The paper investigates the functional role of inbound tour operators in the urban and rural tourism development of Sarajevo Canton by analyzing relevant parameters such as their business dynamics and collaboration with stakeholders, products, the typology of tourists and stays, and the promotion and sustainability of the offerings. A survey and interviews were conducted with five inbound tour operators situated in the most prominent zone (Old Town with Baščaršija). The findings indicated a strong impact of the inbound tour operators on tourism spatial development, as they are pivotal in fostering stakeholders' collaboration and in marketing and selling local authentic products to international tourists. Their endeavors contribute to creating unforgettable tourist experiences in Sarajevo, particularly concerning city and dark tours, ecotourism, and crafts. Tourist products are disseminated through WOM, international fairs, and online platforms, targeting markets in the EU, the USA, and Canada. This approach enhances international cooperation and promotes the destination's tourism. Inbound tour operators exhibit a positive business trend, although there are notable disparities in the level of collaboration with stakeholders and the focus of policies. Certain areas of action have been overlooked, such as strategies to position Sarajevo as a primary choice and final destination, identifying new potential markets, and adopting a more analytical approach to tourist typologies for more tailored tourism offerings. The paper highlights the current features and challenges of the destination's tourism development, providing practical solutions for inbound tour operators and recommendations for redesign.

<p><em>Tourism is a widespread and enduring global phenomenon, driven by a variety of motives, including religion. Travel has multiple benefits, particularly in terms of an individual's spiritual progress, even when not explicitly motivated by religious purposes. The paper examines the cultural and Islamic-religion dimensions of tourist journeys while taking into account contemporary geographical and tourism science approaches as well as Islamic perspectives. A comparative analysis established the major values of tourism travels (geographic and cultural awareness, religious belief, socialization, and material advantage), with a focus on Muslims' spiritual upliftment. The paper provides strategies for planning travel while taking into account the rights of Muslim women and their ability to engage in tourism while honoring the perspectives of the Islamic community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Demonstrative examples highlight how specific visits may produce a profound impression and enhance social cohesion or an individual's behavior.</em></p>

Background: As for the development of pharmacy in medieval Bosnia it was largely conditioned by the specific position of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B & H) during the period when Bosnia was a part of Ottoman Empire from 1463 until 1878, and later was ocupied by Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1878 until 1918. Objective: The topic of this paper is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages, while the aim of this article is to introduce readers to the development and importance of pharmacy and health care activities in general in this century. Methods: For preparing this article authors used, as main source, published books, monographs and papers deposited in indexed databases: PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, EBSCO, etc., especially documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and conditions in B & H from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state. Because, very little was written down and knowledge was mainly transmitted orally. Results and Discussion: Bosnia, as an independent country, was first mentioned in the Charter of the Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The charter was addressed to the Dubrovnik Republic and it ensured safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and exemption from taxes. The Dubrovnik Republic also had a lot of influence on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists could come to Bosnia without hindrance and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. In the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas (medicine books): Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan. Unfortunately, many of these manuscripts were destroyed or is lost track of them. Some perished in the wars in 1914, 1941 and 1992. The incineration of the Oriental Institute and the National and University Library, Gazi Husrev-bey Library, the Monastery Plehan, Petricevac, Jajce, Guca Gora, Fojnica, Kresevo, etc. Most of them are preserved in the Franciscan monasteries and, also, the previously transcribed of ljekarusa in oriental languages like was Dervis Nidaija (Bedrudin Muhammad bin Muhammad Ibn Derivis ‘Quasumi). There were about 30 copies of his works „Menafiun us Tibbi Nida“ - for the benefit of the people Nidaija book - which were transcribed from the 1557 to 1839. There are several copies of the works of Alauddin Ibn Nafis (Ali ibn Abi l-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn al-Nafis), followed by Abdullah Ibn Sina - Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husain Ibn Abd-Allah Ibn Sina), Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Zakariyya ar-Razi) and other Arab authors. Some of theme were translated by Hamdija Karamehmedovic and Sakir Sikiric, which kept at Library of Hygiene and Public Health Institution in Sarajevo. These manuscripts were accessible mainly to intellectuals and people from the wealthy ruling circles until Bosnia fellt under the influence of the Ottomans, medical treatment in Bosnia was quite primitive, the number of pharmacies and health institutions was minimal, and hygienic conditions were quite poor. Conclusion: In the Medieval Bosnia the most important was practicing of traditional medicine based of used of experiences from the arabic literature which dominated almost 6 century in medieval Bosnia and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, and also in the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas: Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan, by word of mouth. It was only with the arrival of the Ottomans that Vakuf\'s hospitals (Hastahanas in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Travnik and Banja Luka) and pharmacies began to open, and the health system was better organized.

Museum development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the capital (Sarajevo), is an accompanying phenomenon of the overall tourism development. The paper aims to identify and valorise top museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to comprehend tourism and museums growth features, including the tourist perceptions, which are important for sustainable museum and tourism planning. Tourism and museum expansion were investigated concurrently, with over 30,000 visitor reviews. The top museums were identified by analysing and evaluating reviews on popular travel information websites, taking into account the highest frequency and rating, and relying on the GIS mapping for their spatial visualisation. Statistical analysis and cartographic demonstration were conducted to determine the trends in museum and tourism development. The popularity of museums provides understanding visitors' interests since reviews are a vital component of destination marketing and planning for long-term development. Bosnia and Herzegovina, particularly its capital Sarajevo, exemplifies the cohesion of tourism and cultural (museum) evolution. Key attributes of popular national museums enhance comprehension of the cultural dimensions of tourism development. The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina and war museums (Tunnel of Hope and Gallery 11/07/95) account for 50-90% of total excellent reviews, making them top museums in the country. Dark history (1992–1995) has a significant impact on museum settings, contributing to the building and preservation of the country's cultural identity while also promoting Sarajevo as a famous European city under th e former longest siege in modern European history and today's leading tourism and museum destination.

