Social communication plays a crucial role in children’s social, emotional, and academic functioning, while difficulties in this domain may result in long-term developmental consequences. Increasing attention in contemporary research has been directed toward the role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder, particularly those present during the prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal periods. The study initially included 200 primary school students of both sexes, within which participants with social communication disorder were identified and constituted the experimental group. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and frequency of biological risk factors in children with social communication disorder, to examine differences between children with and without social communication disorder in relation to selected biological indicators, and to explore their association with the occurrence of the disorder. The research was conducted on a sample of 60 primary school students aged 7 to 11 years, including 30 children with social communication disorder and 30 children without the disorder. The criterion for forming the experimental and control groups was performance on a standardized test for the assessment of social communication. Data on biological risk factors were collected using a specially designed questionnaire completed by parents, encompassing prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal variables. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The results showed that social communication disorder was statistically significantly more prevalent among boys. Children with social communication disorder were more frequently bornprematurely, had lower Apgar scores, deviations in birth weight, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and a higher frequency of prenatal complications and maternal medication use during pregnancy. No statistically significant differences between groups werefound with regard to mode of delivery, postnatal hospitalization, or the presence of diagnosed illnesses. The obtained findings confirm the significant role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder and highlight the need for early identification of children exposed to biological risks, as well as the planning of timely and targeted early intervention.Key words: social communication disorder; biological risk factors; prenatal and perinatal factors; children; early development

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the association between the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy and various sociodemographic characteristics, as well as to analyze the relationship between mothers’ subjective assessments of their quality of life and the psychosocial functioning of their children.The sample consisted of 61 mothers and their children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Data were collected using the PedsQL™ 2.0 Family Impact Module and the PedsQL™ 4.0 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, both completed by the mothers. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the Hollingshead Index. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests, including Spearman’s correlation, and were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.The results indicated that sociodemographic factors had a limited impact on mothers’ quality of life, whereas the psychosocial functioning of the child significantly influenced the mothers’ daily lives. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive support that addresses the emotional and social dimensions of children's health in order to improve the overall well-being of their mothers.Keywords: cerebral palsy, mothers, quality of life, psychosocial functioning, socioeconomic factors, caregivers.

Introduction: Job satisfaction of nurses is an important indicator of the safety and quality of healthcare and professional efficiency. Its level directly affects employee motivation and patient satisfaction. It is determined by financial and organizational factors, job content, and interpersonal relationships. The aim of this research is to assess the level of job satisfaction among nurses in public health institutions in Canton Sarajevo and to identify the factors that shape job satisfaction in this professional group to the greatest extent. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2025 on a sample of 504 nurses. The job satisfaction survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The overall score was classified into dissatisfaction, ambivalence, and satisfaction, and the associations with sociodemographic and work characteristics were assessed with the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: Almost half of the respondents were dissatisfied with their job (47.6%), whereas 38.5% reported ambivalent attitudes and 13.9% were satisfied. Job satisfaction was significantly associated with length of service, compatibility of work with education, management function, working hours, type of institution, psychological job demands, and income level (p < 0.05). No statistically significant associations were found with gender, age, marital status, number of children, level of education, or job changes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Job satisfaction among nurses stems from job content and relationships, and dissatisfaction from financial and organizational factors. Priority measures include fair valuation of work, clear reward systems, and development support to improve healthcare outcomes.

This scientific research paper examines the connection between the use of social networks and the presence of internalized and externalized behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. By using multiple regression analysis, the effects of addiction tothe Internet and social networks, time spent on the Internet and the frequency of using social networks on the problems of children and young people were investigated. The results show that predictors related to the use of social networks explain 12% of the variance of internalized behavioral disorders and 10% of externalized ones. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the abuse of the Internet and social networks has a significant impact on the appearance of anxiety, depression, aggressiveness and impulsivity. The work points to the need for preventive measures and education of children, parents and teachers about the responsible use of digital technologies. Key words:social networks, internet addiction, behavioral disorders, internalized problems

The aim of the present study was to examine rapid automatized naming(RAN)abilities in primary school students and to construct percentile norms for the applied tasks. A total of 480 students participated in the study. The assessment included RANtasks with objects, numbers, letters,and colors.Results showed that with increasing chronological age, naming speed improved. Percentile norms for the applied tasks are presented separately for each grade, from the secondto fifth.Keywords:dyslexia, rapid automatized naming, children.

Objectives: Our work aimed to compare two strategic approaches in defining efficient personal dietary and physical activity plans based on available data. Methods: Energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended is the elementary cause of obesity and overweight and can be addressed with population based guidelines and recommendations for personalized dietary and physical activity plan methodologies. Two independent professionals in nutrition and physical coaching made a parallel set of personal plans for 15 participants who voluntarily asked for their dietary and physical activity plan. One professional used physical measurement and self-reported data while the second used genetic profiling data in addition. Main differences were observed in more specific plans for dietary restrictions in calorie type intake and type of endurance training that was feasible only when genetic data were taken into account.  Results: Out of 15 participants, 9 of them were into the category of obese or overweight. 46,7 % of them did not have any specific dietary regime, 73,33 % hade sedentary job while 53,3 % of them had regular physical activities 2 or 3 times per week. Discussion: Compared to the parameter "frequency of exercise" (using Interrater kappa agreement test), the value of the kappa parameter of -0.15 was obtained, which indicates a negative match between the two tested methods. Conclusions: Our study implies that informed and guided use of widely accessible genetic profiling and its standardized use could significantly contribute to the specificity of personalized dietary and physical activity plans.

