Different decision-making models are used in various areas of human life, however no area relies as much on analytical data as professional sports. The perceived opportunities and problems are the key factors that heavily influence the decision-making process itself. This especially applies to sport coaches and their ability to make proper strategy-related decision ahead of the next match their teams will face. The development of the sports industry, its importance, both at the national and global level, requires these decisions be made analytically and rationally, that is, to avoid making intuitive decisions whenever possible. One of the ways to achieve this is to utilize the SWOT method. The present research was carried out in five stages, which were supposed to determine, by means of utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the radical and key goals of a handball team facing the next opponent. The sample of the study was a handball match between Denmark and Croatia played at the European Championship in Hungary in 2022. In the first stages of the research, the key strengths and weaknesses of both teams were determined using quantitative methods, followed by the qualitative Analytic Hierarchy Process method, which made the comparison between the teams possible viable. The obtained results were then assessed by means of the Denmark and Croatia National Team Factors Evaluation. The final results were then displayed using the Denmark-Croatia Matrix. The decision on the strategy for the upcoming match was made using the TOWS Matrix. We have come up with five identified goals, one of which, should it be fulfilled, would eventually lead the national team of Denmark to the victory. The final score, alongside with the entire analysis, have provided justification for the decision-making model used therein.

Corrosion typically happens when materials are exposed to an aggressive environment, which results in a degradation of material. Corrosion testing calculates the material's resistance to corrosion under certain environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature. The process is measured and analysed to determine the likelihood of corrosion. We can test a variety of metal types, including duplex and austenitic stainless steels and wrought nickel-rich chromium-bearing alloys. Our Metallurgical Department offers several different corrosion testing methods, including Intergranular Corrosion Testing (IGC), Pitting Corrosion Testing, and Rate Corrosion Testing. We work to the following testing standards: Pitting and crevice corrosion testing to ASTM G48 (Method A) and ASTM A923 Method C* Intergranular corrosion tests (ICC) to ASTM A262 Practice A, C and E and BS EN ISO 3651-2 Method A and ASTM G28 (Method A).

Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks. All tasks involved in well servicing ensure that the oil continues to flow and the well components function as expected. Well servicing involves many types of work. Sometimes the well can continue to operate while it undergoes servicing. In some instances, shutting down production can result in better flow following the changes, making the workover effort worth the temporary stoppage. Since each well's situation differs, and various well servicing tasks will be needed at different times. Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks.Well servicing is an essential part of operating an oil or gas well. Servicing encompasses the tasks done during the rest of the life of the well after drilling. Therefore, it is essential to keep up with these maintenance activities. Regular servicing can prevent problems before major disruptions occur. Understanding the basics of well maintenance and services will give you a better appreciation for these tasks during the well's production life. Well work, also known as well interventions, includes any repairs or changes needed to improve the well's operation. This type of service includes light and heavy interventions. Light interventions typically fall to the well service crew. These types of well work do not require the well to stop pumping. Instead, crews may conduct operations such as using wireline or coiled tubing to prevent future blockages. In some cases, light interventions may include collecting data from the bottom of the well or adjusting pumps and valves downwell. The other type of well work is heavy intervention, which also goes by the term workover.

Gas conditioning Gas conditioning involves a series of treatments like dehydration, sweetening, and fractionation to eliminate impurities and make the gas suitable for its intended applications. These processes help prevent pipeline blockages, equipment corrosion, reduced flow rates, increased energy consumption, and potential system failures, ensuring a reliable and optimized natural gas supply for various industries and consumers. Dehydration involves removing moisture from the gas stream to prevent the formation of hydrates, which can cause pipeline blockages. Sweetening involves removing acid gases that can corrode pipelines and equipment and harm the environment. Fractionation involves separating the heavier hydrocarbons from the natural gas to meet specific product specifications. During the gas conditioning process, removing at least 99.5% of the particles and impurities present in the natural gas stream is necessary for many critical reasons. Safety and Compliance: Impurities in natural gas can pose safety risks and regulatory compliance issues. For example, acid gases like hydrogen sulfide can be toxic and corrosive, posing health hazards to workers and causing damage to equipment and infrastructure. Removing a significant portion of these impurities makes the gas safer to handle, transport and utilize in various applications. Efficiency and Performance: Impurities in natural gas can have detrimental effects on the efficiency and performance of gas processing and utilization systems. Liquid droplets and particulate matter can cause blockages in pipelines, reducing the flow rates, and hindering the system’s overall performance. By removing a substantial portion of these particles, the gas can flow smoothly, maximizing its utilization efficiency and ensuring optimal system performance. Product Quality: Impurities can affect the quality and specifications of natural gas required for specific applications. For instance, heavy hydrocarbons can impact the energy content and combustion characteristics of the gas, affecting its performance in gas turbines or other combustion processes. By achieving a high removal rate of impurities, the resulting gas meets the desired quality standards, ensuring consistent and reliable performance in various industrial and commercial applications. Environmental Considerations: Some impurities in natural gas, such as sulfur compounds, contribute to air pollution and environmental degradation when released into the atmosphere. By removing a significant portion of these impurities, the gas conditioning process helps reduce emissions and minimize the environmental impact associated with natural gas production, transportation, and utilization.

