation as a glyemic variability measure, statistically significant results have been obtained and they demonstrate that lower glycemic variability is connected to better quality of life (rs=-0.4571; p=0.0023), higher satisfaction with health (rs=-0.3186; p=0.0398) and reduced impact of disease on emotional life (rs=0.4097; p=0.,0071). Lower glucose variability implies reduced impact of disease on everyday life (rs=0.3091; p=0.0464), reduced incidence of symptoms (rs=0.3441; p=0.0255), and patients’ sense that they have more control over disease (rs=-0.5185; p=0.0004). Conclusion: The glycemic variability has a negative impact on life quality and health of patients with diabetes type 1.

This paper deals with a pragmalinguistic analysis of five ʼiğāza manuscripts written in Arabic during the Ottoman period in the 18th century and one written at the beginning of the 20th century which were issued mostly to Bosnian scholars. ʼIğāza is a specific type of document and textual form common in the Islamic world. It confers upon a recipient the right to transmit a text, a specific knowledge he acquired, or to teach. This article investigates the performance of the speech acts in the corpus from the perspective of historical pragmatics within the framework of the speech act theory and the politeness theory. Since ʼiğāzas are extremely conventionalized texts, different types of speech acts, expressives, directives and declarations, the explicit and implicit form of their realization, as well as the principles of politeness, are viewed with regard to socio-historical contextual factors.

Supplemental material is available for this article. Keywords: Mammography, Screening, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. See also the commentary by Cadrin-Chênevert in this issue.

Introduction: Tumors of spleen are generally rare disorders. The most common primary splenic neoplasm is haemangioma, although very rare. Giant, cavernous splenic haemangioma is extremely rare, less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Case report: We present a case of giant haemangioma in a 65 years-old patient. Radiological diagnostic methods were not conclusive. Magnetic resonance imaging showed en expansive, heterogenous lesion with signs of necrosis and haemorrhage in the central part. Those characteristics raised suspicion in malignant neoplasm, especially haemangiosarcoma and metastatic neoplasm. The surgical team performed total splenectomy, with special attention to possible bleeding as a severe complication. Pathohistological finding was undoubted. There were certain signs of benign, cavernous splenic haemangioma with areas of coagulative necrosis. Conclusion: We need to be aware of such rare entity. MRI is the most reliable diagnostic method, but the pathohistological analysis is definitive. Surgery is a treatment of choice.

This paper introduces a heuristic for multiple sequence alignment aimed at improving real-time object recognition in short video streams with uncertainties. It builds upon the idea of the progressive alignment but is cognitively economical to the extent that the underlying edit distance approach is adapted to account for human working memory limitations. Thus, the proposed heuristic procedure has a reduced computational complexity compared to optimal multiple sequence alignment. On the other hand, its relevance was experimentally confirmed. An extrinsic evaluation conducted in real-life settings demonstrated a significant improvement in number recognition accuracy in short video streams under uncertainties caused by noise and incompleteness. The second line of evaluation demonstrated that the proposed heuristic outperforms humans in the post-processing of recognition hypotheses. This indicates that it may be combined with state-of-the-art machine learning approaches, which are typically not tailored to the task of object sequence recognition from a limited number of frames of incomplete data recorded in a dynamic scene situation.

The concept of radicalization is very actual and presents an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of the contemporary terrorism. Our knowledge of the factors that lead to radicalization and shape the mind of  the prospective terrorists is an important analytical tool for practical policy in terms of proactive work and development of strategies for terrorism prevention. The problem arises in the attempt of its conceptual determination of the radicalization and violent extremism. The concept of  radicalization is focused on the individual and, to a certain extent, on ideology and the group, while structural factors and efforts to address the causes of the phenomenon remain outside the epistemological range. In this paper author(s) use case study method as an empirical study of the social phenomenon of radicalism, extremism and violent extremism leading to terrorism and its impact on the subcultural behaviors of radical communities, the security situation where the boundary between the real phenomenon and the real life context are explored. In this paper, case study resewargh method will brighten radical and extremist movements that are deeply rooted in Bosnian society, their connection with the countries of the region and the processing of empirical data on various forms of discrimination and Islamophobia will be discussed. The problem of this research is the impact of radicalism and extremism on the security situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the current security position of  Bosnia and Herzegovina vis-à-vis its neighbors with social focus and the importance of the restructuring a conceptualization of radicalism, extremism and violent extremism leading to terrorism, destruction, human casualties and high media coverage of such acts. Period of terrosim implicatication on Bosnia covering 2010-2020. Results will precise essential weakness of the concept(s) of prevention in fight against violent etremism in addition to other methodological uncertainties addressed in this paper. The paper seeks to examine the leading positions in scientifc literature and critically review the epistemological and practical value of the concept of radicalization that leads to terrorism. From theoretical  perspective this concept lacks solid grounding base and should be subject of critical rethinking. The establishment of effective mechanisms for deradicalization is one of the vital programs that Bosnia and Herzegovina will have to recognize and implement, especially through work with young people, which will involve various social actors, all in order to spread tolerance and equality in order to achieve greater degree in the creation of a free democratic society.