Background: The Organized health care during Ottoman Empire was poor, and the population of Bosnia looked to the clergy of all denominations, among which the Franciscans play a significant role, for a cure for their ailments, both mental and physical. The Franciscan motto of living, not only for yourself but also for others was, also, reflected in the Bosnian Franciscans’ provision of medical services to people. Objective: The aim of this article was to show, based on the available literature, the development of medicine and pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the medieval period until the Second World War with description methods of treatment, medicinal forms and preparations that were used in the mentioned period. Methods: The subject of this study was the development of medicine and pharmacy in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 14th century until the Second World War. In order to achieve the set goals, a) Retreival of professional and scientific literature and b) Search of scientific databases and web pages on the Internet that offer adequate and relevant data and historical facts related to the subject of studies were carried out. Most of the facts are covered in previously published articles by the author and deposited in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases, as well as in books and monographs by the author of this text. Results and Discussion: In the Middle Ages, folk medicine was present, in which herbalists looked for medicines in certain plant and animal species. In the 13th century, Bosnia was settled by the Franciscans, who permanently marked the development of medicine and pharmacy. They are educated at prestigious universities abroad, from where they bring their knowledge, skills and recipes and write them in books, which are called ljekaruse (medicine books). Every historical period brought some changes for medicine and pharmacy, so the Ottoman Empire brought customs of frequent cleaning, public fountains and hammams were built. During the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the first hospitals and pharmacies were established, and laws on pharmacy activity were introduced. Written documents on the history of the medicine and pharmacy development in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly found in the libraries of monasteries, and a significant number of them are also in the libraries of madrasas, and the National and University Librarie in Sarajevo and the former Institute of Hygiene in Sarajevo. Conclusion: In connection with the medical and pharmacy practice of the Bosnian Franciscans, the question of the various medical records that they created, which helped them in their health efforts, stands out. First of all, we are talking about numerous medicinal books, so called ”ljekaruse”. On the soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were many such “ljekarusa” who mostly grew up at the sources of national experience. In those books, the recipes are mostly based on the use of medicinal herbs. Historians of medicine believe that these medicinal books represent the cultural and historical significance of our regions

Background: The development of medicine and pharmacy in the Bosnia and Herzegovina was marked by different historical periods–first they were settled by the Illyrians and Delmatians, and after them came the Romans, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Objective: The aims of this article are to show, based on the available literature: a) The development of medicine and pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the medieval period until the Second World War; b) The most significant historical events that marked the development of medicine and pharmacy in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina; c) Methods of treatment, medicinal forms and preparations that were used in the mentioned period. Methods: The subject of this study was the development of medicine and pharmacy in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 14th century until the Second World War. In order to achieve the set goals, a) Retreival of professional and scientific literature and b) Search of scientific databases and web pages on the Internet that offer adequate and relevant data and historical facts related to the subject of studies were carried out. Most of the facts are covered in previously published articles by the author and deposited in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases, as well as in books and monographs by the author of this text. Results and Discussion: In the Middle Ages, folk medicine was present, in which herbalists looked for medicines in certain plant and animal species. In the 13th century, Bosnia was settled by the Franciscans, who permanently marked the development of medicine and pharmacy. They are educated at prestigious universities abroad, from where they bring their knowledge, skills and recipes and write them in books, which are called ljekaruse (medicine books). Every historical period brought some changes for medicine and pharmacy, so the Ottoman Empire brought customs of frequent cleaning, public fountains and hammams were built. During the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the first hospitals and pharmacies were established, and laws on pharmacy activity were introduced. Written documents on the history of the medicine and pharmacy development in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly found in the libraries of monasteries, and a significant number of them are also in the libraries of madrasas, and the National and University Librarie in Sarajevo and the library of former Institute of Hygiene in Sarajevo. Conclusion: In connection with the medical and pharmacy practice of the Bosnian Franciscans, the question of the various medical records that they created, which helped them in their health efforts, stands out. First of all, we are talking about numerous medicinal books, so called ”ljekaruse”. On the soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were many such “ljekarusa” who mostly grew up at the sources of national experience. In those books, the recipes are mostly based on the use of medicinal herbs. Historians of medicine believe that these medicinal books represent the cultural and historical significance of our regions.

Background: History of pharmaceutical industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) has its roots from 1951. Importance of domestic industry not just from economical aspect but also from public health perspective and as scientific base has not been evaluated previously. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide the review of the pharmaceutical industry developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, its roots, current position and future perspectives.. Methods: Research of published scientific papers as well other documents and archives of pharmaceutical manufacturers has been conducted. We have also analysed market trends focusing on domestic producers. Results and Discussion: Over more than seventy years of B&H pharmaceutical industry has been developing. During Yugoslavia only two companies existed of which one, Bosnalijek is still present, while Sanofarm has been closed. After 1996, expansion of domestic manufacturers started and today six companies are present. They are mainly oriented to generic drugs production in different forms. Total market share of domestic producers in B&H is 20-25% which is relatively low comparing to other countries. Many of domestic manufacturers are exporting their products to some of the most demanding markets in Europe and Middle East. Conclusion: Long history of domestic drug manufacturers in B&H gives solid legacy for future developments. Importance of local producers has been confirmed during war in B&H and COVID-19 pandemic as a crisis situation, mainly from public health perspective and sustainable supply of essential medicines. Higher support by state and collaboration with academia in order to expand portfolio, especially in area of biologic medicines is required in future.