Two Phase Separators Two-phase separator is also called gas-liquid separator. As its name suggests, it is used for separating gas and liquid in wet gas stream, or more generally the gas/liquid stream, when the complex liquid phase components are not required to be separated from each other.

Working Guide to Drilling Equipment and Operations offers a practical guide to drilling technologies and procedures. The book begins by introducing basic concepts such as the functions of drilling muds; types of drilling fluids; testing of drilling systems; and completion and workover fluids. This is followed by discussions of the composition of the drill string; air and gas drilling operations; and directional drilling. The book identifies the factors that should be considered for optimized drilling operations: health, safety, and environment; production capability; and drilling implementation. It explains how to control well pressure. It details the process of fishing, i.e. removal of a fish (part of the drill string that separates from the upper remaining portion of the drill string) or junk (small items of non-drillable metals) from the borehole. The remaining chapters cover the different types of casing and casing string design; well cementing; the proper design of tubing; and the environmental aspects of drilling.

Oil and gas well tubing strings must be designed to withstand the forces and stresses generated by the anticipated service conditions over the operating life of the well. In addition, if the tubing is free to move, tubing length changes must be determined so that adequate seal assembly lengths are selected. This section is designed to help the completion engineer in understanding the reasons and consequences of the stresses and strain caused to the tubing and guide him/her through the tubing stress analysis process. Introduction: The cost of tubulars and completion components is often a large portion of the total well cost and can be as high as 20% of the total. The tubing and the completion form an integral part of the safety of the well. Failure of the completion can result in injuries, fatalities, major expenditure and considerable loss of production. Tubing stress analysis is a major requirement of any completion design. Since the calculations involved in the analysis procedure are complex, a computer program is used in determining the optimum tubing design. Consequently, it is no longer necessary for the designer to perform hand calculations to analyse tubing string stress and strain. However, an understanding of the calculations and procedure is required to properly utilise the tubing analysis computer model. Computer analysis liberates the designer from the drudgery of repetitious calculations due to the all the permutations of prognosed data available and optional completion designs so that he or she can concentrate on achieving a more accurate estimate of the service conditions. The tubing stress analysis computer program in use by BP worldwide is Enertech’s WellCat package. This document is not intended to be a user manual for such computing packages although reference can be made to the WellCat manual. Keywords: tubing stress analysis, oil and gas industry, drilling

In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), also known as as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit, is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Crude oil is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the distillation process separates this crude oil into broad categories of its component hydrocarbons, or "fractions," which serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.  As oil is being fed into the crude distillation unit, the first thing that happens is the crude is heated to a temperature between 215°F and 280°F (100°C - 137°C).  This allows salts, which can be harmful and corrosive to some equipment, to be removed at the desalter.  The now desalted crude is further heated to temperatures up to 750°F (400°C) as it is fed into the atmospheric distillation tower where the vapors and liquids separate based on the different temperatures at which they boil/condense. At temperatures above 750°F (400°C), the oil would thermally crack, or break apart, which would hinder the distillation process.

