The primary objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for the supply of live livestock in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2024-2029, based on the analysis of historical data. Livestock production has long been a strategically important sector in Croatia, supported by a strong tradition and a notable presence of indigenous breeds. Nevertheless, despite these advantages, the supply of live livestock per production unit has demonstrated persistent negative trends. The study applies the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to analyze time series data from 2019 to 2023 in order to identify structural patterns and forecast future supply dynamics. Supplementary statistical and econometric methods are employed to examine variation, autocorrelation, and the significance of fluctuations within the series. The analysis also highlights that the cost of production, as a key non-price determinant, plays a decisive role in shaping livestock supply trends. Findings indicate a regressive trend across most livestock sectors, emphasizing the need for targeted policy measures to stabilize and enhance future production.

Background: Observational and experimental studies consistently show that physical activity supports improvements in both physical and mental health. Various exercise modalities have been proposed as intervention protocols, ranging from aerobic training to traditional Eastern relaxation practices that incorporate elements of physical movement. Objective: The aim of this article was to analyze and synthesize evidence on the impact of different forms of physical activity on psychological stress and related symptoms of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. Methods: A focused PubMed search was conducted for studies published in the last five years addressing physical activity interventions targeting stress, anxiety, or depression in healthcare workers. Both randomized and non-randomized intervention studies, pilot trials, and relevant systematic reviews were included to provide a descriptive synthesis because of heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes. Results: A review of PubMed-indexed studies published in the past five years identified 7,475 articles exploring the relationship between physical activity and stress levels in diverse populations. Of these, 284 studies specifically examined healthcare workers, with 72 addressing these outcomes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions included aerobic exercises, yoga, tai chi, qigong, and other movement-based relaxation techniques, with considerable variation in session duration, frequency, and follow-up periods. Reported outcomes varied, but most studies demonstrated reductions in perceived stress and improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms. Several studies suggested that more intensive exercise protocols may be less effective, while shorter and lower-intensity interventions often produced stronger psychological benefits. Conclusion: Various forms of physical activity can effectively reduce stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. Interventions do not necessarily need to involve high-intensity or long-duration activity to achieve meaningful improvements. Short, low-intensity protocols may represent a feasible and beneficial resource for supporting the psychological well-being of healthcare professionals.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have unprecedented and unforeseeable consequences, from those on a worldwide/global level to those at the local level–at the level of local communities and families, and individuals (and not just humans, but all other living beings), of which the future will testify in various ways. Objective: This work presents principles of treatment health care protection of people who has consequences of the colaps of helatcare sytem in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) during Corona pandemic time and proposals how to make it better, with a focus on indications and restrictions for use different methods of education medical staff and how to improve therapeutic modalities by professional staff by education with new ICTs. Methods: System analysis of Public health sector in BiH which has felt down as consequences of great influence of rough political system generaly and at Cantonal and Community levels need to be meta analized by publich health care experts and by most influential health managers who can help to improve distroid current Health Care System at all levels, from Primary to Terciray level of ih heakth care protection. Results: The health system in BiH was unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. The unpreparedness of the health system varied in individual areas. The reasons for the unpreparedness of the health system in responding to the pandemic are the organization of the state of BiH by the Dayton Peace Agreement, according to which the health system is fragmented and regulated by law, without the possibility of its harmonization, coordination and interconnection. This pandemic period has clearly shown that “public health” as a medical discipline has been and remains a peripheral concern of society, that is, it has always been put on the back burner. The reason for this is the constant favoring of clinical disciplines, which is not disputed as a need, but this situation has shownhow much public health is needed and called upon when solving such pandemics, which have become a planetary problem. Proof of the previous statement is the very small number of epidemiologists and social medicine specialists in BiH. Conclusion: The response of the health system of BiH as a whole to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic was inadequate, untimely, unprepared, unprofessional, chaotic, misinformed and with a lot of politicking, quasi-leadership and, in the end, it will turn out to be influenced by crime. This led to a high rate of illness and death, led to a great burden on the unprepared health system and setbacks in economic and social terms.

Background: SARS-CoV-2, though primarily a respiratory pathogen, exhibits multi-organ tropism, with the liver among the commonly affected organs. Elevations in liver enzymes are frequent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, yet acute and pronounced hepatocellular injury in young, clinically stable individuals is uncommon. The underlying mechanisms may include direct viral cytopathic effects mediated by ACE2 receptors, immune-mediated injury, systemic inflammation, and metabolic stress. Notably, hepatic involvement can develop independently of respiratory compromise. Objective: The aim of this case report was to describe three adult patients with serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild respiratory symptoms who presented with acute liver injury in the absence of other identifiable causes. Case report: During a confirmed COVID-19 wave in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a targeted outpatient study was performed in a family medicine setting. Routine liver testing was conducted for all suspected COVID-19 cases. Laboratory evaluation included liver enzymes, hepatitis serology, autoimmune markers, and inflammatory parameters, with imaging (ultrasound or MRI) to exclude structural pathology. Three previously healthy male patients (aged 25–45) developed acute liver injury during mild febrile illness, all with serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive IgM and IgG). Retrospective assessment revealed unrecognized metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in all cases. Initial symptoms were fatigue and myalgia without respiratory distress. Laboratory findings demonstrated marked elevations of AST and ALT (>1000 U/L), GGT (>900 U/L), and raised ferritin and D-dimer, while bilirubin remained normal. This biochemical profile - disproportionately elevated transaminases and GGT with preserved bilirubin - was consistent across cases, suggesting SARS-CoV-2–related hepatocellular injury. All patients recovered rapidly with supportive outpatient care, without progression to liver failure. Conclusion: Clinically stable COVID-19 patients may experience acute hepatocellular injury, particularly those with underlying metabolic dysfunction such as MASLD. The recurring biochemical pattern of significantly elevated AST, ALT, GGT, and ferritin with normal bilirubin suggests a distinctive SARS-CoV-2–associated liver injury phenotype. Recognition of this presentation is essential for appropriate evaluation and management. Routine liver function monitoring should be considered in COVID-19 patients, regardless of respiratory symptom severity, especially in those with metabolic risk factors.