We explicitly construct a heat kernel as a Neumann series for certain function spaces, such as $L^{1}$, $L^{2}$, and Hilbert spaces, associated to a locally compact Hausdorff space $\mathfrak{X}$ with Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{B}$, and endowed with additional measure-theoretic data. Our approach is an adaptation of classical work due to Minakshishundaram and Pleijel, and it requires as input a parametrix or small time approximation to the heat kernel. The methodology developed in this article applies to yield new instances of heat kernel constructions, including normalized Laplacians on finite and infinite graphs as well as Hilbert spaces with reproducing kernels.

The aim of this study was to examine the extentto which parents use artificial intelligence (AI) as a source of information about child health and development, as well as to analyze the influence of age and educational level on the frequency of AI use. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sampleof 400 parents using a structured electronic questionnaire. The study analyzed the frequency of AI use, trust in AI and experts, and the association between demographic characteristics and the use of digital information sources. Overall, 52.5% of parents reported using AI tools to obtain information about child development. Younger parents and those with higher levels of education used these tools significantly more often. Parents with higher education had a fourteen-fold higher likelihood of using AI compared to respondents with only primary education. Most parents expressed moderate to high trust in AI, but at the same time, 83.8% believed that AI cannot replace professionals. The findings indicate that AI is becoming an important source of information among parents, particularly among younger and highly educated individuals. Based on the obtained results regarding parents’ attitudes toward AI technologies, these tools have potential as a supplementary resource for initial information seeking; however, professional judgment remains irreplaceable. The data provided by parents also highlight the need for the development of medically validated and regulated AI tools, as well as education on their safe and responsible use.Keywords: artificial intelligence, parents, education, trust, digital information-seeking.

This paper defines the concepts of visual-spatial perception, visual-motor coordination, and hearing impairment. The aim of the study was to examine the characteristics of visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination in students with hearing impairments in comparison to their hearing peers. The research also explored whether these abilities vary depending on the degree of hearing loss and aimed to identify the factors that influence them.The Diagnostic Kit for Assessing Speech, Language, Reading, and Writing Abilities in Children –Diagnostic Material for Identifying Specific Difficulties in Reading and Writing (Bjelica-Posokhova, 2001) was used, with a focus on variables related to visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination. Descriptive statistics, optimal scaling regression, and linear regression analyses were used for data processing.The findings indicate that hearingstudents achieved statistically significantly better outcomes in both visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination compared to students with hearing impairments. Age, degree of hearing loss, educational conditions, and gender did not influence visual-spatial perception in students with hearing impairments. However, educational conditions and the degree of hearing loss did influence visual-motor coordination, while gender and age did not.Understanding how hearing impairment affects visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination is essential for the education and rehabilitation of children with hearing loss. These children may experience different developmental patterns in visual-motor and visual-spatial abilities, which can impact their daily functioning and academic performance. Rehabilitation and educational strategies should aim to integrate all sensory inputs to foster the development of adequate visual-spatial and visual-motor skills.Key words: visual-spatial perception, visual-motor coordination, hearing impairment

Objective: Investigate the relationship between age, gender and dental status with changes in the osseous structures of the TMJ. Material and Methods: The study included 110 CBCT images of patients. According to age, the CBCT images of patients were divided into three groups: 20-40 years old, 40-60 years old, group over 60 years old. According to dental status, the images of patients were divided according to the Eichner's classification I, II and III. Analysis and measurements, vertical, linear and angular were performed on CBCT images: condylar morphology, medio-lateral and antero-posterior width condyles, height and inclination of the articular eminence and depth of the glenoid fossa. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in any TMJ measurements across Eichner classes I, II, and III and between the different age groups. Significant difference was observed for antero-posterior condylar width between the age groups (p = 0.016). Males showed significantly greater medio-lateral condylar width (p = 0.0006), as well as a larger articular eminence height and inclination (p = 0.003, p = 0.006,), and a greater glenoid fossa depth (p = 0.0036) compared to females. Coronal morphology was not significantly associated with sex and age. Sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance in relation to age (p = 0.055). Conclusion: Antero-posterior condylar width was significantly shorter with increasing age. Men showed significantly greater medio-lateral condyle width, articular eminence height and inclination, and greater glenoid fossa depth in relation to women. Dental status classified according to Eichner showed no measurable association with temporomandibular joint morphology in this sample. Only sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance with respect to age.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the loss of the supporting apparatus of the tooth, and tooth mobility is a common complication of advanced stages of the disease. Splinting is a therapeutic measure stabilizing mobile teeth and improves function in the patient. Aim: To present the clinical procedure and therapeutic outcome of splinting of mobile lower incisors in a patient with stage 3, class B periodontitis. Methods: A case of a 40-year-old patient with pronounced gingival recessions, moderate plaque index, subgingival calculus and mobility of the lower frontal teeth is presented. After initial non-surgical therapy and subgingival curettage, splinting of the lower incisors was performed using Ribbond fibers. The procedure included etching, adhesive preparation, adaptation of the fibers to the contour of the tooth and finishing with composite material, with occlusion check and polishing. Clinical effects were monitored through multiple visits. Discussion: Splinting with fiber-reinforced composite materials is an effective and aesthetically acceptable method of tooth stabilization in patients with periodontitis. In this case, stabilization of mobile teeth and reduction of subjective symptoms of hypersensitivity after treatment were achieved. The literature confirms that adequately planned and timely splinting can contribute to the improvement of periodontal parameters, bone remodeling and increased oral health quality of life. An individualized approach and estimation of optimal intervention timing are key to achieving stable long-term outcomes.

