This research explores the opportunities and challenges of implementing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model in public enterprises in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), with particular attention to adapting the model to public sector characteristics. The study examines the impact of organisational, human, and economic factors on BSC implementation. Based on a quantitative analysis of 138 responses from employees in finance, accounting, and strategic management, seven hypotheses were tested regarding the determinants of BSC implementation. The findings reveal that the size of the enterprise, capabilities of accountants, costs of using the BSC, and its linkage to operational performance significantly and positively influence adoption. Larger enterprises with stronger capacities and qualified personnel are more likely to implement advanced performance management models. Conversely, organisational culture, management awareness, and perceived benefits showed no significant effect, partly due to the homogeneity of responses. These findings enhance the understanding of the prerequisites for BSC adoption in the public sector, highlighting the importance of structural capacities, human resources, and financial justification.

This research study examined building performance and retrofitting strategies for reducing energy consumption in existing research laboratories. Research laboratory buildings are one of the most energy-intensive building typologies due to their high energy demands, complex building systems, and significant loads for mechanical cooling and ventilation. Retrofitting may extend building lifespan and improve their performance, energy consumption, carbon footprint, and occupants’ comfort. The study examined an existing research laboratory building at the University of Utah campus, utilizing a combination of research methods, such as archival and observational studies, field measurements, building envelope and HVAC systems assessment, and whole-building energy modeling and simulations. Actual energy consumption data was collected for three years and compared against simulated data. Five different retrofitting options were considered, where four options represented low-impact retrofits (improvements to the building envelope and interior lighting) and one option represented a deep-impact retrofit (improvements to the building envelope, interior lighting, and HVAC systems). These investigated retrofit options were simulated and compared to the building’s actual and simulated energy consumption data. The results show that the deep-impact retrofit option would have the highest impact on energy use savings (more than 50% energy savings), while the four low-impact retrofit options would have lower, but comparable results (between 22% and 27% energy savings). Therefore, improvements to the mechanical systems are necessary to significantly reduce energy consumption and the associated carbon footprint of existing research laboratory buildings, besides building envelope and lighting improvements.

<p>This review article examines the concept of collocational competence in learning English as a foreign language, considering its theoretical foundations, definitional development, empirical research, and pedagogical implications. Drawing on Firth&rsquo;s principle that word meaning is shaped through its typical co-occurrence patterns and Halliday&rsquo;s concept of lexicogrammar, collocational competence is situated within contemporary theories of phraseology. The paper synthesizes findings from corpus-based studies and classroom research, which demonstrate that collocational knowledge plays a crucial role in the development of idiomaticity, fluency, and overall communicative competence across diverse educational contexts. Existing research consistently shows that collocational competence develops more slowly than vocabulary size, and that even advanced learners experience difficulties in the productive use of conventionalized word combinations. Verb&ndash;noun collocations, low-frequency and semantically opaque combinations, as well as collocations that are incongruent with learners&rsquo; first-language patterns, are particularly problematic. These findings confirm that collocational knowledge does not emerge spontaneously through exposure to language alone but requires targeted and systematic pedagogical intervention. The paper further highlights the importance of explicit, corpus-informed, and strategy-based instruction, which has proven significantly more effective than implicit learning. Successful approaches include working with authentic corpora, developing noticing and memory strategies, and integrating collocations into tasks focused on real-life language use. At the same time, key methodological and conceptual challenges are identified, including inconsistent definitions, a limited number of longitudinal studies, and insufficiently contextualized assessment models. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated curricular frameworks and mixed-method assessment approaches that link collocational competence to communicative outcomes across different proficiency levels.</p>

<p>U ovom radu bit će predstavljeno istraživanje o pravnim nazivima u savremenim rječnicima bosanskog jezika: u Rječniku bosanskog jezika (Čedić i dr. 2007), Rječniku bosanskoga jezika (Halilović &ndash; Palić &ndash; &Scaron;ehović 2010) i Rječniku bosanskog jezika (Jahić 2010&ndash;2024). Normativni status pojedinih takvih riječi, njihovo značenje i sinonimi na&scaron;li su se u sredi&scaron;tu pažnje, te je takvu obradu dobilo stotinjak riječi koje se upotrebljavaju u pravnim tekstovima. Posebna pažnja posvetila se pitanjima vezanim za utvrđivanje pravnih pojmova i naziva u rječnicima, normiranosti određenih likova i tvorbi mocijskih parova, a sve s ciljem da se ukaže na put ka normiranju pravnog nazivlja na bosanskom jeziku.</p>

