This study reconstructs the formation, spatial evolution, and institutional development of the quarter (mahalle) founded around the mesjid of Kalin Haji Ali in Sarajevo during the 16th and 17th centuries. Drawing on a broad corpus of Ottoman archival sources, including the Bosnian Sanjak register of 1563/65, court records (sijils), and later cadastral surveys, alongside relevant modern scholarship, the research clarifies the genesis of this urban micro-unit by systematically examining its identification in the documentation, its spatial configuration, and its shifting toponymic layers. A particular focus is placed on the waqf established by Kalin Haji Ali, the administrative and legal mechanisms through which his mesjid attained the status of a mosque, and the ways in which the endowment’s assets shaped the social and physical development of the emerging neighbourhood. The urban landscape of Sarajevo was decisively structured by a dense network of waqf institutions founded by members of the urban elite. Through the establishment of religious, educational, commercial, and communal facilities, these endowments not only organised the city’s-built environment but also played a central role in configuring social relations, patterns of neighbourhood (mahalle) formation, and modes of communal interaction. Within this broader framework, the waqf of Kalin Haji Ali stands out as a representative example of the mechanisms through which a single philanthropic initiative could generate a lasting urban nucleus. Situated on the right bank of the Miljacka River, the mesjid he founded became the focal point of a new quarter, whose gradual consolidation reflects both the dynamics of urban expansion and the processes by which peripheral zones were incorporated into the fabric of the early modern city. A significant historiographical challenge has long been the precise identification of this quarter, given the existence of several Sarajevo quarters named after individuals bearing the name Haji Ali. By employing a comparative methodology and cross-referencing multiple source groups, this study resolves these ambiguities and reconstructs the neighborhood’s emergence, demographic profile, and spatial boundaries. The quarter was located in the area of the present-day National Theatre and bordered the quarters of Haje Kemal, Ayas Pasha, Haji Idris, and Haji Mahmud Bali. Archival evidence from the later 16th century indicates that parts of this zone were still covered in woodland vegetation, demonstrating that its urbanisation proceeded gradually. The continued use of local toponyms such as Pokrovnik and Čajirdžik (small meadow) alongside the official quarter name reveals the persistence of older topographic traditions and the survival of collective memory regarding the site’s pre-urban landscape. Although the original waqfiye has not survived, other Ottoman documents permit a reliable reconstruction of the waqf’s holdings. These included a mosque, a maktab, 14,000 silver coins (akçe) in cash, and several revenue-generating shops whose income funded the salaries of religious and educational personnel. Subsequent donations by affluent townspeople, including women such as Nevbihe Hatun, augmented the endowment’s capital base and ensured stable financial support for children’s education. By integrating dispersed archival evidence into a coherent analytical framework, the study demonstrates that the quarter of Kalin Haji Ali offers a paradigmatic illustration of the dynamics underpinning the formation of early urban micro-structures. Its development provides valuable insight into the processes of urbanisation, community organisation, and institutional life in Sarajevo during the 16th and 17th centuries.

ABSTRACT Background The preschool years are a crucial period for development. Stable environments and responsive caregivers support children's cognitive and motor development, two interrelated and essential domains. Caregiver smartphone use in front of children may reduce attention and responsiveness, which have been negatively associated with young children's health and development. We examined associations between the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence and motor skills and executive functions, and whether these associations vary by country income level. Methods We analysed cross‐sectional data from 27 countries participating in the SUNRISE International Study. Caregivers reported the frequency of smartphone use in the child's presence across five scenarios: mealtime, playtime, travel, walk and bedtime routines. Children's motor skills were assessed using four established tests. Early Years Toolbox games were used to assess children's visual–spatial working memory and inhibition. Mixed‐effects linear regression models were used to assess the associations, including interaction terms to test variation by country income level. Models were adjusted for the child's sex, age, daily screen time, time spent outdoors, sleep duration and the caregiver's highest level of education. Results The analytical sample included 2232 preschoolers (mean age = 4.2 ± 0.6 years, 50.9% girls). In fully adjusted models, the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence was not associated with gross motor skills, fine motor skills, visual–spatial working memory or inhibition (all p > 0.05). Results did not differ by country income level. Conclusions Findings suggest that the frequency of caregiver smartphone use in a child's presence alone may not be associated with performance on motor skills and executive function. There is a need for more sensitive measures that capture the frequency, duration and context of interruptions and more longitudinal studies that examine motor development and cognition. Future research should also account for socioeconomic and demographic diversity, environmental factors and cultural context when assessing such associations.

