This work sets out the methodology and presents the calculation results of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere of the BelAz dump truck at the Open Pit "Turija" BCM Banovići d.d., based on the fuel consumption monitoring data. Properly determined fuel consumption enables the calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted and preventive measures, as well as the choice of its reduction strategy. Data collection took six months, then the data were analyzed, and thus the results were given for all dump trucks by months. Key words: fuel, open pit mining, BelAz dump truck, maintenance, Coal Mine Banovići, carbon dioxide

Simple Summary This study examined the skull characteristics of Holstein and Simmental cattle to provide reference values for future research. We collected 54 skulls of young male cattle from Turkey to conduct 27 measurements and calculate eight indices. Holstein skulls tended to be longer, though not markedly, but they exhibited notably longer nasal bones and shorter skull lengths. Holsteins also had wider faces. A statistical analysis showed that overall size differences did not separate the breeds, but certain skull features did. Simmental skulls had higher basal index values and wider occipital regions, likely due to their larger skull size and weight, which provides more space for muscle attachment. Holsteins had more oval-shaped eye sockets, while Simmentals had wider, rounder ones. These findings help identify breed-specific traits and offer insights into how each breed’s skull structure supports their functions. This knowledge is valuable for breeding and conservation, and future research should look into the genetic and environmental factors influencing these traits. Abstract This study aimed to reveal the morphological characteristics of pure Holstein and Simmental skulls and to obtain reference values for morphometric analysis. Moreover, 54 skulls from 12- to 14-month-old male Holstein (n = 25) and Simmental (n = 29) cattle were collected from Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2023 and 2024. Linear measurements indicated that Holsteins had longer skulls compared to Simmentals. Holsteins exhibited significantly higher values for the greatest length of nasals and the shortest skull length. The facial breadth was wider in Holsteins and statistically distinctive between the breeds. Holsteins had a more oval orbital bony roof, while Simmentals exhibited a wider orbital structure. The orbital index was higher in Holsteins, distinguishing between the two breeds. It was observed that Simmental cattle had a wider occipital region. This difference is likely due to the larger lateral appearance of the Simmental skull, which has more body weight and provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment. These differences not only aid in breed identification but also offer insights into the functional adaptations of each breed. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these morphological traits, further enriching our knowledge of cattle morphology and its implications for breeding and conservation efforts.

This paper is based on the analysis of the relationship between early education, mathematical skills, and student achievement in Bosnia & Herzegovina, using data from the trends in international mathematics and science study (TIMSS) 2019. The study involves 5,628 fourth-grade students whose average age was 10.1 years. The research specifically focuses on factors such as the age of students at the beginning of schooling, attendance at preschool institutions, and their mathematical skills before starting school. Through the application of SPSS analysis, insights into the statistical relationships and trends between these factors are provided, emphasizing the importance of early educational experiences to improve the quality of education in Bosnia & Herzegovina. The analysis results show that the length of stay in preschool institutions, attendance in preschool programs, and the early acquisition of mathematical skills (counting skills, recognition of numeral representations, numeral writing, simple addition, and subtraction) impact later mathematical achievements of students.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the disturbances in the concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its correlation with airflow obstruction. Materials and methods: A prospective study included 200 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD in the Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis and Pulmonology Polyclinic of University Clinical Hospital Mostar in the period of three years, between May 2021 and May 2024. Inclusion criteria were a stable phase of COPD, hemodynamically stable patients older than 40 years, forced vital capacities in the first second (FEV1)/forced vital capacities (FVC) <0.7, and patients with PTH, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate measurements. Exclusion criteria were acute exacerbation of COPD in the last month; current treatment with nutritional supplements, vitamins, and statins; lack of availability of lung function data; use of systemic corticosteroids in the previous three months; chronic renal insufficiency, respiratory diseases other than COPD (asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchiectasis), and other diseases (cancer and parathyroid disease). Medical records about demographic data (age and gender), pulmonary function test (FVC, FEV1, FEV1%FVC, mean expiratory flow (MEF)50), body mass index (BMI), COPD assessment test (CAT), Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale, and serum PTH, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate levels were obtained. Results: Patients with higher COPD stage had lower spirometry values, most significantly MEF50. The higher the COPD group (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) D), the lower vitamin D and the higher PTH levels were. Calcium and phosphate values were the same for all groups. Vitamin D and PTH levels significantly correlated with MEF50 values. The lower MEF50 level, the higher PTH levels, and lower vitamin D levels were found (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that the patients in the higher COPD group have lower vitamin D levels and higher PTH levels, indicating that they developed secondary hyperparathyroidism. The levels of vitamin D and PTH correlated the most with MEF50 values while other spirometry parameters did not significantly correlate with vitamin D and PTH levels.

