Background: The term stress refers to the internal state of the organism (sometimes labeled as "load"), an external event ("stressor"), an experience created by the transaction of a person and the environment. Stress is an extremely used term in all areas of human activity. It is a natural phenomenon and a companion of mankind since its very existence. Although a large number of professional and scientific articles related to the concept of stress and reaction to stress have been published during the last 60 years, various authors state that not all concepts are clearly and unambiguously defined in this field. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present different theories of stress and to familiarize the reader about the consequences of everyday stress on human health. Methods: The subject of research is stress and its impact on health in today's modern world. The type of research on this topic is based on a retrospective and descriptive method based on the use of published articles in the PubMed and Scopus index databases. Results and Discussion: Therefore, different theories of stress define differently the concept of stress, reactions to stress, coping with stress and the consequences of a stressful event. Studies on stress was started by Hans Selye in the thirties of the 20th century. Understanding stress as the organism's reaction to various physical and physiological stressors, Selye also became the originator of the first, so-called of the reductionist model in the study of stress. Another theoretical approach in the concepts of stress boils down to the explanation that stress is determined by the nature of the stressor. This paradigm has been offered since the late sixties of the 20th century and is called the interactionist model of stress. At the same time as the interactionist model, a third, transactional model in the study of stress appeared, created by Richard Lazarus. According to this model, the consequences of a stressful transaction are the result of the interplay of personal and external factors that continuously affect each other. Conclusion: The stress is a state in which the psychophysical balance of the organism is disturbed and which, in order to adapt, requires additional efforts. Circumstances that cause stress are also called stressors. Among the psychological changes characteristic of stress, the most pronounced are changes in the sphere of emotional processes. Emotional reactions characteristic of stress are most often anxiety, anger and sadness, and shame, guilt, oversaturation can also occur. After a traumatic or other intense stress (related to losses or diagnosed with an incurable disease), emotional flattening can occur. Changes in psychological functioning during stress can be so intense that they take on the dimensions of a psychological crisis.

Museum development is a side effect of tourism development since museums are significant components of cultural and tourist infrastructure, and tourism encourages infrastructure development in general. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, where tourism is a critical sector of the economy with a decades-long flow, the pattern of comparative development of tourism and museums has been recognized. The study provides a comparative review of the country's tourism and museum development, showcasing the multiple benefits of tourism and museums. Museums are one of the most important socio-cultural benefits of tourism because they preserve and present heritage, improve science, education, and cultural profiling, encourage employment and visitation, provide a better stay, generate income, and contribute to environmental urbanization and higher living standards. The identification of museums and museum resources revealed that, during the past three decades, approximately thirty museums of a predominantly thematic character have been established, particularly in the country's most visited destination (Sarajevo). Furthermore, an open-air museum (ethno-village) trend has begun. Museum visitation is increasing in tandem with tourist trips to the country, despite a lack of adequate monitoring (incomplete figures that are inconsistent with the situation in the field). Despite the fact that the global crisis disrupted tourism and museum development (COVID-19), both areas are key drivers of economic revitalization, as evidenced by new ideas and projects in this field. However, in addition to the benefits of increased museum activity, the study highlighted certain issues (e.g., lower engagement of professional staff and women etc.), which will encourage future research to provide more sustainable strategies for museum development.

Various activities in the tourism sector, especially transportation, have a negative impact on the atmospheric complex. The paper aims to re­search tourism’s impact on global carbon dioxide emissions, the generation of photochemical smog, and noise and light pollution. Various tourism in­dustry activities have been identified, as well as tourist transport factors on which the intensity of air pollution depends. To demonstrate the harmful effects, statistical indicators and other results of modern scientific research were used, including the consequences of pollution on the living world. The paper provides current knowledge in the field, highlighting the risks of mass tourism, and the global need for more rational planning of sustainable tour­ism development.

