In this paper, the first record of the nudibranch Felimare picta (R. A. Philippi, 1836) (Gastropoda: Chromodorididae) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is reported. The specimen was observed at 7 m depth on a sandy bottom in Malostonski zaljev Bay and documented using underwater photography, expanding the known distribution of the species in the Adriatic Sea. It also emphasizes the importance of surveys in the relatively understudied marine habitats of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

AIM To assess whether the level of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) ligation independently affects gastrointestinal-specific quality of life after anterior resection for rectal cancer. METHODS A prospective cohort study including 125 patients with stage II-III mid- or upper- rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent open anterior resection with total mesorectal excision between 2020 and 2025 was conducted. Patients were classified according to the intraoperative level of IMA ligation as having either low ligation with preservation of the left colic artery (n = 75) or high ligation proximal to the origin of the left colic artery (n = 50). Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI; range 0-144) was assessed 6-8 weeks after protective stoma closure. RESULTS GIQLI scores were significantly higher after low IMA ligation compared with high ligation (127.3 ± 5.7 versus 121.6 ± 5.7; p < 0.001). In univariable analysis, high IMA ligation was associated with lower GIQLI scores (B = -5.733; p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis excluding the Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) score, high IMA ligation remained independently associated with lower GIQLI scores (B = -5.016; p < 0.001). In exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, IMA ligation alone demonstrated moderate discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.689; 95% CI 0.595-0.783), while addition of IMA ligation to established predictors improved model discrimination (AUC=0.790; 95% CI 0.710-0.871). CONCLUSION Low IMA ligation was associated with better postoperative gastrointestinal quality of life following anterior resection for rectal cancer. When oncologically appropriate, preservation of the left colic artery may optimise patient-reported outcomes.

This research aimed to examine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) and white pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant components identified in the EOs were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, which revealed that both EOs exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) - producing Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, using the agar diffusion method and the microdilution technique. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using the Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method. The results of the agar diffusion method suggested that P. sylvestris exhibited stronger antibacterial activity compared to P. nigra. This finding aligns with the results of the broth microdilution method, which showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the essential oil of P. sylvestris. Staphylococcus aureus investigated in this study formed a moderately adherent biofilm, while ESBL E. coli was identified as strong biofilm former. Tested EOs performed the capacity to change the biofilm-forming category in a species-specific and concentration-dependent manner, with P. nigra EO showing more pronounced antibiofilm effects

To improve sustainability and reduce the production costs of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), the use of locally available aggregates is highly desirable. The combined impact of aggregate type and different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the fresh and mechanical properties of UHPC is not yet sufficiently understood. Therefore, quartz, limestone, and diabase aggregates together with different SCM combinations were used in the experimental investigation of eighteen UHPC mixtures. Laboratory tests, including flow table, compressive strength, and flexural strength tests, were performed to evaluate the performance of the mixtures. Mixtures containing limestone and fly ash (FA) generally showed higher workability compared to those containing metakaolin (MK). The highest compressive strengths were achieved in mixtures with quartz sand (average 110 MPa) containing approximately 20% MK relative to the total binder content. The mixture with optimal particle distribution and the lowest cement content (500 kg/m3) also showed extremely high mechanical performance. Based on the obtained flexural-to-compressive strength ratios (fb/fc), the expression fc ≈ 7·fb was proposed to estimate the compressive strength of similar fiber-free UHPC mixtures. Furthermore, heat-treated specimens exhibited a 45% higher compressive strength after 7 days compared to the reference mixture, while the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers caused a slight decrease in compressive strength of approximately 4%. The obtained results contribute to the development of mechanically efficient UHPC mixtures with optimized particle packing and reduced cement consumption, which may improve the sustainability of UHPC production.

The rapid expansion of AI-driven information infrastructure, particularly data centers, is placing unprecedented pressure on power systems and accelerating the pace at which new assets must interconnect with the grid. As bulk transmission expansion rolls out slowly, new loads and generation are increasingly deployed within existing network constraints. Agentic AI is urgently needed to automate the numerous and repetitive connection processes, but its maturity has not been systematically validated on complex tasks and large-scale systems. We replicate the current state of the art in agentic AI for power systems planning and evaluate it against a structured suite of nodal planning problems spanning six levels of task complexity and four grid scales. We find that only the two lowest complexity levels are solvable on some of the test grid sizes, and identify the specific capability upgrades required to close this gap. Adopting stricter testing protocols and reproducible evaluation benchmarks is essential for assessing both genuine progress and the operational readiness of agentic AI.

