Selective separation and removal of a metal species from complex matrices of other species is of critical importance in separation sciences and especially in industrial processes. The selectivity and efficiency of Pb(II) ion removal from an aqueous solution in the presence of Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) ions as competing ions in a multi-component aqueous source phase through bulk liquid membrane system were investigated. The influence of the palmitic and oleic acid as supporting surfactants in the membrane phase on the removal of Pb(II) ions was also analyzed. Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 dissolved in chloroform, proved to be a selective and efficient carrier for Pb(II) ions. In the optimized procedure, 3 hours of equilibrium time was required to achieve the maximum removal efficiency. It was found, that removal of Pb(II) ions was achieved without significant reduction in the efficiency compared to the liquid membrane transport of a single-component system. None of these cations interfered with Pb(II) removal. The presence of the oleic and palmitic acid in the membrane phase increase the content of Pb(II) removed to the receiving phase. In optimal transport conditions, more than 97% efficiencies for the removal of Pb(II) were obtained for a system supported by oleic acid. The excellent efficiency and high degree of selectivity for the Pb(II) ion removal by the proposed BLM system, reveals its potential application for the selective removal, concentration, and purification of lead ions from its different mixtures.

Various plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years as natural medicines with therapeutic and other pharmacologic effects. Bioactive compounds found in plants, such as flavonoids, trace minerals, essential oils, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins, can affect microbial growth, reproduction, and essential cell functions. Plants of the Amaranthaceae family have a broad range of bioactive phytochemical constituents, which provide a variety of medicinal benefits. This review article discusses the characteristics of Amaranthaceae plants that may indicate their use as medicinal plants, especially against infectious diseases. According to the literature, Amaranthaceae plants contain considerable levels of bioactive compounds that make them effective in traditional medicine, even though their impact on numerous microbes has yet to be examined.

Background: Alternative The topic of this article is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to bring readers closer to the development and importance of pharmacy and health activities in general of this century. Methods: This is sistematic review of the published papers about historical facts about development pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past. Results and Discusion: There are few documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state, because very little was written and mostly knowledge was transmitted by narrative. Bosnia, as an independent state, was first mentioned in the Charter of Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The Charter was sent to the Republic of Dubrovnik and provided safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and tax exemption. The Republic of Dubrovnik also had many influences on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists were able to come to Bosnia unhindered and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. Conclusion: Until Bosnia came under Ottoman influence, treatment in Bosnia was rather primitive, the number of pharmacies and health facilities was minimal, and hygienic conditions were rather poor. Folk medicine and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, by narrative tradition. Only with the arrival of the Ottomans, hospitals and pharmacies began to open, and the health care system was better regulated.

Endogenously expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in various (patho)physiological processes. miRNA dysregulation is frequently linked to the onset and progression of numerous diseases, hence miRNA-based therapy could be an effective strategy for treating or preventing genetic, immune, or metabolic disorders. Even though miR-27a has been identified as a promising candidate for miRNA mimic therapy of obesity, its use is restricted due to enzymatic degradation and low membrane permeability [1].

Meat inspection is an important part of education for every veterinary student. However, traditional teaching methods require the sacrifice of living animals, and are thus considered expensive, inadequate and inhumane. Development of novel technologies has provided opportunities for new, improved ways of education. Smart 3D Meat Inspection (S3DMI) is an elearning tool that allows veterinary medicine students to acquire required skills using virtual 3D models of animal organs and carcasses. These models can be manipulated and “cut” just like real organs, allowing students to learn this essential skill without the need for animal carcasses. Students are allowed to practice any part of meat inspection as many times necessary, at their own pace, without time, place or resources limitations. This type of education is considered superior to traditional methods. There is no need for sacrification of animals for educational purposes and the cost of education is greatly reduced, while the educational quality is uninterrupted. Models developed for S3DMI can also be adjusted for courses like animal anatomy and pathology, which also require the use of real animal cadavers. S3DMI is still in its developmental stages, but it has a great potential to minimalize the need for animal sacrifice in the education of future veterinarians, while ensuring the quality improvement.

