Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is the most important predictor for manifested negative clinical and economic treatment outcomes. The problem is more complex in the population with postoperative infections in neurosurgery, prevalence is increasing despite the implemented prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of inappropriate prescribing of empiric antibiotics for treatment of central nervous system infections and surgical wound infections after neurosurgery. The study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. From the total included population (n=136), cases were analyzed (n=78) in which at least 1 pattern of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing - misprescribing or underprescribing - was identified. Patients with meningitis (n=26), intracranial abscess (n=17) and surgical wound infections (n=35) were included. Misprescribing was identified by Medication Appropriateness Index tool in 69 (88.5%) patients whose use at least one antibiotic was evaluated with MAI score ≥4, while underprescribing was observed in 52 (66.7%) respondents. The most common inappropriately prescribed antibiotics were meropenem in 16 cases, and colistin, metronidazole and ceftriaxone in 11 cases. The most common reasons for inappropriate prescribing included inadequate choice of drug 77 (49.7%), inappropriate length of treatment 78 (50.3%), and inadequate costs 75 (48.4%). Underprescribing was confirmed in 36 cases for use of vancomycin and in 19 for the use of meropenem. Based on above results we can conclude that there is need for increased attention when evaluating empiric antimicrobial therapy and need to create local guidelines for empiric therapy based on epidemiological data on causative agents of observed infections and their harmonization with international recommendations.

Mineral dietary supplements represent an important segment of products intended for the preservation and improvement of adult health. Calcium and magnesium are among the most commonly used minerals due to their significant role in maintaining bone health, normal muscle and nervous system function, as well as numerous metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the declared doses of calcium and magnesium in dietary supplements available on the market of the Republic of Srpska in relation to the recommended daily intakes prescribed by the current Regulation on Dietary Supplements for the adult population. The research included the analysis of product declarations, assessment of compliance of mineral content with regulatory requirements, and identification of possible deviations regarding minimum and maximum permitted quantities. The results indicate that most analyzed dietary supplements contain calcium and magnesium in doses compliant with the prescribed values, although significant differences were observed in the percentage contribution to the recommended daily intake among individual products. It can be concluded that continuous quality and composition control of dietary supplements, as well as adequate consumer information, are essential for the safe and rational use of calcium and magnesium in the adult population.

Introduction/Objective. Hyperhidrosis is a condition of pathological excessive sweating that exceeds the body’s physiological requirements for thermoregulation. Endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy (ETS) is a commonly used treatment for primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH); however, it may result in compensatory sweating (CS), which represents its most frequent postoperative complication. This study aimed to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) parameters could predict CS. Methods. A prospective single-center study was conducted in 100 patients with primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH) who underwent ETS. Preoperatively, all patients underwent 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring to assess standard HRV parameters. ETS was performed by transection of the sympathetic chain at the level of the third (R3) and fourth rib (R4), including the accessory Kuntz fibers. One month after surgery, the presence and severity of CS were assessed. Results. CS was absent in 61% of patients (p=0.028). Mild CS was the most common form (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in the analyzed preoperative HRV parameters between patients with and without CS (p > 0.05), including the low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) ratios, which represent balanced autonomic activity (LF/HF < 2) and sympathetic predominance (LF/HF ≥ 2). ROC curve analysis showed that age had significant predictive accuracy for CS (AUC 0.7333; 95% CI 0.634-0.833; p < 0.01), with an optimal cutoff of 23.5 years (sensitivity 0.82, specificity 0.47). Conclusion. HRV parameters cannot reliably predict CS following bilateral ETC in patients with PFH. The study confirmed that the optimal age for surgery is below 23.5 years.

The article "Contemporary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Injury and Neuroinflammation in Preterm Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy" was published in Sanamed, Vol. 21, Issue 1, DOI: 10.5937/ sanamed0-66353. The Editorial Board of Sanamed was informed by the Ethics Committee of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo that the Committee had not received an application, research protocol, or accompanying documentation for the study described in the article in question; had not reviewed the study or granted approval for its conduct; and that the official records of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo did not confirm that the study had been conducted at that institution. The Editorial Board was also informed that one of the authors had stated that the study involving 120 patients had not been conducted. The findings are considered unverifiable and cannot be regarded as a reliable account of research conducted at the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo, as claimed in the article. The retraction of the article has therefore been requested. Due to serious concerns about the reliability of the entire empirical and evidentiary basis underlying the article, the article is hereby retracted.