Forgone healthcare is a hot topic in the United States. One reason is that many Americans cannot afford healthcare or health insurance. This article examines whether there are statistically significant differences in cancer mortality between US states with low, medium, and high levels of forgone healthcare. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in cancer mortality rates between US states. Evidence shows that the percentage of adults unable to access healthcare when needed due to cost, and the percentage of adults reporting fair or poor health, are associated with differences in cancer mortality rates. These findings have important policy implications, highlighting the need for state-specific measures to improve the health and wellbeing of the population.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, which emphasises the need for prevention, detection and treatment. This article aims to investigate whether there are statistically significant differences in gender-specific cancer incidence and mortality between countries with low, medium and high health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP). The results for the year 2022 indicate statistically significant differences in cancer incidence and mortality in men between countries with low and medium health expenditure and countries with low and high health expenditure; however, no such differences were found in women.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming higher education, continually oscillating between its innovative potential and concerns over academic integrity. While universities are expected to develop policies addressing ethical and pedagogical challenges, many institutions have yet to implement clear guidelines. To extract the dimensions of students’ perceptions of generative AI, the authors primarily used exploratory factor analysis. By using the exploratory factor analysis three key dimensions were revealed, i.e. 1) awareness and familiarity with AI tools, shaped both by personal exposure and institutional practices 2) institutional engagement and guidance, emphasizing the degree to which professors integrate AI in teaching and the demand for clearer instructions on its use and 3) concerns ranging from perceived risks of misuse and violations of academic integrity to recognition of AI’s educational value. These findings imply the urgent need for universities to establish transparent AI policies and provide guidance, ensuring that students can engage with AI tools ethically and effectively.

Background: As for the development of pharmacy in medieval Bosnia it was largely conditioned by the specific position of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B & H) during the period when Bosnia was a part of Ottoman Empire from 1463 until 1878, and later was ocupied by Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1878 until 1918. Objective: The topic of this paper is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages, while the aim of this article is to introduce readers to the development and importance of pharmacy and health care activities in general in this century. Methods: For preparing this article authors used, as main source, published books, monographs and papers deposited in indexed databases: PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, EBSCO, etc., especially documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and conditions in B & H from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state. Because, very little was written down and knowledge was mainly transmitted orally. Results and Discussion: Bosnia, as an independent country, was first mentioned in the Charter of the Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The charter was addressed to the Dubrovnik Republic and it ensured safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and exemption from taxes. The Dubrovnik Republic also had a lot of influence on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists could come to Bosnia without hindrance and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. In the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas (medicine books): Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan. Unfortunately, many of these manuscripts were destroyed or is lost track of them. Some perished in the wars in 1914, 1941 and 1992. The incineration of the Oriental Institute and the National and University Library, Gazi Husrev-bey Library, the Monastery Plehan, Petricevac, Jajce, Guca Gora, Fojnica, Kresevo, etc. Most of them are preserved in the Franciscan monasteries and, also, the previously transcribed of ljekarusa in oriental languages like was Dervis Nidaija (Bedrudin Muhammad bin Muhammad Ibn Derivis ‘Quasumi). There were about 30 copies of his works „Menafiun us Tibbi Nida“ - for the benefit of the people Nidaija book - which were transcribed from the 1557 to 1839. There are several copies of the works of Alauddin Ibn Nafis (Ali ibn Abi l-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn al-Nafis), followed by Abdullah Ibn Sina - Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husain Ibn Abd-Allah Ibn Sina), Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Zakariyya ar-Razi) and other Arab authors. Some of theme were translated by Hamdija Karamehmedovic and Sakir Sikiric, which kept at Library of Hygiene and Public Health Institution in Sarajevo. These manuscripts were accessible mainly to intellectuals and people from the wealthy ruling circles until Bosnia fellt under the influence of the Ottomans, medical treatment in Bosnia was quite primitive, the number of pharmacies and health institutions was minimal, and hygienic conditions were quite poor. Conclusion: In the Medieval Bosnia the most important was practicing of traditional medicine based of used of experiences from the arabic literature which dominated almost 6 century in medieval Bosnia and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, and also in the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas: Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan, by word of mouth. It was only with the arrival of the Ottomans that Vakuf\'s hospitals (Hastahanas in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Travnik and Banja Luka) and pharmacies began to open, and the health system was better organized.

Change in cytoarchitecture and reconnection of neurons in rats' brain under direct two months high frequency electromagnetic field (HFEMF) exposure has been found, supported with data and discussed. HFEMF used in the experiment had the following characteristics: 2.0 GHz frequency, 0.015 A/m intensity, electric field strength of 5.64 V/m, and SAR value was 2.5 W/kg. Rats were exposed for 6 hours a day for 6 days a week, during period of 60 days with experimental HFEMF. Six months after the treatment, histological and unbiased stereological analyses show that there is a reconnection of neurons in rats' brain, demonstrated by slight increase in their number and production of new dendrites. Effects of HFEMF on neuronal disconnection were detected via caspase, while the SNXS25 protein indicated their reconnection and regeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis of nervous tissue in this paper shows that HFEMF disrupt the work of proteins found on cell membranes and endocytic function of neurons and thus interrupts interneuron communication. The advantage of HFEMF over other methods of treating brain damage is in their controlled and very precise use, with specifically defined characteristics of HFEMF, without ionizing and mutagenic effect on neurons.