<jats:p />

Background: Medical decision making represent a branch of medical informatics. Our decisions and actions are based not only on relevant information but also on our knowledge of the nature of problem that is being solved. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and explaine the importance of medical decision making in physician's practice with information technology support. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on reviewing of apropriate scientific literaure stored in scientific databases like PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, Embase, Hinary, etc, Results and Discussion: The reality is that the physician very often makes the decisions on the basis of the incomplete information. Besides that, the value of the available information for the processes of decision making is always relative regarding to the basis on the base of knowledge of the decision carrier. Medical decision making certainly be continuously exposed to it, which is the reason why it could not be of more important. The intricate aspects of medical decision making has been discussed in this article. A decision is a choice varying between several different courses of action that may be pursued. Each decision comes as a result of complex processes which provide two or more options providing results, as well as intro and retrospection, and examination or perspective into the future. As is in everyday life, the principles of decision making are present in medicine as well. Conclusion: Medical decision-making is a process of continuous balancing of concrete risks in which doctors show "loss aversion". Medical decisions are vital - to medical professionals, patients and society. They are difficult, and may provide positive outcomes, or poor complications. They test doctors maximally, and provide insight into the effectiveness of doctors. Doctors do not enter into a “business but social contract” with the patient. Additionally, it may ease and expedite the process of medical decision making, a luxury which was not always present for physicians.

: The aim of the article was to identify and evaluate gastronomic attributes at Sarajevo tourist destination. The objectives were to: 1) analyse the development trend in hospitality; 2) analyse the structure of hospitality facilities at destination and their spatial distribution, as well as to identify typical catering units represented on the terrain; 4) represent the traditional gastronomy and particular Bosnian & Sarajevo authentic dishes as important part of tourism supply and culture; 5) evaluate gastronomy of destination by 3 categories: tourism managers and employees, and tourists- the visitors. The positive results were found toward the overall satisfaction with gastronomy and gastronomy as a travel motive. Therefore the culinary and gastro-tourism could play an important role in the further tourism development of Sarajevo destination.

Background: Everyday, doctors and individuals in the field of healthcare must make calculated decisions which have important consequences, impacting patients on the individual level, and communities and nations on a more global level. Healthcare professionals must at times make these choices with limited information, resources, and knowledge, and yet is is expected that these decisions are highly calculated and accurate. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and explaine the importance of medical decision making in physician's practice. Methods: It is cross-sectional study based on reviewing of apropriate scientific literaure stored in scientific databases like PubMed Central Scopus, Embase, Hinary, etc, Results and Discussion: Medical decision making certainly be continuously exposed to it, which is the reason why it could not be of more important. The intricate aspects of medical decision making has been discussed in this article. A decision is a choice varying between several different courses of action that may be pursued. Each decision comes as a result of complex processes which provide two or more options providing results, as well as intro and retrospection, and examination or perspective into the future. As is in everyday life, the principles of decision making are present in medicine as well. In the world of biomedicine, decisions may rely on the available systems of information provided to the decision maker through medical documentation. Additionally, it may ease and expedite the process of medical decision making, a luxury which was not always present for physicians. Conclusion: Medical decision making is highly important to doctors and patients alike, as well as the broader population. Medical decisions are vital - to medical professionals, patients and society. They are difficult, and may provide positive outcomes, or poor complications. They test doctors maximally, and provide insight into the effectiveness of doctors. And finally, from the presented strategy, we can conclude that the mathematical models provides support in diagnosis and therapeutic selection in patients with heart damage by cardiovascular diseases and its helped to pysician, as decision maker, to decide which and when appropriate decision will be used. In health care, shared decision-making is increasingly embraced and recommended. It is important to involve patients in health care decisions, to communicate with them, and to provide patient-centered care, however formal models and evaluations in cardiovascular care are still in their infancy.

Background: Alternative The topic of this article is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to bring readers closer to the development and importance of pharmacy and health activities in general of this century. Methods: This is sistematic review of the published papers about historical facts about development pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past. Results and Discusion: There are few documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state, because very little was written and mostly knowledge was transmitted by narrative. Bosnia, as an independent state, was first mentioned in the Charter of Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The Charter was sent to the Republic of Dubrovnik and provided safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and tax exemption. The Republic of Dubrovnik also had many influences on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists were able to come to Bosnia unhindered and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. Conclusion: Until Bosnia came under Ottoman influence, treatment in Bosnia was rather primitive, the number of pharmacies and health facilities was minimal, and hygienic conditions were rather poor. Folk medicine and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, by narrative tradition. Only with the arrival of the Ottomans, hospitals and pharmacies began to open, and the health care system was better regulated.