Nanoplastics have recently been detected in human liver tissue, raising concerns about their potential impact on liver function. However, early hepatocyte responses associated with nanoplastics exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we combined high-throughput Cell Painting-based phenomics, untargeted metabolomics, and Seahorse mitochondrial functional assay to investigate the effects of 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics on human HepaRG hepatocytes, a surrogate for primary human hepatocytes. At the tested concentrations (6.25-100 µg/mL), exposure did not induce overt cytotoxicity, enabling assessment of early sublethal cellular responses. Phenomics revealed widespread subcellular perturbations, with 16.4% of the measured phenotypic features significantly altered. Mitochondria-associated features represented the dominant altered phenotypic signature, showing pronounced changes in granularity, texture, and radial distribution, alongside alterations in endoplasmic reticulum- and cytoskeleton-associated features. Untargeted metabolomics of intracellular metabolites and the extracellular secretome revealed metabolic alterations, characterized by changes consistent with altered β-oxidation, lipid handling, membrane stress, and central carbon metabolism, including changes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid catabolism. Pathway analysis identified the TCA cycle as one of the most significantly affected pathways (FDR = 0.028). Integrated phenomic-metabolomic analysis revealed strong correlations between mitochondrial phenotypic features and metabolites involved in lipid and energy metabolism, indicating a coordinated structural-metabolic response to polystyrene nanoplastics exposure. Functional assessment using Seahorse assay showed reduced basal and maximal respiration and decreased ATP-linked O2 consumption. Together, these findings provide evidence that 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics elicit early mitochondria-associated phenotypic, metabolic, and functional responses prior to overt cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. They also highlight the value of phenomic-metabolomic-functional integration for profiling sublethal nanotoxicological responses and guiding future targeted mechanistic studies.

Elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations pose severe health risks, necessitating green infrastructure mitigation. While deposition is well documented, wind-induced remobilization remains insufficiently quantified. This study establishes a size-fractionated (PM1–2.5 and PM2.5–10) wind-induced resuspension and net removal values for six Central European shrub and climbing species (Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Hedera helix, Viburnum opulus, Viburnum lantana, Ligustrum ovalifolium, and Cornus mas) under controlled laboratory conditions. Following standardized aerosol chamber loading, leaves were subjected to constant, laminar airflow velocity of 3 m/s. Numerical quantification of particle counts per unit area (cm2) was performed via scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron signal processing. Results demonstrate significant interspecific variations. Parthenocissus quinquefolia was most efficient, retaining the highest particle counts (121.6 × 103 particles/cm2 for PM2.5–10) and achieving net removal rates of 46.3% and 60.5% for PM1–2.5 and PM2.5–10, respectively, relative to initial deposition. Cornus mas exhibited the lowest net removal efficiency for coarse particles (21.2% for PM2.5–10), while Hedera helix showed the highest fractional resuspension rates (k = 1.93 × 10−4 ∙ s−1 and 2.01 × 10−4 ∙ s−1, respectively). These species-specific traits are vital for optimizing urban green infrastructure. Ultimately, these findings provide actionable recommendations for targeted plant selection to maximize urban air purification.

Laboratory diagnostics of iron homeostasis during pregnancy typically rely on routine parameters, which often inadequately reflect the actual maternal iron status. This study aimed to evaluate the investigative and diagnostic utility of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferroportin (Fpn) concentrations as key indicators of iron dysregulation in women with normal early pregnancy and those experiencing missed abortion. These primary biomarkers were assessed in conjunction with standard laboratory parameters of iron status across the study groups. Notably, Fpn concentration had not previously been determined in women with either normal or abnormal pregnancies. The study enrolled 45 women with missed abortion and 45 women with normal first-trimester pregnancies. Peripheral blood concentrations of iron (Fe), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), transferrin, and sTfR were measured using automated analyzers, while hepcidin and Fpn were quantified using ELISA kits. Transferrin saturation (TSAT), the sTfR/log ferritin index (sTfR-F index), and the ferroportin to soluble transferrin receptor ratio (Fpn/sTfR) were calculated. In the missed abortion group, Fpn (p < 0.001), Fe (p = 0.008), TSAT (p = 0.018), and Fpn/sTfR (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased, whereas sTfR (p = 0.001) and the sTfR-F index (p = 0.003) were significantly increased compared to women with normal pregnancies. Proposed multiparameter models incorporating sTfR and Fpn, or sTfR, hepcidin, and Fpn, accurately classified over 80% of cases and demonstrated excellent area under the curve (AUC) values of approximately 0.9. These findings indicate that Fpn and sTfR may serve as valuable investigative biomarkers for identifying dysregulation of iron homeostasis in early pregnancy.

