The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the IGD-20 scale, developed by Pontes et al. (2014) for the assessment of Internet gaming disorder, which was translated in this study using the back-translation method and administered to a sample of gamers and eSports players in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The sample consisted of 278 participants (82% gamers and 18% eSports players), predominantly male, with an average age of 27 years. Item analysis demonstrated satisfactory discriminative power and high item-total correlations for all items. The overall reliability of the IGD- 20 scale was exceptionally high (α = 0.965). Exploratory factor analysis initially suggested a three-factor solution; however, this solution was neither interpretable nor consistent with the original structure of the instrument. A unidimensional solution, which has also been supported in recent research, proved to be the most interpretable and accounted for over 61% of the variance. In conclusion, the IGD-20 scale demons

<p>This paper investigates the relationship between organizational structure, process formalization, and innovative behavior in small and medium-sized enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of institutional economics and organizational innovation, this research tests four hypotheses using logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and Pearson correlation analysis. The study employed a quantitative approach using data collected during 2023 from a sample of 304 SMEs operating in the manufacturing, trade, services, and ICT sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis applied logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and Pearson correlation to test four hypotheses. The results show that formalized career paths do not have a significant impact on innovativeness, while mentoring and training show a partial, but statistically significant effect. Also, a positive correlation was confirmed between the intensity of communication with customers and the level of organizational innovation, indicating the importance of external feedback serving to shape internal changes. Process formalization showed a partial impact on the overall level of innovation. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the factors shaping the innovation capacity of SMEs in transition economies and emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that combines human capital development, flexible organizational structures, and active involvement of the external environment.</p>

Throughout history, hospitals had been treated as sterile places used exclusively for providing medical treatment to patients. Little attention was however paid to the different ways those spaces can affect people occupying them, more specifically, through the senses. The things patients see, smell, touch, or feel all affect their well-being, leading to either an accelerated recovery, or prolonged hospital stays. Furthermore, besides a plethora of research showcasing the potential of incorporating sensory elements into healthcare architecture, the results have not been integrated into concrete examples to their full potential. The purpose of this review is to identify the effects of certain sensory elements, investigate the ways in which they had been incorporated into healthcare architecture, and recognize gaps in existing literature. Additionally, this review aims to propose ideas for further research in order to enrich the existing research connecting the senses with architecture.

Hospitals are environments in which patients experience heightened physical and psychological vulnerability. Despite this, architectural design has prioritized clinical efficiency over human-centered spatial experience. Increasing evidence suggests that the built environment influences stress levels, comfort, and overall well-being. This study examines how the overall sensory environment of hospital shapes users’ experiences, focusing on general sensory perception rather than isolated sensory elements. A survey was conducted among hospital users, including patients, visitors, and staff (n=223). The quantitative survey addressed demographic characteristics, sensory perceptions, and general impressions of the hospital environment. This paper analyses responses related to the total sensory experience of hospital spaces using descriptive statistical methods. The results indicate that most respondents perceived the hospital environment as having moderate to high impact on their overall experience. Additionally, the majority expressed a clear preference for hospitals designed with a focus on sensory comfort. These findings highlight the importance of integrating sensory-aware design strategies in healthcare architecture to support well-being and improve the overall hospital experience.

<p>Phytoremediation with wild plant species could be an environmentally friendly and economical<br />solution. Selected wild plants like mint, oregano, chamomile, nettle, and St. John&rsquo;s wort, from rural<br />areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were collected, lyophilized, and acid-digested for heavy metals<br />analysis. Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese<br />(Mn), and lead (Pb) were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-flame<br />technique. Results showed that some of the investigated wild plants have a high content of<br />multiple heavy metals. This work showed that collected wild plants can accumulate heavy metals<br />and could be used for the phytoremediation of multi-metal-contaminated soil.</p>