U proteklim godinama, susret umjetne inteligencije (AI) i krivičnog pravosuđa potakao je paradigmatski pomak u upravljanju pravdom. Ovaj rad istražuje mnogobrojne implikacije integracije umjetne inteligencije u pravosudni pejzaž. Rad kritički ispituje primjenu AI u krivičnim sudovima, fokusirajući se na njegovu ulogu u procesima donošenja odluka, pristranosti i integriteta. Iskorištavanjem algoritama mehaničkog učenja, ovi sistemi analiziraju obimne skupove podataka kako bi predvidjeli buduće kriminalno ponašanje, postavljajući relevantna pitanja o pouzdanosti i pravičnosti takvih predviđanja. Etičke dimenzije upotrebe AI u krivičnom pravosuđu čine središnju temu, razmatrajući pitanja transparentnosti, odgovornosti i pristranosti inherentne u algoritamskom donošenju odluka. Ovaj tekst analizira izazove i prilike koje pruža „mehanička pravda“, naglašavajući potrebu za nijansiranim razumijevanjem uticaja AI na temeljna načela krivičnog postupka i ljudska prava i osnovne slobode. Nadalje, istraživanje analizira potencijal za pogoršanje postojećih dispariteta unutar krivičnog pravosudnog sistema. Društveno-ekonomske, rasne, spolne i rodne pristranosti ukorijenjene u istorijskim skupovima podataka mogu se održavati i čak pojačavati kroz primjenu AI alata, što zahtijeva sveobuhvatne mjere opreza radi ublažavanja takvih rizika. Dok stojimo na raskrižju tehnološkog napretka i pravne tradicije, ovaj rad služi kao ključni resurs za pravne teoretičare, praktičare i kreatora politika. Zagovara promišljen i mjerodavan pristup integraciji AI u krivično pravosuđe, osiguravajući da tehnološki napretci usklađuju s načelima pravičnosti, pravde i zaštite individualnih prava. Rasprava predstavljena ovdje ključna je za oblikovanje kontura budućnosti u kojoj se UI i pravda stapaju, zahtijevajući budno nadziranje i etičko razmatranje u traganju za pravednijim pravnim sistemom.

Resocijalizacija je proces postupnog reintegrisanja prestupnika iz kriminalne podgrupe u društvenu zajednicu kao grupu. Od resocijalizacije se očekuje da izmjeni ona lična svojstva osuđenika koja su povezana sa kriminalnim ponašanjem i da ih tako osposobi za integraciju u društveni život. Modeli resocijalizacije su se mjenjali i dopunjavali kroz istorijiski razvoj same penologije kao nauke i svaki od njih je imao važnu ulogu u prevaspitavanju osuđenih lica. Danas model resocijalizacije teži humanizaciji i individualizaciji tretmana, ali i potrebi da osuđenik prije svega prihvati aktivnu ulogu u procesu prevaspitanja i realizacije programa postupanja. Prevaspitni tretman i proces resocijalizacije veoma su usko povezani, jer uspješan ishod prevaspitnog tretmana doprinosi uspješnosti resocijalizacije. Zato je pedagoški pristup u procesu resocijalizacije ključni faktor za njihovu uspješnu rehabiliticiju i reintegraciju u društvenu zajednicu. Međutim brojne društvene promjene zahtjevaju i drugačiji pristup prema osuđeniku u toku procesa resocijalizacije kako u pogledu vaspitno – korektivnog postupanja i metodike rada sa osuđenim licima, tako i u pogledu radnog angažovanja i sticanja obrazovnih i socijalnih kompetencija kroz neki od neformalnih vidova učenja.

“AIholic” refers to the excessive reliance on artificial intelligence (AI) systems, where users depend on these systems not only for practical support, such as information searching, problem-solving, and task completion, but also for reassurance, validation, and emotional comfort. In higher education, Generative AI chatbots have become widely used in universities because they provide students with instant, personalized, and continuous academic support, not only practical support such as information searching, problem-solving, and task completion but also emotional support such as reassurance and validation. However, this rapid use has also raised concerns about students’ growing dependence on these tools. Based on self-determination theory and compulsive behavior theory, this study examines how situational triggers and psychological needs, namely, competence, relatedness, and autonomy, are associated with students’ actual dependency level on generative AI chatbots and their inability to reduce use. The study also examines the moderating role of risk perception in these relationships. Data collected from 787 university students in Iraq and Oman were analyzed using structural equation modeling. In addition, the MEREC method was used to determine the objective weights of the main criteria, while the VIKOR method was applied to compare the weighted determinants across the two national contexts. The findings indicate that psychological needs, especially competence and autonomy, and contextual triggers are important factors in explaining chatbot dependency. Students use chatbots not only for academic support but also for reassurance, connection, and self-directed learning. Furthermore, the results from using the multi-criteria decision-making approaches reveal contextual differences between the two countries. Risk perception received the highest weight in Oman, whereas triggers received the highest weight in Iraq. This study explains AI dependency as a psychological and behavioral phenomenon and provides practical insights for the responsible use of generative AI tools in higher education.