Abstract Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a major contributor to liver- and cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. These national guidelines provide the first country-specific, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of MASLD, covering the full disease spectrum from steatosis to cirrhosis and its complications. MASLD management is based on a coordinated, stepwise model across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels, with primary healthcare serving as the central gatekeeper and coordinator of care. Active case-finding of clinically significant fibrosis is emphasized, particularly in high-risk populations, such as individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or obesity. Primary healthcare plays a key role in early risk assessment through systematic evaluation of metabolic risk factors and first-line use of simple non-invasive tools, notably the FIB-4 index. A stepwise non-invasive diagnostic algorithm is recommended, with elastography (preferably vibration-controlled transient elastography or 2D shear wave elastography where available) used for further assessment in patients with indeterminate or high-risk results. Lifestyle modification and optimal management of cardiometabolic comorbidities remain the foundations of MASLD treatment. In eligible patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or overweight or obesity, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may be considered, while bariatric surgery represents an option for selected individuals with persistent obesity. Advanced MASLD, including cirrhosis, requires multidisciplinary management, surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma, and evaluation for liver transplantation in cases of decompensation. These guidelines aim to standardize MASLD care in Bosnia and Herzegovina and strengthen the pivotal role of primary healthcare within the national MASLD care pathway.

Semaglutide is recognised for its superior effects on glycaemic control and weight management. However, the clinical outcomes following semaglutide discontinuation are not well established. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and metabolic consequences of such switch. This was a retrospective cohort study utilising a non-interventional, single-arm, before-and-after design. This study included 120 patients with type 2 diabetes who discontinued semaglutide and transitioned to alternative regimens. Key metabolic parameters, such as body weight, glycated haemoglobin, fasting and postprandial glucose and lipid profiles, were extracted from medical records at baseline and at 6 months post-switch. Across the entire cohort, no significant changes were observed in any metabolic parameter between baseline and the follow-up, suggesting short-term metabolic stability. However, subgroup analyses revealed notable trends: patients switched to dulaglutide and liraglutide tended to exhibit deteriorating glycaemic control and body weight gain. In contrast, the basal insulin group showed relatively stable body weight. The trends of weight regain and worsening glycaemic control following transition to less potent glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are consistent with semaglutide’s superior metabolic efficacy. Nonetheless, the study’s limited statistical power and short duration may obscure subtle but clinically meaningful changes. These findings suggest that long-term alternative regimens may not fully sustain the metabolic benefits achieved with semaglutide.

Nutrient balance and interaction between macro- and micronutrients are vital for plant development, yet this equilibrium is frequently disrupted by the accumulation of residual nickel (Ni) from prolonged fertilizer application. As plant growth-promoting bacteria offer sustainable ecological solutions, this study investigated the effects of biopriming Micro-Tom tomato seeds with Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN under chronic and acute Ni exposure. Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), we analyzed microelements in roots, leaves, and ripe fruits of non-primed and bioprimed plants. The results demonstrate that biopriming is associated with a shift in the plant’s ionomic response to stress. Bioprimed plants showed increased Ni retention in the root system compared to non-primed plants, reducing Ni translocation to reproductive organs. Correlation analysis revealed altered patterns of nutrient association. Bioprimed plants exhibited a tendency toward co-accumulation and retention in roots, while ion balance in leaves and fruits appeared more regulated. These findings suggest that P. phytofirmans PsJN may contribute to improved nutrient homeostasis under Ni stress.