<p><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tehnolo&scaron;ki napredak i povećana upotreba interneta duboko su prodrli u sve sfere ljudskog života, &scaron;to je dovelo do značajnih promjena u svakodnevnim obrascima pona&scaron;anja, posebno među Generacijom Z. Ova generacija, okružena tehnologijom od malih nogu, razvila je obrasce kori&scaron;tenja pametnih telefona koji često dovode do pretjeranog oslanjanja na takve uređaje za svakodnevno funkcioniranje i regulaciju raspoloženja, &scaron;to može rezultirati kompulzivnim pona&scaron;anjem pri kupovini. Pandemija COVID-19 dodatno je intenzivirala oslanjanje na tehnologiju, ističući kori&scaron;tenje pametnih telefona kao sredstvo za bijeg od stvarnosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti vezu između ovisnosti o pametnim telefonima i kompulzivne online kupovine direktno i kroz koncept regulacije raspoloženja. Empirijska studija kori&scaron;tenjem metode anketiranja provedena je u Bosni i Hercegovini početkom 2025. godine, na uzorku od 178 pripadnika Generacije Z. Pretpostavljeni odnosi između varijabli analizirani su kori&scaron;tenjem korelacijske i regresijske analize. Rezultati su pokazali pozitivnu korelaciju između svih istraživanih varijabli i da ovisnost o pametnim telefonima ima direktan utjecaj na kompulzivnu online kupovinu, kao i indirektan utjecaj kroz regulaciju raspoloženja putem pametnih telefona (djelimična medijacija). Veća ovisnost o pametnim telefonima može indirektno intenzivirati kompulzivnu online kupovinu kroz regulaciju raspoloženja pomoću pametnih telefona; Međutim, postoji i direktan uticaj ovisnosti o pametnim telefonima na kompulzivnu online kupovinu koji nije u potpunosti obja&scaron;njen posredničkom varijablom. Dobijeni rezultati obogaćuju postojeće znanje o razmatranim varijablama i predstavljaju dodatnu smjernicu za razvoj novih marketin&scaron;kih strategija, kako općenito, tako i posebno u kontekstu Generacije Z.</span></span></p>

U radu se propituju toponimi Grada Visokog. Prvo je dat kratak pregled historije i stanovništva u Visokom, s naglaskom na važnost srednjovjekovnog perioda, kada je Visoko bilo i mjesto stolovanja bosanskih kraljeva. Potom su prikazane najvažnije osobine visočkog govora te dosadašnja istraživanja, nakon čega se pristupilo samoj analizi. Korištena je kvalitativna metoda, tj. analiza manjeg uzorka, na osnovu kojeg se mogu pretpostaviti širi zaključci koje treba provjeriti daljim istraživanjima. Svi mikrotoponimi Visokog podijeljeni su prema motivaciji nastanka na one uvjetovane prirodnim okruženjem, ljudskom djelatnošću i antroponimima, unutar čega su izvedene preciznije potkategorije, zatim prema tvorbenim modelima, a na kraju je dat osvrt na dijalekatske osobine. Ovim se istraživanjem pokušalo otkriti ikavske toponime, koji bi mogli svjedočiti o tome da je Visoko nekada bilo ikavsko, kako se navodi u literaturi. Nakon provedenog istraživanja, nisu pronađeni ostaci ikavštine u toponimiji Visokog, tako da se pretpostavlja da Visoko vjerovatno ipak nije bilo ikavsko. Priložen je spisak mikrotoponima i karta.

The paper investigates the functional role of inbound tour operators in the urban and rural tourism development of Sarajevo Canton by analyzing relevant parameters such as their business dynamics and collaboration with stakeholders, products, the typology of tourists and stays, and the promotion and sustainability of the offerings. A survey and interviews were conducted with five inbound tour operators situated in the most prominent zone (Old Town with Baščaršija). The findings indicated a strong impact of the inbound tour operators on tourism spatial development, as they are pivotal in fostering stakeholders' collaboration and in marketing and selling local authentic products to international tourists. Their endeavors contribute to creating unforgettable tourist experiences in Sarajevo, particularly concerning city and dark tours, ecotourism, and crafts. Tourist products are disseminated through WOM, international fairs, and online platforms, targeting markets in the EU, the USA, and Canada. This approach enhances international cooperation and promotes the destination's tourism. Inbound tour operators exhibit a positive business trend, although there are notable disparities in the level of collaboration with stakeholders and the focus of policies. Certain areas of action have been overlooked, such as strategies to position Sarajevo as a primary choice and final destination, identifying new potential markets, and adopting a more analytical approach to tourist typologies for more tailored tourism offerings. The paper highlights the current features and challenges of the destination's tourism development, providing practical solutions for inbound tour operators and recommendations for redesign.

This study investigates the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for geodetic surveys aimed at updating cadastral registers, which now function as geospatial databases. UAVs, using the aerial photogrammetric method, offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional airplane-mounted cameras. The research presents a comprehensive, step-by-step procedure for creating cadastral maps using UAV-acquired data, covering scope definition, preparatory work, flight planning, data processing, and final map production. The study includes an analysis of the resulting cadastral map and compares it with existing official maps to assess accuracy in determining parcel boundaries. The findings demonstrate that UAV-based surveys not only streamline the mapping process but also provide high levels of accuracy and reliability. This approach showcases the potential of UAV technology in modernizing cadaster systems, offering valuable insights into improving the precision and efficiency of geospatial data collection for land management and planning.