Background: Alternative The topic of this article is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to bring readers closer to the development and importance of pharmacy and health activities in general of this century. Methods: This is sistematic review of the published papers about historical facts about development pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past. Results and Discusion: There are few documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state, because very little was written and mostly knowledge was transmitted by narrative. Bosnia, as an independent state, was first mentioned in the Charter of Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The Charter was sent to the Republic of Dubrovnik and provided safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and tax exemption. The Republic of Dubrovnik also had many influences on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists were able to come to Bosnia unhindered and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. Conclusion: Until Bosnia came under Ottoman influence, treatment in Bosnia was rather primitive, the number of pharmacies and health facilities was minimal, and hygienic conditions were rather poor. Folk medicine and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, by narrative tradition. Only with the arrival of the Ottomans, hospitals and pharmacies began to open, and the health care system was better regulated.

Background: For many years, pharmacy and medicine were inseparable sciences, so everything that was done in the field of medicine, that is, treatment, can be related to pharmacy. The history of pharmacy therefore also includes the history of medicine, at least until the 13th century, when pharmacy was officially separated from medicine. Objective: The aim of this study was: to describe the books and monographs that are available on the Internet, which deal with the study of the history of Pharmacy; and to show pharmaceutical history museums around the world and their unique collections of pharmaceutical artifacts. Methods: During the preparation of this paper, a descriptive method of analysis from the available literature was used. The analysis of available literature included professional books, monographs, articles and other literature available on online browsers. Results and Discussion: Today there are a large number of societies, academies, associations and foundations dealing with the history of pharmacy. Also, a lot of books, monographs and scientific papers published in on-line databases. The goal of each organization is the research of historical facts in the field of pharmacy and medicine that will be shared with professionals, but also persons who are not from the profession (doctors, librarians, archaeologists, archivists). A large number of museums have been opened for the history of pharmacy, and almost every developed country has such a museum. Such museums represent a national treasure, because they preserve the valuables of pharmacy from the territory of the country, as well as the world.

Background: The rich history of pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been sporadically dealt with systematically, except by enthusiasts and researchers. The only book on this topic was published in 1958, and after the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina, the history of pharmacy was treated mainly as part of the history of medicine. The lack of a culture of memory and a systematic approach to historical heritage brought together a group of experts who deal with this topic in more detail and collect available historical relevant material. Pharmacy as a highly regulated health discipline also in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a legacy of legal acts and documents that depict different periods and the development of pharmacy itself under the influence of circumstances and legislation. Objective: The aim of this paper is to show the development of legislation related to the pharmaceutical sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the historical periods of its development. Methods: This is retrospective research based on internet sources, archives and publications available in libraries. Results and Discussion: The available legal regulations and documents through five periods of pharmaceutical development were analysed, from which it can be concluded that the organization of the pharmaceutical industry and its development over time remained stricter. Legal regulations depict the role of pharmacy in the health system, but they also represent sources for further research in this area, and constitute important historiographical material. The analysis of legal regulations speaks volumes about the way pharmaceutical activity is organized, so it is possible to follow the appearance of the first pharmacies, pharmacists, requirements for the quality of medicines, production and the modern role of pharmacists in the health system. Pharmaceutical legislation will certainly be the subject of future negotiations on the accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union, and harmonization with the acquis of the EU is expected in the coming period.

Background: Mobile pharmacies are special organizational units or infrastructures that serve to supply medicines to remote communities or are stationed on ships or as such exist during war conflicts on the battlefields to provide first aid to the wounded and to provide the necessary medicines. The establishment of mobile pharmacies is regulated by the law of each state and only preparations approved by law can be found in it. There are also regulations for the good storage and warehousing of these drugs. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the available literature on the topic “Mobile pharmacies through history”, which shows the development and progress in the structure and function of mobile pharmacies throughout history. Methods: This is an descriptive study based on the searched available literature from the on-line databases regarding to present a historical overview of mobile pharmacies during the most significant war events in Europe and the USA. Results and Discussion: Mobile pharmacies were first mentioned in Egypt and the Roman Empire, but it was not until 1500 that military and ship’s doctors began using them, and wealthy nobles had their own boxes of medicines, which they carried on long voyages. Mobile pharmacies became more and more popular, so in the 18th century, practical manuals on the use of the contents of the box began to be published. The importance of a mobile pharmacy was shown in the wars, where people, before their appearance, died due to the impossibility of providing first aid on the battlefield. The advanced medicine and pharmacy that developed on land, greatly affected the health care at the sea. The constant incidence of infectious diseases, poverty and inadequate nutrition, insecurity of navigation and long voyages are the main reasons why sailors often fell ill and were exposed to injuries at work. A situation like that required that the problem of health protection on ships gets solved in accordance with the then principles of medicine and pharmacy. Conclusion: Authors demonstrated the importance of mobile pharmacies in treating and providing medical protection on boat trips. Regarding the ship’s pharmacies, pharmacists have the role of supplying ships with medicines, conducting training for captains and ship staff, advising shipping companies and captains on equipping ship pharmacies and advising on the preparation of national regulations and national ship pharmacy supply policy.

Background: Sarajevo has had the destiny of a place where different civilizations collided. This reflected on all aspects of life in Sarajevo. The development of pharmacy in Sarajevo began a long time ago. This article presents the development of private Sarajevo pharmacies in the 19th and 20th centuries. Objective: The article aims to introduce the reader to a chronological overview of the opening of pharmacies, their owners and the addresses where they were located. Results and Discussion: The article deals with prominent doctors who were also pharmacists, as well as attars and attar shops which are considered the forerunners of modern pharmacies. During the Austro-Hungarian period, pharmacies and pharmacy activities flourished. They introduce reforms and organize the pharmacy business as we know it today. Conclusion: At that time, the owners of the pharmacies were foreigners, mostly Czechs and Poles. During the old Yugoslavia, additional pharmacies were opened. After the Second World War, all private pharmacies in this area became state property.