In the aim of this study was to analyze oral hygiene maintenance habits and the correctness of applying oral hygiene methods among students of the Faculty of Dentistry and students of other faculties at the University of Sarajevo, with focus on assessing the importance of oral hygiene in the prevention of gingivitis. Materials and methods: The study included 30 students from the Faculty of Dentistry and 30 students from other faculties. The age of participants ranged from 21 to 26 years. All participants signed informed consent for voluntary participation prior to the examination. Data were recorded on specially designed forms. Inclusion criteria were systemic health and absence of ongoing therapy. All participants answered questions regarding harmful habits, oral hygiene practices, and regular dental visits. A clinical examination of the gingiva was performed, including the assessment of periodontal indices and diagnostic tests. Results: Dental students demonstrated better oral hygiene habits and gingival health compared to students from other faculties. Plaque, calculus, and gingival index values were lower among dental students, while signs of gingival inflammation—such as redness, smooth surface, and a positive Pitting test - were more common among students of other faculties. Dental students more frequently used interdental cleaning aids and regularly visited the dentist, indicating a higher level of knowledge and awareness regarding oral health. Conclusion: The results confirm that education plays a key role in maintaining oral health and highlight the need for preventive and educational programs even among populations not belonging to the dental profession.

Loud noise in the workplace is a common occurrence in the labor market. Prolonged exposure to excessive noise can lead to hearing lossand the development of occupational disease. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of occupational noise exposure on the occurrence of hearing lossamong workers exposed to hazardous noise levels in the workplace and to determine the extent to which non-occupational noise exposure contributes to overall exposure and the development of occupational hearing loss. Hearing assessment was performed using subjective audiological testingpure-tone audiometry, on a sample of 72 participants. The results revealed a significant risk of hearing lossamong workers exposed to workplace noise (χ²=72.688, df=10, p=0.000<0.001). Itwas found that the degree of hearing lossincreased with the duration of work in noisy environments (t=14.449, df=70, p<0.001). No statistically significant association was found between non-occupational noise exposure and changes in the degree of hearingloss, indicating that noise outside the workplace does not represent a significant predictor of the occurrence or progression of hearing loss.Key words: occupational noise, non-occupational noise, hearing loss.

Background: Periapical lesions in adolescents present a particular therapeutic challenge due to age related anatomical and physiological characteristics, including greater susceptibility to dental trauma, higher caries risk, wide apical foramen and thin dentinal walls. At the same time, high regenerative capacity offers the possibility of successful treatment even in cases with an initially very poor prognosis. Case Presentation: This report presents a 14-year-old patient with a massive periapical lesion and an iatrogenic root canal perforation of tooth 12. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging revealed an extensive osseous defect with complete perforation of the palatal cortical plate and marked destruction of the vestibular bone. Management included sealing the perforation with MTA under an operative microscope and endodontic treatment followed by apicoectomy with bone graft augmentation and placement of a PRF membrane. After the surgery, the tooth was stabilized with a wire-composite splint until physiologic stability was restored. A four-month follow-up CBCT scan showed complete repair of the osseous defect, homogeneous graft integration, re-established cortical continuity, and preservation of a normal periodontal ligament space. Clinically, stable function and satisfactory esthetics were achieved. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that even large periapical lesions complicated by iatrogenic perforation with an initially unfavorable prognosis can be successfully managed through a combination of advanced endodontic therapy and surgical intervention. A multidisciplinary approach, precise diagnostics, and the use of bioactive materials enabled preservation of the natural tooth and complete recovery of periapical structures in an adolescent patient.

Arc conductance decay is a well-established performance indicator for thermal interruption in SF6, with a narrow range of known limit values. It is also shown that conductance decay can also serve as a performance indicator in CO2-based mixtures, although different limit values for successful thermal interruption apply. In this publication, values of arc conductance 200 ns before current zero are presented for a large number of experiments performed in CO2/O2 90/10 mixture under short line fault-like conditions. These measurements are used to establish limit values for the CO2/O2 mixture, and to investigate the pressure dependence of conductance decay.