Background: Biochemistry is the science of the chemical composition of living things and of chemical changes in living things. Biochemical–laboratory diagnostics occupy a prominent place in medicine. Today's knowledge in the field of laboratory diagnostics enables reliable diagnostic verification of the physiological and pathological condition of the subject and monitoring of the patient's therapy. Objective: The aim of this article is to look at the economic and communication aspect of laboratory diagnostics in family medicine and present some statistically relevant data related to the already mentioned topic. Methods: Author used a few important sost analysis to assess every diagnostic and therapeutic procedure which should be analyzed from the aspect of its profitability, i.e. To determine their effectiveness and safety of application as stated in the Accreditation Standards for Health Centers. Results: A total of 5333 laboratory tests are represented in 1000 requests. The percentage representation of the most frequent individual laboratory tests in the requests of all teams of doctors involved in the health care system was in order; GUK (14%), BS (14%), urine (13.9%), SE (10.3%), total cholesterol (8.5%), triglycerides (8.4%), aminotransferases (6.7 %), creatinine (6.7%), urea (4.8%), bilirubin (0.9%), fibrinogen (0.9%), CRP (0.8%), AF (0.8%), HDL cholesterol (0.7%), calcium in serum (0.6%), phosphorus in serum (0.5%), acidum uricum (0.5%). Of the general practitioners, the largest number of patients referred to the biochemical and hematology laboratory were diagnosed with diabetes, followed by diseases of the urinary system and hypertension. The same is the case with family medicine doctors, while from specialist doctors, the largest number of patients are sent to the biochemical and hematology laboratory with diseases of the urinary tract, followed by diseases of the respiratory tract, endocrinological system and anemia. Conclusion: An economic analysis of the number of required laboratory tests by disease indicates a different number of points per required test and by disease. The highest costs are related to diabetes, followed by the costs of respiratory diseases, urinary diseases and finally hypertension.

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Nature Protection Law complies with significant European directives and conventions intended to safeguard hab­itat and biodiversity. The objectives of the paper are to investigate Bosnia and Herzegovina’s legal framework for managing natural resources and to identify protected areas as the spots of sustainable tourism. Bosnia and Her­zegovina is home to a wide range of biodiversity due to its three distinct ge­ographical zones, the Mediterranean, Euro Siberian-Bore American, and Al­pine-Nordic Highlands. As a result, more protected areas are being estab­lished, with Sarajevo creating the first protected area that adheres to IUCN guidelines. Recently, new protected areas have been added to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s tourism supply to meet the rising demand for natural plac­es. Bosnia and Herzegovina is perceived as an ecotourism destination by the majority of its citizens, hence the trend toward protected areas is seen as favorable.

The protected landscape (PL) of Biambare is one of the most fa­mous green sites for local visitors and tourists of Sarajevo. This area is distin­guished by beautiful Bosnian Alps (Dinarids) meadows and plenty of spec­tacular natural phenomena, especially caves; the Central Biambare Cave is currently the most popular. The terrain is situated at an elevation range of 915–1044 m above sea level, so it mostly has a pleasant pre-mountain climate, etc. Therefore, tourism supply is based on different products and activities: speleology; walking in nature; bicycling; riding; hiking; alpinism; fishing; hunting; skiing; and collecting medicinal herbs and mushrooms. The aim of the paper is to represent the Biambare tourist image based on identifying its central natural attributes and according to the evaluation of the visitor’s experience. The two relevant parameters for understanding tourist impressions are: “satisfaction” and “loyalty”. These are higher among foreign than resident visitors, particularly among Middle Eastern tourists, who favour this site above many others in Canton Sarajevo.