Modern power systems are increasingly under stress as aging assets approach retirement and load growth outpaces new generation construction. The severity of this challenge varies by region: in the EU, the transmission grid can partially compensate for local generation shortfalls, while in the US, generation tends to be more localized, making retirements harder to offset. Retirement of generation has consequences for system reserves, fuel supply chain, and public health. We present an high-performance computing (HPC) framework for rapidly assessing the grid importance of individual generating units and ranking them by primary fuel type, operating cost, or grid impact. Historically, such studies were computationally intensive and therefore conducted infrequently. This work demonstrates that such assessments can be completed in minutes, enabling planners to evaluate a much broader range of generation portfolio scenarios than was previously possible.

Post-translational modifications represent a critical layer of protein regulation, yet their genetic control and population variation remain poorly characterized. Here we present a comprehensive analysis integrating population-scale glycoproteomics with genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncover genetic regulatory networks controlling N-glycosylation of complement component C3. Through LC–MS glycopeptide analysis of 816 Croatian adults, we characterize site-specific N-glycosylation at two C3 sites (N63 and N917), confirming an unusual phenotype consisting of exclusive high-mannose structures rather than complex glycans typical of secreted proteins. GWAS identifies six genetic loci significantly associated with C3 N-glycosylation patterns, including genes encoding proteins involved in maintenance of the protein secretory pathway, proteins involved in the complement pathway or regulation of complement, and regulators of gene expression. Using colocalization analysis, we discover shared causal variants between C3 glycosylation and immune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, suggesting glycosylation as a mechanistic link between genetic variation and disease susceptibility. C3 N-glycoprofiling reveals significant associations with sex, age, and metabolic parameters, indicating integration of genetic and environmental factors. Structural modeling provides mechanistic insights, revealing how protein architecture constrains glycan processing and enables functional glycan-mediated interactions. Our multiomic approach establishes a framework for understanding how genetic variation shapes post-translational modifications at population scale, demonstrating C3 N-glycosylation as both a genetically and environmentally regulated checkpoint in complement activation with implications for precision medicine approaches in immune and metabolic diseases.

Efficient generation of entangled photons typically relies on spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in phase-matched macroscopic nonlinear media. However, generating entanglement under phase-matching constraints requires additional bulk optics or interferometers. In contrast, ultrathin van der Waals semiconductors - such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) - exhibit strong enough optical nonlinearities for SPDC to be observed from subwavelength-thick media, thereby bypassing conventional phase-matching constraints. In this microscopic domain, the intrinsic crystal symmetry governs the nonlinear optical response, enabling the native generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs. However, generating these states efficiently has been fundamentally restricted by the material's coherence length ($L_c$), which limits the attainable conversion efficiency. Here, we investigate periodically-poled TMDs (PPTMDs) designed to scale up this interaction via quasi-phase matching. We demonstrate that mechanically flipping the sign of the nonlinearity at precise intervals of $L_c$ introduces quasi-phase matching, that scales the pair-production rate while preserving the pristine, symmetry-generated polarization entanglement, with fidelities exceeding 99%. Backed by a rigorous theoretical model, our work clarifies the interplay between crystal symmetry and propagation effects in thin nonlinear media, providing a new avenue for engineering quantum light in nanophotonic systems.

Enzymes play a crucial role in speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Discovered in the late 19th century, these complex proteins are essential for various biological processes. Food allergies are immune responses to specific proteins in food. Common allergens include proteins from eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, and seafood. Allergic reactions can vary from mild to severe and affect different body systems. The prevalence of food allergies is rising, with some estimates suggesting that up to 10% of the population may be affected.  The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of some natural enzymes on allergies. Enzymes used in food processing, like lysozyme in wine or alpha amylase in baked goods, can pose risks for those with sensitivities. Lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls, can cause allergic reactions in some people, particularly those allergic to eggs. Similarly, enzymes like enolases and aldolases, which are involved in energy production, can trigger allergies, especially among those sensitive to fish proteins. Alpha-amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starches, is a well-known allergen, particularly in occupational settings like baking. Arginine kinase, found in seafood and insects, can also cause allergic reactions, which is a concern for people handling these products. Chitinase, which breaks down chitin in insects, and papain from papaya, used in meat tenderizers, can lead to allergies as well.  Conclusion: Clearly specifying the natural or synthetic origin of potentially allergenic substances enables the avoidance of allergic reactions and directly contributes to maintaining the health of individuals sensitive to these ingredients. 

Watermelon is a popularly consumed vegetable well known for its health and nutritional value. It is rich in vitamins, especially vitamin C, and other bioactive compounds with high antioxidant properties. The quality and productivity of the watermelon can be enhanced by using the right cultivars and production techniques.The objective of this study was to determine the selected quantity and quality parameters between the most popular watermelon cultivars (Farao F1, Constellation F1, Red Star F1, and Bonanza F1) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was conducted during the growing season of 2021 in the region of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The examined parameters were: fruit number and weight, rind thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), and vitamin C content in marketable fruits. All examined parameters showed significant differences between cultivars. Farao F1 exhibited the highest fruit weight (12.43 ± 0.91 kg fruit-1), TSS content (11.70 ± 0.91 Brix), and vitamin C content (6.47 ± 0.75 mg/100 g). On the other hand, Bonanza F1, a mini cultivar, exhibited the lowest fruit weight (2.26 ± 0.52 fruit-1), rind thickness (0.55 ± 0.19 cm), and TSS content (8.55 ± 1.44 mg/100 g).