<p>This paper examines John Barth&rsquo;s novel The Sot-Weed Factor (1960) as an emblem of early American postmodernism with specific focus on its metafictional strategies. Written as an seventeenth-century pastiche, the novel follows and satirizes the na&iuml;ve poet Ebenezer Cooke and his blind devotion to literary classics during his voyage from England to the colonial Maryland. The analysis of Barth&rsquo;s playful engagement with self-reflexivity and historiographic metafiction is approached primarily through theoretical concepts of Patricia Waugh and Linda Hutcheon. Barth&rsquo;s metafictional game starts with mocking and parodying of exhausted and conventional literary forms of earlier traditions, such as realism, in an attempt to renew narrative possibilities and to question the role of art/literature as well as the human need to narrativize. By constantly blurring the boundaries between &ldquo;the real&rdquo; and &ldquo;invented&rdquo; events, Barth&rsquo;s historiographic metafiction deconstructs historical records, e.g. colonial narratives, as subjective narratives and fabrications used to perpetuate domination and exert power. With the analysis of The Sot-Weed Factor as a narrative game and a critical reflection on the limits of historical knowledge, the aim of this paper is to illustrate that Barth&rsquo;s metafictional strategies do not only exemplify postmodernist aesthetics but also inquire into the relationship between truth, history, and narrativization/literature.</p>

Three different concepts of Muslim identity were formed in interwar Yugoslavia. The integration model (Bjelevac) views Muslims as “non-national” and therefore suitable for fitting into a supranational Yugoslavism based on a class or ideological platform. The synthetic model (Mitrinović) bases Yugoslav identity on the cultural-religious synthesis of Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam. The national model (Salihagić), on the other hand, insists on the affirmation of Bosniak identity (Bosniak) as a separate national category, emphasizing that the primary goal is the preservation of existential survival within the framework of the Yugoslav community. The process of defining the identity of Muslims in the interwar period took place through different stages and conceptual definitions - from Yugoslavianism, through Serbs and Croats, to Bosniaks - where the term “Muslim” was most often subordinated to superior categories. Different historical and political contexts conditioned constant changes in its interpretation, so Muslims could simultaneously be covered by a regional, national or state-political identity. In literary-historical discourse, this was manifested through a multitude of definitions that, in addition to confirming the instability of the concept, also emphasized its complexity in the state-political framework of the interwar period. In interwar periodicals, the term Muslim literature functioned as an indicator whose meaning depended on the ideological and critical viewpoint of the author, and it was understood to have different, often contradictory meanings. This was followed up in the second half of the 20th century by the discussions of Muhsin Rizvić and Staniša Tutnjević: while Rizvić insisted on the continuity and specificity of Muslim literature in the interwar period, Tutnjević disputed these theses, believing that it was an ideological projection and retroactive reading. The discussions from the 1980s and 1990s showed how unstable and burdened with ideological interpretations the concept remained, although in more recent scholarship the term Bosniak literature has emerged as a relatively stable designation.

Mountain lakes are sensitive ecosystems that serve as natural indicators of ecological change and conservation needs. This study presents the first ecological assessment of Lake Šator (Bosansko Grahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), a glacial lake situated at 1,488 m a.s.l. Field research in July and November 2021 included measurements of physicochemical parameters, water sampling, and analysis of littoral and sublittoral macrozoobenthos. The lake showed oligotrophic conditions with high oxygen saturation (101–134%), low organic load, and stable conductivity (208 µS/cm). Nitrate concentrations increased in November, reflecting seasonal dynamics. The macrozoobenthic community comprised 10 taxa in July (26 individuals) and 11 taxa in November (19 individuals). Characteristic taxa included Sympetrum flaveolum, Asellus aquaticus, Erpobdella octoculata, Limnephilus rhombicus,  Limnephilus flavicornis, Tubificidae, and water mites (Hydracarina). Functional Feeding Groups analysis revealed dominance of predators (42–46%), followed by collectors, shredders, and scrapers, indicating a balanced trophic structure. Saprobic Index values (2.24 in July; 2.14 in November) correspond to β-mesosaprobic conditions, while Shannon–Weaver Index indicated stable but seasonally variable diversity. These findings confirm the good ecological status of Lake Šator with preserved littoral dynamics. Given its sensitivity and limited prior research, the lake should be considered a priority for long-term monitoring and conservation in the Dinaric karst.

The study examined the sources of volume loss in spruce and fir roundwood resulting from the prescribed Huber’s formula, the prescribed method of diameter measurement, the prescribed method of length measurement, and the deduction of double bark thickness. The Riecke’s formula was assumed to provide the most accurate determination of log volume and was therefore used to calculate the gross volume of roundwood, serving as the reference value for quantifying the observed losses. For all analyzed sources of volume loss except when applying Huber’s formula, a dependence on diameter class was observed, with losses decreasing as diameter increased. The highest percentage of volume loss for both spruce and fir logs was found when deducting double bark thickness (ranging from 9.1% to 6.4% for spruce and from 10.7% to 7.7% for fir), followed by the prescribed method of diameter measurement (from 7.3% to 1.7%). Additional losses were associated with the prescribed volume calculation formula (from 5.3% to 1.5% for spruce and from 3.7% to 1.1% for fir) and the prescribed method of length measurement (from 3.1% to 2.1%).