The aim of this work is to study joining Al 2024-T3 alloy plates with different welding procedures. Aluminum alloy AA 2024-T351 is especially used in the aerospace industry. Aluminum plates are welded by the TIG and MIG fusion welding process, as well as by the solid-state welding process, friction stir welding (FSW), which has recently become very important in aluminum and alloy welding. For welding AA2024-T35 with MIG and TIG fusion processes, the filler material ER 4043—AlSi5 was chosen because of reduced cracking. Different methods were used to evaluate the quality of the produced joints, including macro- and microstructure evaluation, in addition to hardness and tensile tests. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the FSW sample was found to be 80% higher than that of MIG and TIG samples. The average hardness value of the weld zone of metal for the MIG- and TIG-produced AA2024-T3511 butt joints showed a significant decrease compared to the hardness of the base metal AA2024-T351 by 50%, while for FSW joints, in the nugget zone, the hardness is about 10% lower relative to the base metal AA2024-T3511.

Post-disaster scene understanding frameworks are increasingly crucial in Search And Rescue (SAR) operations. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide an efficient means to carry out the task of scene understanding due to the higher altitudes at which they function. However, complex environments in post-disaster scenarios make it difficult for UAVs to detect humans or objects accurately. Inefficient object detection mechanisms lead to low accuracy for object detection tasks. Hence, to mitigate these issues, we propose a UAV and GAN-aided Ensemble Network (UGEN) framework for efficient ORAN-based post-disaster survivor detection. This approach deploys a Context-Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CCGAN)-based model to remove occlusion in the images obtained from the UAVs. The UGEN framework classifies entities present in the visual scope of the UAV using a semantic segmentation framework deployed on the CCGAN-enhanced images, resulting in a pixel-level prediction of entities present in the post-disaster images. An ensemble network comprising a combination of single-stage and multi-stage detectors detects survivors present in the post-disaster scenario, thereby combining the benefits of both architectures, resulting in a reduced false negative rate and improved performance. An Open Radio Access Network (ORAN) executes data propagation between the UAV and the ground station for reduced transmission latency. The proposed model achieved a survivor detection accuracy of 96.7%.

The aim of this study was to analyze various environmental factors influencing dyslexia to enhance our understanding of its risk factors, including the exposure of mothers of dyslexic children to potential negative developmental influences, perinatal and postnatal developmental characteristics of dyslexic children, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic status, and reading exposure in dyslexic children.Mothers of both dyslexic and non-dyslexic children took part in the study. The home literacy environment and the development of motor skills emerge as significant risk indicators for dyslexia. These findings hold profound implications for public health, emphasizing the critical importance of early childhood in providing children with the best possible educational opportunities.Key words:risk factors, dyslexia, child development, developmental influences, home literacy environment

In diffusion research, journalistic coverage is acknowledged as a significant factor in spreading awareness and fostering knowledge about innovation, potentially accelerating or impeding the adoption process. With regards to AI-related innovations, this dynamic has largely been studied within the context of Western developed countries. There is far less understanding of how this process unfolds in the news ecosystem of post-communist countries, particularly those with lower democratic standards and weaker economic development, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the intention of gaining preliminary insights, this study investigated how the journalistic organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina covered the emergence and societal adoption of ChatGPT, a novel form of generative AI, during the initial six-month period following its widespread availability. The content analysis of relevant news messages (N=542) published by 40 legacy and digital- only news outlets was used to explore the key characteristics of journalistic coverage, the attention given to the issue over time and the media depictions of this innovative AI technology. Results indicate that a small group of news outlets, predominantly legacy news organizations, provided significantly more content on ChatGPT than others, particularly public broadcasting services. Findings highlight a tendency among news outlets to focus on either the risks or benefits of ChatGPT and similar AI-based products and amplify sources associated with the business sector and high-tech industry, overrepresented by male voices.