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, greenhouses and polytunnels are often exposed to excessive snowfall during the winter period. In order to prevent the side-effect of retaining large amounts of snow (greenhouses, polytunnels), it is necessary to implement preventinve measures. The objective of this study is aimed at determining the rate of snow melting through the application of different concentrations of urea (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%), at different temperatures. The results of the study show that the highest rate of snow melting, within one hour and at temperature ranging from 0 to 50 C, is recorded in the application of 10% and 30% urea concentrations, and the lowest at at a concentration of 20%. Urea concentrations of 15% and 30% show the best effect on snow melting rate within day, at the stated positive air temperatures, while the concentration of 20% had the least effect. At temperatures ranging from 0 to - 50 C, the highest snow melting rate was recorded in the urea concentration of 10% within both one hour and one day, and the lowest at a 15% concentration. In the conducted studies, all urea concentrations showed statistically significantly better results at positive temperatures compared to negative ones, by 2 to 3 times on average.

The effects of different water stress (control, low, moderate and severe) on some morphological and physiological characteristics of spinach plants were evaluated. The results showed that water stress strongly affects spinach plant growth and metabolism. The increasing water stress decreased the leaf area, petiole length and biomass accumulation, resulting in dramatically lower spinach yields. Photosynthetic pigment contents increased in response to low and moderate level water stress; however, under severe stress conditions their content started to decrease. The increase in water stress also resulted in a higher proline accumulation as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents. These results lead to the conclusion that spinach plants could produce protective macromolecules and antioxidants in large quantities even under severe drought conditions, suggesting that spinach can be considered a drought-tolerant plant species from a survival point of view.

The tractor is a key driving unit in modern agricultural production. This study explores the possibilities and capabilities of farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) compared to other CEFTA members in purchasing an adequate, quality, and suitable new tractor. The research analyzes the process of trade liberalization in Southeast Europe, including the Agreement on Amendment and Accession to CEFTA. The study covers an analysis of ten global tractor brands across 110 different models that are available in CEFTA countries market. The average tractor prices and prices per kW of power were calculated by brand, and a brendization (according to the Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP)) into three groups: A, B, and C was performed. The research results showed that New Holland brand tractors are the most expensive, while Foton brand tractors are the cheapest. In terms of price per kW, Ferrari brand tractors are the most expensive, while ArmaTrac brand tractors are the cheapest. Differences in the purchasing power of farmers in BiH compared to CEFTA members were also analyzed, with a focus on differences in average salary in countries across three years (2018, 2019, and 2020). The purchasing power of farmers was determined by calculating the purchasing power coefficient (PPC), which showed that farmers from Serbia and farmers from Montenegro have the highest purchasing power for all examined tractor brands, while Moldova is the weakest by this indicator, and theoretically, farmers do not have the ability to purchase tractors of any examined brand. Farmers from BiH do not have the purchasing power to buy Kubota and Ferrari brand tractors but have the purchasing power to purchase Foton, ArmaTrac, and Case brand tractors.

Greenhouse vegetable production offers many advantages over traditional open-field cultivation methods. These benefits include regulating and controlling growing conditions, leading to higher crop yields, year-round production, and increased resource allocation efficiency. Many studies demonstrate that heating systems improve production in greenhouses, leading to increased yields and improved economic profitability. However, similar research is lacking in Bosnia and Herzegovina, particularly in regions with a continental climate. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the economic efficiency of vegetable production (lettuce, spring onion, tomato, and spinach)  in a greenhouse equipped with an additional heating system compared to one without such a system. The experiment was conducted in two 100 m2 greenhouses using identical cultivation technology. The results showed that the temperature in the two separate greenhouses was statistically significantly different in winter; however, the observed yields did not show a statistically significant difference. Unexpectedly, the economic results were contrary to expectations, with lower returns in the greenhouse with heating. The main reason is the higher costs associated with deprecation (1,238 BAM) and the geothermal pump's electricity consumption (700 BAM). In conclusion,  through this research, it was found that the tested vegetable production using a geothermal heat pump is not economically justified. It is recommended to consider the use of such equipment under different conditions, such as larger greenhouse areas with improved insulation (double-layered plastic). Furthermore, it is recommended that similar experiments be conducted at this location to confirm or challenge the results obtained in this study.