Let $(X,\chi,k)$ be a triple consisting of a smooth, compact hyperbolic Riemann surface $X$ of genus $g$, and an $m$ dimensional unitary multiplier system $\chi$ of admissible weight $k$. Our first result establishes an analogue of the prime geodesic theorem for the weighted prime geodesic counting function associated to $(X,\chi,k)$. The error term we obtain is explicit with effectively computable constants which depend solely on the genus of $X$, the dimension of $\chi$, the length of shortest geodesic on $X$ and the smallest non-zero eigenvalues of the weighted Laplacian $\Delta_{2k}$ as well that of the scalar Laplacian $\Delta_{0}$. Our second result studies the asymptotic behavior of the spectral determinant $\det\Delta_{2k_n}$ for a sequence $(X_{n}, \chi_{n}, k_{n})$ for which the genus of $X_n$ tends to infinity. Under reasonably general circumstances, namely the existence of a weak spectral gap, a uniform discreteness of the underlying Fuchsian group, and a type of non-accumulation of bounded geodesics, we prove that $\log\det\Delta_{2k_n}/\mathrm{vol}(X_{n})$ converges to a constant $C_{\alpha}$ which depends only on $\alpha=\lim_{n\to\infty} k_n$. Our result is deterministic and is compatible with the three well-studied probabilistic models, namely Weil-Petersson, Brooks-Makover, and random covers model.

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) increasingly support high-stakes decision making by combining complementary information from images and text. While existing explainability methods identify influential image regions or text tokens, they cannot answer a fundamental question: which modality drives a prediction? Consequently, a model may produce the correct output while relying on the wrong source of evidence, masking shortcut learning and unsafe reasoning. We formulate modality attribution as a complementary explainability objective for multimodal foundation models and propose Counterfactual Modality Attribution (CMA), the first framework for quantifying modality-level contributions in MLLMs. CMA generates image-only, text-only, and joint multimodal counterfactuals using coupled diffusion priors and converts them into principled modality attribution scores through a cooperative game-theoretic formulation based on Shapley values. We evaluate CMA on controlled synthetic benchmarks with known ground-truth modality reliance and on a real-world multimodal clinical dataset. CMA correctly identifies the decision-driving modality in 98% of controlled cases and consistently outperforms baselines, revealing failures of cross-modal reasoning that remain invisible to predictive accuracy alone. Our results establish modality attribution as a complementary dimension of explainability beyond feature attribution, providing a principled framework for auditing multimodal foundation models in safety-critical applications.

Importance Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C-related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends. Design, Setting, and Population This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals. Exposure Population-level LDL-C concentrations. Main Outcomes and Measures Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C-attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals. Results In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C-attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings. Conclusions and Relevance Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C.

We present SPECTRE, a new equilibrium code based on the Multi-Region relaxed MHD model for robustly calculating 3D equilibria with general magnetic topology, allowing for flux surfaces, magnetic islands, and chaos. The code builds on a previous MRxMHD solver, SPEC, but performs significantly better thanks to a new formulation of force, the use of a stable trust-region-based least squares minimization scheme, as well as several additional features. SPECTRE is verified through application to configurations with known equilibrium solutions, in vacuum and with finite beta, both in the fixed boundary and the free boundary mode. Notably, these include vacuum equilibria of a quasi-axisymmetric (QA) device in fixed-boundary mode, and of W7-X in the free-boundary mode, along with a classical stellarator finite-beta free-boundary case. Finally, the solver is applied to a modern optimized finite-beta quasi-isodynamic (QI) configuration, where we demonstrate calculation of a strongly-shaped equilibrium with a core island which is in agreement with a HINT calculation.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is central to precision oncology in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although its predictive value and the need for molecular confirmation differ across biomarkers. This narrative review aimed to summarize the clinical utility, validated assays, scoring systems, diagnostic performance, and testing algorithms for predictive IHC biomarkers in NSCLC. Recent guidelines, regulatory documents, and selected analytical and clinical studies were reviewed for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1), mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor receptor (c-Met), B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase V600E (BRAF V600E), pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase (pan-TRK), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PD-L1 and ALK are established IHC-based predictive assays, although PD-L1 interpretation remains assay-, platform-, and cutoff-specific. VENTANA ALK D5F3 and VENTANA MET SP44 RxDx are clinically validated companion diagnostics, whereas HER2 IHC score 3+ may support eligibility for trastuzumab deruxtecan in the tumor-agnostic setting. ROS1, BRAF V600E, pan-TRK, and non-companion-diagnostic c-Met or HER2 assays are best used for screening or triage and generally require molecular confirmation. EGFR mutation-specific IHC is not recommended because of insufficient diagnostic performance. Overall, IHC enables rapid, tissue-sparing biomarker assessment but should be integrated with broad genomic and transcriptomic next-generation sequencing (NGS), particularly when alteration-specific findings are negative, equivocal, or discordant.