Background. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are highly heritable and linked to disruptions in foetal (neuro)development. While epigenetic processes are considered an important underlying pathway between genetic susceptibility and neurodevelopmental conditions, it is unclear (i) whether genetic susceptibility to these conditions is associated with epigenetic patterns, specifically DNA methylation (DNAm), already at birth; (ii) to what extent DNAm patterns are unique or shared across conditions, and (iii) whether these neonatal DNAm patterns can be leveraged to enhance genetic prediction of (neuro)developmental outcomes. Methods. We conducted epigenome-wide meta-analyses of genetic susceptibility to ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia, quantified using polygenic scores (PGSs) on cord blood DNAm, using four population-based cohorts (npooled=5,802), all North European. Heterogeneity statistics were used to estimate DNAm pattern overlap between PGSs. Subsequently, DNAm-based measures of PGSs were built in a target sample, and used as predictors to test incremental variance explained over PGS in 130 (neuro)developmental outcomes spanning birth to 14 years. Outcomes. Probe-level analyses showed SCZ-PGS associated with neonatal DNAm at 246 loci (p<9x10-8), predominantly in the major histocompatibility complex. Functional characterization of SCZ-PGS loci confirmed strong genetic effects, significant blood-brain concordance and enrichment for immune-related pathways. 8 loci were identified for ASD-PGS (mapping to FDFT1 and MFHAS1), and none for ADHD-PGS. Regional analyses indicated a large number of differentially methylated regions for all PGSs (SCZ-PGS: 157, ASD-PGS: 130, ADHD-PGS: 166). DNAm signals are largely unique for individual PGSs. Finally, a DNAm-based measure of genetic susceptibility at birth nominally increased explained variance for several child cognitive and motor outcomes above PGS, but not after multiple testing correction. Interpretation. Genetic susceptibility for neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly schizophrenia, is detectable in cord blood DNAm at birth in a population-based sample, with largely distinct DNAm patterns between PGSs. These findings support the early-origins perspective on schizophrenia. Funding. HorizonEurope; European Research Council Keywords. Population-based; Genetic susceptibility; DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Neurodevelopmental conditions; Generation R Study; PREDO; ALSPAC; MoBa

Mining of the thick coal layers that include roof caving operation can results in residual coal quantities in the gob as a potential threat causing occurence of spontaneous oxidation process, smoldering, and endogenous mine fire that can affect the safety and regular mine operations. Endogeneous fire occurences in Zenica coal mines are directly linked to complex natural conditions reflecting in complex geological conditions, great depth of mining, high methane content in coal seams, and tendency of coal to spontaneous oxidation process. The subject of the paper is the analysis of endogenous fire supression method applyed in conditions of complete coal thickness longwall mining in Raspotočje mine, that has been rehabilitiated upon the endogeneous fire and then reactivated. The following methods were used in fire fighting: passive fire fighting methods (sealing of the area affected by the fire), active method (injection of electrofilter ash) and ventilation methods. Furthermore additional data (position of gob area and sealing objects, air flow regulators, routes of possible air migration, suggested technical solutions, etc) were added in the linear and canonic schemes for the purpose of defining efficient solutions for fire fighting. Key words: endogenous fire, longwall mining, advancing mining, fire fighting.

Introduction. At the end of 2019 and the year before, there was a significant spread of measles in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.Gap statement. Among the countries that reported, a measles outbreak was Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH).Aim. To describe the measles outbreak in BiH (an entity of the Federation of BiH, FBiH) in 2019.Methodology. Confirmatory IgM serology, measles nucleic acid detection by real-time RT-PCR and virus genotyping were done in the WHO-accredited laboratory for measles and rubella at the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo, Unit for Clinical Microbiology. Genotype was determined in all measles-RNA-positive cases by sequence analysis of the 450 nt fragment coding the C-terminal of measles virus nucleoprotein (N).Results. From 1 January to 31 December 2019, 1332 measles cases were reported, with the peak observed in April 2019 (413/1332, 31.01 %). Sarajevo Canton had the highest incidence, number of cases and percentage (206.4; 868/1332; 65.17 %) of measles cases. Around four-fifths of infected persons were unvaccinated (1086/1332, 81.53 %), while 4.58 % of the patients (61/1332) were immunized with one dose of measles-containing vaccine. The highest proportion of cases was found in children 0-6 years of age (738/1332, 55.41 %). Measles IgM positivity was determined in 75.88 % (346/456), while virus RNA was detected in 82.46 % (47/57) of the swab samples. All measles virus sequences belonged to genotype B3. SNP (position 216: C=>T) was detected in 1 of the 40 sequences obtained during this outbreak.Conclusion. Due to suboptimal immunization coverage, BiH belongs to countries at a high risk for measles outbreaks. Post-COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, targeted and tailored strategies are required to ensure routine vaccination demand and acceptance and broad partner and stakeholder group participation.