The European Theatre Night is a one-day event that takes place every year in European countries, and since 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina has also participated. The program includes theatre performances and other forms of performing arts. The European Theatre Night is the largest and most extensive theatrical manifestation and one of the most significant cultural manifestations in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. The work mainly deals with the analysis of this manifestation, that is, the main actors of the organization and cooperation, artistic institutions in which various theatre institutions, organizations and artists participate.

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the presentation role in study selection. Presentation and promotion of studies are major issues that academic institutions focus on in order to attract students. The study included students from the University of Sarajevo’s I, II, and III cycles of tourism and environmental protection. Three kinds of reference criteria and indicators were selected: attrac­tive presentation features, promotion approach, and presentation influence on decision. The study’s findings revealed that the faculty’s official website and recommendations are the most influential marketing tools, that the presenta­tion of the study influences choice and decision-making, and that the study’s conception, the modernity of the educational infrastructure, field teaching, as well as the geographical aspect of tourism and environmental protection, are particularly appealing factors.

Rural tourism is gaining popularity due to a healthier stay in a less developed rural environment. Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s most popular destination strives to enhance its tourism offer by developing rural tourism in its immediate surroundings. The “green ring,” a basin rim with preserved forest ecosystems and rural villages, serves as the foundation for the rural tourism product. The paper analyses the characteristics of rural tourism in the vicinity of Sarajevo and the role of stakeholders in planning rural tourism. Fieldwork, surveys, and interviews with tourism industry representatives were conducted to determine the cohesion of joint activity and the key features of rural tourism development. Domestic tourists make up the majority of rural visitors, although tourists from the Middle East and Europe are particularly interested in rural tourism. The top motives for visiting rural areas are walking and hiking, traditional gastronomy, and escaping from everyday life. The paper clarifies the challenges and barriers to rural tourism development.

Background: The term stress refers to the internal state of the organism (sometimes labeled as "load"), an external event ("stressor"), an experience created by the transaction of a person and the environment. Stress is an extremely used term in all areas of human activity. It is a natural phenomenon and a companion of mankind since its very existence. Although a large number of professional and scientific articles related to the concept of stress and reaction to stress have been published during the last 60 years, various authors state that not all concepts are clearly and unambiguously defined in this field. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present different theories of stress and to familiarize the reader about the consequences of everyday stress on human health. Methods: The subject of research is stress and its impact on health in today's modern world. The type of research on this topic is based on a retrospective and descriptive method based on the use of published articles in the PubMed and Scopus index databases. Results and Discussion: Therefore, different theories of stress define differently the concept of stress, reactions to stress, coping with stress and the consequences of a stressful event. Studies on stress was started by Hans Selye in the thirties of the 20th century. Understanding stress as the organism's reaction to various physical and physiological stressors, Selye also became the originator of the first, so-called of the reductionist model in the study of stress. Another theoretical approach in the concepts of stress boils down to the explanation that stress is determined by the nature of the stressor. This paradigm has been offered since the late sixties of the 20th century and is called the interactionist model of stress. At the same time as the interactionist model, a third, transactional model in the study of stress appeared, created by Richard Lazarus. According to this model, the consequences of a stressful transaction are the result of the interplay of personal and external factors that continuously affect each other. Conclusion: The stress is a state in which the psychophysical balance of the organism is disturbed and which, in order to adapt, requires additional efforts. Circumstances that cause stress are also called stressors. Among the psychological changes characteristic of stress, the most pronounced are changes in the sphere of emotional processes. Emotional reactions characteristic of stress are most often anxiety, anger and sadness, and shame, guilt, oversaturation can also occur. After a traumatic or other intense stress (related to losses or diagnosed with an incurable disease), emotional flattening can occur. Changes in psychological functioning during stress can be so intense that they take on the dimensions of a psychological crisis.

Museum development is a side effect of tourism development since museums are significant components of cultural and tourist infrastructure, and tourism encourages infrastructure development in general. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, where tourism is a critical sector of the economy with a decades-long flow, the pattern of comparative development of tourism and museums has been recognized. The study provides a comparative review of the country's tourism and museum development, showcasing the multiple benefits of tourism and museums. Museums are one of the most important socio-cultural benefits of tourism because they preserve and present heritage, improve science, education, and cultural profiling, encourage employment and visitation, provide a better stay, generate income, and contribute to environmental urbanization and higher living standards. The identification of museums and museum resources revealed that, during the past three decades, approximately thirty museums of a predominantly thematic character have been established, particularly in the country's most visited destination (Sarajevo). Furthermore, an open-air museum (ethno-village) trend has begun. Museum visitation is increasing in tandem with tourist trips to the country, despite a lack of adequate monitoring (incomplete figures that are inconsistent with the situation in the field). Despite the fact that the global crisis disrupted tourism and museum development (COVID-19), both areas are key drivers of economic revitalization, as evidenced by new ideas and projects in this field. However, in addition to the benefits of increased museum activity, the study highlighted certain issues (e.g., lower engagement of professional staff and women etc.), which will encourage future research to provide more sustainable strategies for museum development.

Various activities in the tourism sector, especially transportation, have a negative impact on the atmospheric complex. The paper aims to re­search tourism’s impact on global carbon dioxide emissions, the generation of photochemical smog, and noise and light pollution. Various tourism in­dustry activities have been identified, as well as tourist transport factors on which the intensity of air pollution depends. To demonstrate the harmful effects, statistical indicators and other results of modern scientific research were used, including the consequences of pollution on the living world. The paper provides current knowledge in the field, highlighting the risks of mass tourism, and the global need for more rational planning of sustainable tour­ism development.