Tehnološki razvoj vještačke inteligencije transformiše ne samo digitalnu industriju i komunikacione obrasce, već i prirodu savremenog kriminaliteta. Među posebno zabrinjavajućim pojavama izdvaja se sintetički materijal seksualnog zlostavljanja djece (synthetic CSAM), koji obuhvata kompjuterski generisane slike i deepfake video-zapise što realistički simuliraju seksualnu eksploataciju maloljetnika. Iako takav sadržaj ne mora uvijek uključivati identifikabilnu stvarnu žrtvu, njegov vizuelni realizam, društveni učinak i potencijal za normalizaciju seksualnog nasilja nad djecom proizvode ozbiljne pravne i viktimološke posljedice. Rad analizira sintetički CSAM kao novi oblik digitalnog rizika, sa posebnim osvrtom na njegovu krivičnopravnu relevantnost, difuzne oblike viktimizacije i izazove medijskog izvještavanja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je djeci i mladima, kako u ulozi potencijalnih žrtava sekundarne viktimizacije, tako i u ulozi subjekata krivičnopravnog rizika. Ukazuje se na potrebu interdisciplinarnog i normativno preciznog odgovora društva i institucija.

Rad analizira stepen usklađenosti Zakona o krivičnom postupku Bosne i Hercegovine sa Direktivom (EU) 2016/800 o postupovnim jamstvima za djecu osumnjičenu ili optuženu u krivičnim postupcima. Polazeći od metodološkog okvira funkcionalne i normativne komparacije, rad ispituje da li domaći procesni sistem uspostavlja koherentan model pravosuđa prilagođenog djetetu ili se zaštita djece ostvaruje fragmentarno kroz opšte procesne garancije. Analiza pokazuje da ZKP BiH sadrži niz temeljnih garancija pravičnog suđenja, uključujući pravo na odbranu, zabranu nezakonitih dokaza, procesnu pravičnost i ograničenje trajanja pritvora, koje su kompatibilne s osnovnom zaštitnom logikom Direktive. Međutim, Direktiva uvodi kvalitativno razvijeniji, djetetu-specifičan normativni okvir zasnovan na principu najboljeg interesa djeteta, individualnoj procjeni potreba, pravima na informacije prilagođene dobi, obaveznom uključivanju roditelja, posebnim garancijama tokom ispitivanja i restriktivnom režimu lišenja slobode djece kao krajnje mjere. U poređenju s tim standardom, domaći procesni okvir pokazuje parcijalnu usklađenost: pojedini zahtjevi Direktive ostvaruju se funkcionalno, ali nisu sistematski normirani. Rad zaključuje da potpuna harmonizacija zahtijeva ciljane zakonodavne intervencije usmjerene na integraciju koncepta pravosuđa prilagođenog djetetu u strukturu krivičnog postupka, posebno kroz normiranje individualne procjene, jačanje procesnih garancija tokom ispitivanja i preciznije uređenje režima lišenja slobode djece.