Background: Scientific research is the only real way and method for the proliferation of true knowledge in all spheres of science, but also in academic institutions. Medical, and in a broader sense biomedical scientific research, is a process of systematic research of current and important health problems related to defined aspects of physical, mental or social well-being of the population of local, regional or global character. Objective: As the fact that today is conducted a number of scientific researches in the field of medicine, it is necessary to define the steps by which it is carried out to make it universal and to have scientific value. This paper describes the research methods, study design, the way in which one should be written, and why it is important to publicize the same. The aim of this article is to present the current tools available in scientometry for the evaluation of scientific validity of published articles and explain the purpose. Methods: Special emphasis is placed on scientometrics as the science that evaluates scientific papers and their citation in the selected sample of journals. Results and Discussion: The most important satisfaction for any scientist should be the realization that the result of research in a certain way in the future will affect at least one person to be healthier, which should be fundamental to the realization of research in practice–at universities or specialized scientific laboratories and institutes. Scientometrics analyzes scientific articles and their citation in a selected sample of scientific journals. Bibliometrics denotes quantitative research of communication processes by applying appropriate mathematical and statistical methods to books and other communication media. Bibliometric methods are used for quantitative analysis of written materials. Citation provides guidelines for scientific work, because it stimulates scientists to deal with the most current areas of research, and organizes scientific article at the world level, or shapes and directs it. Citation is influenced by: article quality, understanding of the article, language in which the article is written, loyalty to a group of researchers, article type, etc. In this article we pointed that h-Index presents one of a set of valuable measures to determine scientific excellence (bibliometrics recognize also m-value as useful). Some of the indicators used in the evaluation of scientific work are: Impact factor (IF); Citation of the article; Journal citations; Number and order of authors, etc. Impact Factor is the number of citations of articles published in the journal during the previous two years divided by the total number of articles published in the journal during the same period. Factor of influence depends on: the quality of the journal, the language on which it was printed, the area it covers, the journal distribution system. Although the h-Index is a better measure than a citation impact factor (IF), it is still based on the opinions of other authors. Conclusion: Since research in medicine can affect the improvement of clinical and public health practices, it is necessary to conduct them. Only quality research with exact results offers the scientific community new information about the examined problem, and the researcher personal satisfaction, the possibility of communicating and conducting scientific dialogue with other members of the academic community, and opening opportunities to receive critical review of those who have insight into the research.

Background: Mobile pharmacies are special organizational units or infrastructures that serve to supply medicines to remote communities or are stationed on ships or as such exist during war conflicts on the battlefields to provide first aid to the wounded and to provide the necessary medicines. The establishment of mobile pharmacies is regulated by the law of each state and only preparations approved by law can be found in it. There are also regulations for the good storage and warehousing of these drugs. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the available literature on the topic “Mobile pharmacies through history”, which shows the development and progress in the structure and function of mobile pharmacies throughout history. Methods: This is an descriptive study based on the searched available literature from the on-line databases regarding to present a historical overview of mobile pharmacies during the most significant war events in Europe and the USA. Results and Discussion: Mobile pharmacies were first mentioned in Egypt and the Roman Empire, but it was not until 1500 that military and ship’s doctors began using them, and wealthy nobles had their own boxes of medicines, which they carried on long voyages. Mobile pharmacies became more and more popular, so in the 18th century, practical manuals on the use of the contents of the box began to be published. The importance of a mobile pharmacy was shown in the wars, where people, before their appearance, died due to the impossibility of providing first aid on the battlefield. The advanced medicine and pharmacy that developed on land, greatly affected the health care at the sea. The constant incidence of infectious diseases, poverty and inadequate nutrition, insecurity of navigation and long voyages are the main reasons why sailors often fell ill and were exposed to injuries at work. A situation like that required that the problem of health protection on ships gets solved in accordance with the then principles of medicine and pharmacy. Conclusion: Authors demonstrated the importance of mobile pharmacies in treating and providing medical protection on boat trips. Regarding the ship’s pharmacies, pharmacists have the role of supplying ships with medicines, conducting training for captains and ship staff, advising shipping companies and captains on equipping ship pharmacies and advising on the preparation of national regulations and national ship pharmacy supply policy.