What is Oil and Gas Separation? The process of oil and gas separation is crucial in the petroleum industry as it helps in the separation of crude oil, natural gas, and water for further processing and transportation. When oil and gas come out of the wellhead, they are in a state of a multiphase system that comprises of hydrocarbons, water, and at times solids. When there is no separation, downstream refining and transport are affected, and this leads to operational problems and high costs. The main goal of the oil separation process is to maximize the purity of each component with the least amount of energy and time. Effective separation improves productivity, reduces wear and tear of equipment and helps in meeting the legal requirements of environmental impacts. It works like the traffic light system of a city where each component is guided to its proper place to prevent traffic jam and delay. This not only safeguards the infrastructure but also enhances the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery, which is a key element of the current gas industry.

Temper Bead Welding (TBW) Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was adopted into the 2004 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX; the adoption of TBW has permitted welders to strategically exploit the effects of welding. Of particular note, is the ability to utilize TBW to create a weldment with improved strength and low temperature impact properties without the application of post weld heat treatment (PWHT). However, to reliably obtain these benefits requires development of a robust welding procedure, performance qualification and parameter controls during production welding. The origins of the process can be traced back to the half-bead repair approach using SMAW electrodes

This study explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping digital diplomacy, public relations, and security dynamics across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. By integrating AI-driven analytics with social media monitoring, the research emphasizes how machine learning and algorithmic tools redefine information dissemination mechanisms, influence political narratives, and enhance cybersecurity frameworks. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of digital communication patterns with quantitative data on user perceptions of online security, surveillance, and self-censorship. The findings reveal that AI-enabled technologies-such as automated content moderation, sentiment analysis, and predictive modeling-serve as double-edged instruments: while they empower governments and institutions to counter disinformation, manage crises, and engage global audiences, they also raise concerns about algorithmic bias, digital surveillance, and privacy violations. In the MENA context, AI facilitates both strategic narrative control and participatory engagement, reflecting the tension between innovation and constraint in authoritarian environments. The research highlights that over 68% of surveyed users expressed fear of surveillance, and over 70% practiced self-censorship, illustrating the pervasive impact of AI monitoring on civic discourse. Ultimately, the study concludes that the future of digital diplomacy in MENA depends on adopting AI-driven but ethically governed communication strategies-balancing security imperatives with transparency, inclusivity, and digital rights. This work contributes to the emerging scholarship on AI in international communication, proposing a framework for responsible AI integration that protects user autonomy while strengthening national and regional stability.

Radiography is carried out based on the geometrical shape of the material and the required details of the image. The best possible configuration is chosen and the film placement and location of radiation source is determined. In this respect the configuration of cylindrical objects like pipeline and offshore structural members are more critical.

Measuring the flow of liquids is a critical need in many industrial applications. In some operations, the ability to conduct accurate flow measurements is so important that it can make the difference between making a profit or taking a loss. In other cases, inaccurate flow measurements – or failure to take measurements – can cause serious (or even disastrous) results. With most liquid flow measurement instruments, the flow rate is determined inferentially by measuring the liquid’s velocity or the change in kinetic energy. Velocity depends on the pressure differential that is forcing the liquid through a pipe or conduit. Because the pipe’s cross-sectional area is known and remains constant, the average velocity is an indication of the flow rate. The basic relationship for determining the liquid’s flow rate in such cases is: Q = V x A Where Q = Liquid flow through the pipe V = Average velocity of the flow A = Cross-sectional area of the pipe Other factors that affect liquid flow rate include the liquid’s viscosity and density, as well as the friction of the liquid in contact with the pipe. What is a Flow Meter? A flow meter (or a flow sensor) is type of flow instrument that is used to indicate the amount of liquid, gas, or vapor moving through a pipe or conduit by measuring linear, non-linear, mass, or volumetric flow rates. Since flow control is often essential, measuring the flow of liquids and gasses is a critical need for many industrial applications – and there are many different types of flow meters that can be utilized depending on the nature of the application. When choosing a flow meter, one should consider such intangible factors as familiarity of plant personnel, their experience with calibration and maintenance, spare parts availability, and meant time between failure history, etc., at the particular plant site. It is also recommended that the cost of the installation be computed only after taking these steps. One of the most common flow measurement mistakes is the reversal of this sequence: instead of selecting a sensor which will perform properly, an attempt is made to justify the use of a device because it is less expensive. Those “inexpensive” purchases can be the costliest installations.