As part of the research, 100 samples of different types of honey from Bosnia and Herzegovina were collected and analyzed. Melisopalynological preparations were prepared in accordance with the Rulebook on methods for the control of honey and other bee products of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in accordance with ICBB propositions. Plant species identification was performed based on micromorphological elements of pollen grains, and qualitative-quantitative analysis of honey samples was conducted. Melisopalynological analysis identified 47 distinct pollen types among a total of 30,000 pollen grains counted. In botanical terms, pollen from 24 plant families was recognized, among which the Fabaceae family had the greatest melissopalynological significance, whose pollen grains were found in as many as 86% of the analyzed profiles. Pollen grains of the Fabaceae family were identified as dominant in 22%, as accessory in 40%, as important in 21% and as minor in 3% of the palynological profiles. Based on micromorphological characters in melissopalynological spectra, species/genera from the Fabaceae family were identified: Robinia pseudoacacia L., Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Lathyrus sp., Medicago sativa L. and Onobrychis sp.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, often resulting in pain, loss of function, and reduced quality of life. Kinesio Taping (KT) has been proposed as a supportive, noninvasive technique to enhance rehabilitation outcomes by improving neuromuscular activation, proprioception, and circulation. This research aims to evaluate the effect of KT on upper-limb functional improvement in patients with MSDs undergoing standard physiotherapy. Methods: This prospective interventional study included 57 participants divided into a control group receiving conventional physiotherapy and an experimental group receiving additional KT. Functional status was assessed using the Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI) at 3 time points: before therapy, mid-treatment, and after therapy. Statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and multiple linear regression. Results: At baseline, the KT group had significantly lower functional scores (median 24.0, Interquartile Range [IQR] 19.0–27.0) than controls (median 35.0, IQR 25.0–47.0; p = 0.02). During treatment, both groups improved, but the KT group demonstrated faster functional recovery (p = 0.033). At completion, both groups achieved similar UEFI scores; however, the total functional gain was nearly twice as high in the KT group (21.5 vs. 12.5 points). Relative improvement reached 90% in the KT group compared with 36% in controls. Regression analysis confirmed that KT application was a significant predictor of upper-limb functional improvement (β = 0.552, p = 0.002). Conclusion: KT significantly accelerates upper-limb functional recovery and enhances rehabilitation outcomes when used as an adjunct to physiotherapy. Its simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness make it a valuable addition to standard musculoskeletal rehabilitation.

Introduction: Medical biochemical laboratory professionals play a critical role in diagnostics, research, and patient care, performing complex tasks that require extensive knowledge, professional attitudes, and adherence to best practices. Understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential for improving laboratory performance, ensuring quality, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite the importance of quality control systems and international standards, the existing literature reveals a lack of validated instruments to assess KAP among laboratory professionals. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire targeting key domains of laboratory practice, with the goal of identifying operational gaps and guiding future interventions. Methods: The questionnaire was developed through a four-phase process: Literature review, item construction, questionnaire distribution, and validation. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency testing and factor analysis to ensure reliability and validity. Results: The final instrument, titled KAP of Laboratory Professionals on Standards and Work Quality Systems, comprised 73 items across six domains. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.673, indicating moderate but acceptable internal consistency. The questionnaire effectively identifies gaps in KAP related to quality control in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its results can support laboratory managers in recognizing areas for improvement, ultimately enhancing service quality and patient outcomes. Conclusion: This descriptive and analytical study presents a validated and reliable tool for assessing KAP regarding standards and quality control systems in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its application can guide targeted interventions to address deficiencies and strengthen practices in laboratory medicine.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of cartilage, as well as by extra-articular manifestations. Rheumatoid nephropathy is a common complication of RA and its principal target is the renal corpuscle. Vitamin D and its analogs exert immunomodulatory actions throughout the body due to the widespread of their receptors. Our study aimed to compare the effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and alfacalcidol on renal corpuscle changes in pristane-induced RA model following a 28-day treatment, using geometric morphometrics. Forty female Wistar rats (190–210 g; 12–13 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups: the control (Cont) group (n = 10) received saline i.c., the PIA group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c., PIA-ALF group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c. and alfacalcidol orally, and the PIA-CH group (n = 10) was injected i.c. with pristane and received cholecalciferol orally. Pristane administration was used for RA induction. At the end of the experiment, the left kidneys were removed and processed by standard histological procedures for geometric morphometric analysis. Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the architecture of the renal corpuscles was altered in the PIA (p < 0.0001) and PIA-CH (p = 0.0065) groups. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the PIA-ALF group (p = 0.3011). Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that alfacalcidol, but not cholecalciferol, exertedaprotective effect on the renal corpuscle architecture in pristane-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

The aim of this research was to examine the current state of speech therapy work in the context of bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a special emphasis on diagnostic techniques, assessment measures for bilingual speakers, and the preparedness of speech therapists for such assessments. The research was conducted through a survey entitled "The State of Speech Therapy Practice in the Context of Bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina", which was answered by 61 speech therapists from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that speech therapists most often rely on interviews with family members to collect information about the language abilities of bilingual individuals, while informal assessment of both languages is the dominant assessment measure. The most common problem in working with bilingual speakers is the lack of developmental norms and standardized assessment measures for other languages. The results obtained indicate the need for further professional development of speech therapists, as well as the necessity of improving diagnostic approaches and treatments in order to characterize speech therapy practice in this specific context.Keywords:bilingualism, diagnostic techniques, professional readiness, speech therapists.