<p>The demand for stainless steels has been steadily increasing across industries such as automotive,<br />aerospace, aviation, medical technology, and household appliances, primarily due to their excellent<br />corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, and favorable strength-to-weight ratio. Many of<br />these applications involve components with complex geometries and strict dimensional<br />tolerances, making machinability a crucial factor.<br />Technical surfaces are not ideally smooth geometric surfaces separating two media, but are, from<br />a microscopic point of view, rough surfaces characterized by a series of irregularities of different<br />sizes, shapes, and arrangements. The roughness represents the microgeometric irregularities of the<br />surface, i.e., unevenness at the small reference length (l) of a given direction of the surface.<br />According to the available literature, the effect of alloying elements on roughness during<br />conventional turning has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study<br />is to investigate and quantify the effect of alloying elements and nonmetallic inclusions on<br />roughness magnitudes in the longitudinal turning process of X8CrNiS18-9 stainless steel.</p>

Smoking is a serious public health problem, as smoking and passive exposure to tobacco smoke are important risk factors for global morbidity and mortality. It also negatively affects the structure and functionality of the sensory-motor-oral system, disrupting key functions such as breathing, phonation, chewing and swallowing. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the influence of cigarette consumption on olfactory function and compensatory muscle movements during the oral phase of swallowing. 80 respondents participated in the research (40 smokers and 40 respondents who did not consume tobacco products). The research procedure included examination and analysis of the subject's olfactory ability in the form of recognition of presented smells. The compensatory movements of the lip muscles - musculus mentalis and musculus orbicularis oris - were evaluated. The research results showed that smokers have a weak ability of olfactory perception compared to non-smokers, which implies the occurrence of muscle compensation during swallowing.

<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proučavana je fauna ptica duž masiva planine Orjen i graničnog područja parka uz rijeku Trebi&scaron;njicu. Analiza je obuhvatila stani&scaron;ta i migracije u periodu od ljeta 2021. do jeseni 2023. godine, s ciljem dugoročnog praćenja, prognoziranja i za&scaron;tite vrsta. </span></span><br /><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Metode kori&scaron;tene za praćenje, označavanje, snimanje i obradu podataka uključivale su: metodu kilometarskog transekta, tačkasti popis, kretanje po slobodno odabranim rutama i metodu "reprodukcije". Analizirana su i prethodna istraživanja faune ptica u ovom parku kako bi se sintetizirali rezultati. </span></span><br /><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Glavni rezultati dobijeni nakon terenskog istraživanja su sljedeći: sastavljen je sistematski popis vrsta ptica, potkrijepljen foto albumom, a kreirane su i karte koje prikazuju najvažnija stani&scaron;ta za gniježđenje.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Prijedlog je predstavljen upravi parka prirode i zainteresovanim stranama za ovo područje, s ciljem za&scaron;tite vrsta i osiguranja njihove održivosti unutar stani&scaron;ta.</span></span></p>

The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the left and right hamstring and the quadriceps muscle group in professional handball players. It also aimed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between these two muscle groups. The study included eight professional handball players from the "Borac" team, Banja Luka. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The following variables were assessed: maximum quadriceps torque (MQT), maximum hamstring torque (MHT), and hamstring–quadriceps ratio (HQR), to determine the presence of muscle imbalances bilaterally and unilaterally. Isokinetic testing of knee strength was performed on both knees at the Institute for Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, using the CON-TREX CYK device, which allows comprehensive assessment of muscle and joint function. Based on the findings, there was no significant muscle imbalance in handball players, i.e., no significant difference in quadriceps or hamstring strength between the left and right legs, either bilaterally or unilaterally (p > 0.05). The strength of the left and right quadriceps and hamstrings showed minimal variation, with no evidence of muscle imbalance. In professional and elite sports, information from isokinetic diagnostics is essential for designing training programs and preventing injuries. This study provides normative data for the handball player population.

In this paper we analyse and compare two modern methods of deformation analysis: the squared Msplit method and the absolute Msplit method. The comparison is made on cases of simulated and actually measured horizontal geodetic networks. The squared Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least square method, while the absolute Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least absolute deviation method. For each method, we developed a computer programme and used it to calculate point displacements in both a simulated and a measured 2D geodetic network. The purpose of this article is to compare the displacements. The results of the two methods differ by up to about one centimetre in the simulated network and by less than two centimetres in the actually measured geodetic network.