Društvene mreže predstavljaju važan segment digitalnog života u savremenom društvu. Kao dominantan prostor komunikacije i kreativnog izraza među mladima, društvene mreže se zloupotrebljavaju i kao sredstvo cyberbullying-a uz ozbiljne psihološke posljedice. Dodatno, algoritmi društvenih mreža određuju vidljivost sadržaja prema kriterijima veće interaktivnosti, što doprinosi širenju nasilnog ili štetnog ponašanja u digitalnom prostoru. S pojavom umjetne inteligencije javljaju se i novi izazovi, zbog čega je važno osigurati da se na institucionalnom nivou donose pravovremene, informisane odluke o najprikladnijim strategijama i regulativnim pristupima da bi se zaštitila djeca i mladi kao posebno ranjive društvene grupe. Kao odgovor na društvenu zabrinutost u vezi sa negativnim uticajem socijalnih mreža na sigurnost i razvoj djece i adolescenata, na globalnom nivou je primjetan trend uvođenja zabrane ili razmatranja restrikcija za korištenje društvenih mreža maloljetnim osobama. Mjerama se nastoje, između ostalog, ukinuti i digitalni kanali cyberbullying-a i smanjiti rizici za izloženost neprikladnim ili štetnim sadržajima. Kao dodatni argumenti navode se psihološka dobrobit mladih i podsticaj za vršnjačku socijalizaciju uživo. Alternativni pristup podrazumijeva kontinuirano provođenje edukacije kroz programe medijske i informacijske pismenosti (MIL) koji imaju za cilj jačanje digitalne otpornosti mladih osoba. Navedeni programi nastoje kod mladih razviti kritičko razumijevanje digitalnih medija, odgovorno online ponašanje te sposobnost prepoznavanja i reagovanja na različite oblike digitalnog nasilja. Ovaj rad polazi od dva navedena pristupa u nastojanju da doprinese boljem razumijevanju učinkovitosti regulatornih, odnosno, edukativnih mjera u suzbijanju online nasilja među mladima, kao i umanjivanju potencijalnih rizika i negativnih posljedica po njihovo mentalno i fizičko zdravlje. Temelji se na analizi relevantne naučne literature i komparativnom pregledu savremenih regulatornih i obrazovnih pristupa u prevenciji online nasilja među mladima. U tom kontekstu postavlja se pitanje u kojoj mjeri restriktivne mjere, poput zabrane društvenih mreža, dugoročno doprinose smanjenju online nasilja među mladima u odnosu na edukativne pristupe koji se temelje na razvoju medijske i informacijske pismenosti.  

Rapid urban development and increasing hydro-meteorological variability are creating new challenges for flood risk management in urban areas. In this context, the concept of a smart city offers opportunities to improve the understanding, prediction, prevention, and management of flood events through the integration of environmental monitoring, digital technologies, data, modelling, and decision-support systems. However, becoming a "smart city" in terms of flood management requires more than the introduction of individual technological solutions. This paper explores what Sarajevo would need to develop an effective smart flood management system. The analysis considers the key components required for such a system, including reliable and spatially distributed meteorological and hydrological monitoring, real-time data acquisition and transmission, integration of heterogeneous data sources, high-resolution geospatial databases, hydraulic and hydrological modelling, flood forecasting and early warning, and decision-support tools for emergency response. Particular attention is given to the integration of existing monitoring and information systems and to the interoperability of data generated by different institutions and infrastructure systems. The paper further considers the importance of defining clear institutional responsibilities, data-sharing mechanisms, communication channels, and procedures for translating technical information into timely decisions. Rather than proposing a single technological solution, the paper identifies the essential components and their interconnections that should form the basis for Sarajevo's transition towards smart flood risk management. The proposed framework can serve as a basis for assessing the current level of preparedness and identifying priorities for future investments in monitoring, modelling, digital infrastructure, institutional capacity, data exchange, and warning communication.

Violence in the family or domestic violence is a very complex social phenomenon that affects not only individuals but also society as a whole. As such, it is widespread in all societies around the world, regardless of belonging to certain social classes or certain social characteristics. Given that the family is the basic cell of society and as such has a very significant role in the development of man and society in general, violence within the family circle, that is, within the circle of trust, is a much more serious offense compared to all other forms of violence, especially when children are involved. Domestic violence is clearly defined and sanctioned at the level of international legal standards and national legal solutions, especially when it comes to children, because children are always victims of violence in the family environment, regardless of whether it is directly aimed at them or not. The aim of this report is to analyze this complex social problem from the aspect of legal regulations that have a certain dynamic of their improvement in the last few years in order to enable in practice timely and effective response of all subjects of protection, especially from the aspect of protection of children as victims of domestic violence.

Quince wine (QW) is produced using quince juice (QJ); however, the production process can be improved, for example, by macerating the juice with quince pomace (QP). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the use of QP from the Leskovac cultivar as a fermentation substrate for QW production. Control samples were prepared using 100% QJ, with and without added sugar, while the treated samples were prepared by adding different amounts of QP to QJ. The addition of QP resulted in QW with physicochemical characteristics similar to those of the control samples, except for significantly higher methanol content in almost all macerated QW samples. The control samples exhibited considerably better antioxidant and antimicrobial properties than the macerated QW samples. The best antioxidant properties were observed in control samples B1 and C1, while control sample M1 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against the tested microorganisms. In some cases, the sensory properties of the macerated samples were better than those of the non-macerated samples. Samples C1, M4, and A3 achieved the highest overall sensory scores (18.6, 17.9, and 17.3, respectively). Overall, QP demonstrated potential for use in QW production; however, further investigation of the maceration parameters is necessary.