— Cause-effect graphing is a commonly used black-box technique with many applications in practice. It is important to be able to create accurate cause-effect graph specifications from system requirements before converting them to test case tables used for black-box testing. In this paper, a new graphical software tool for creating cause-effect graph specifications is presented. The tool uses standardized graphical notation for describing different types of nodes, logical relations and constraints, resulting in a visual representation of the desired cause-effect graph which can be exported for later usage and imported in the tool. The purpose of this work is to make the cause-effect graph specification process easier for users in order to solve some of the problems which arise due to the insufficient amount of understanding of cause-effect graph elements. The proposed tool was successfully used for creating cause-effect graph specifications for small, medium and large graphs. It was also successfully used for performing different types of tasks by users without any prior knowledge of the functionalities of the tool, indicating that the tool is easy to use, helpful and intuitive. The results indicate that the usage of standardized notation is easier to understand than non-standardized approaches from other tools.

Cause-effect graphs are a popular black-box testing technique. The most commonly used approach for generating test cases from cause-effect graph specifications uses backward-propagation of forced effect activations through the graph in order to get the values of causes for the desired test case. Many drawbacks have been identified when using this approach for different testing requirements. Several algorithms for automatically generating test case suites from cause-effect graph specifications have been proposed. However, many of these algorithms do not solve the main drawbacks of the initial back-propagation approach and offer only minor improvements for specific purposes. This work proposes two new algorithms for deriving test cases from cause-effect graph representations. Forward-propagation of cause values is used for generating the full feasible test case suite, whereas multiple effect activations are taken into account for reducing the feasible test case suite size. Evaluation of the test case suites generated by using the proposed algorithms was performed by using the newly introduced test effect coverage and fault detection rate effectiveness metrics. The evaluation shows that the proposed algorithms work in real time even for a very large number of cause nodes. The results also indicate that the proposed algorithm for generating all feasible test cases generates a larger test case suite, whereas the proposed algorithm for test case suite minimization generates a smaller test case subset than the originally proposed approaches while ensuring the maximum effect coverage, fault detection rate effectiveness and a better test effect coverage ratio.

Background: Scientific research is the only real way and method for the proliferation of true knowledge in all spheres of science, but also in academic institutions. Medical, and in a broader sense biomedical scientific research, is a process of systematic research of current and important health problems related to defined aspects of physical, mental or social well-being of the population of local, regional or global character. Objective: As the fact that today is conducted a number of scientific researches in the field of medicine, it is necessary to define the steps by which it is carried out to make it universal and to have scientific value. This paper describes the research methods, study design, the way in which one should be written, and why it is important to publicize the same. The aim of this article is to present the current tools available in scientometry for the evaluation of scientific validity of published articles and explain the purpose. Methods: Special emphasis is placed on scientometrics as the science that evaluates scientific papers and their citation in the selected sample of journals. Results and Discussion: The most important satisfaction for any scientist should be the realization that the result of research in a certain way in the future will affect at least one person to be healthier, which should be fundamental to the realization of research in practice–at universities or specialized scientific laboratories and institutes. Scientometrics analyzes scientific articles and their citation in a selected sample of scientific journals. Bibliometrics denotes quantitative research of communication processes by applying appropriate mathematical and statistical methods to books and other communication media. Bibliometric methods are used for quantitative analysis of written materials. Citation provides guidelines for scientific work, because it stimulates scientists to deal with the most current areas of research, and organizes scientific article at the world level, or shapes and directs it. Citation is influenced by: article quality, understanding of the article, language in which the article is written, loyalty to a group of researchers, article type, etc. In this article we pointed that h-Index presents one of a set of valuable measures to determine scientific excellence (bibliometrics recognize also m-value as useful). Some of the indicators used in the evaluation of scientific work are: Impact factor (IF); Citation of the article; Journal citations; Number and order of authors, etc. Impact Factor is the number of citations of articles published in the journal during the previous two years divided by the total number of articles published in the journal during the same period. Factor of influence depends on: the quality of the journal, the language on which it was printed, the area it covers, the journal distribution system. Although the h-Index is a better measure than a citation impact factor (IF), it is still based on the opinions of other authors. Conclusion: Since research in medicine can affect the improvement of clinical and public health practices, it is necessary to conduct them. Only quality research with exact results offers the scientific community new information about the examined problem, and the researcher personal satisfaction, the possibility of communicating and conducting scientific dialogue with other members of the academic community, and opening opportunities to receive critical review of those who have insight into the research.

The protected landscape (PL) of Biambare is one of the most fa­mous green sites for local visitors and tourists of Sarajevo. This area is distin­guished by beautiful Bosnian Alps (Dinarids) meadows and plenty of spec­tacular natural phenomena, especially caves; the Central Biambare Cave is currently the most popular. The terrain is situated at an elevation range of 915–1044 m above sea level, so it mostly has a pleasant pre-mountain climate, etc. Therefore, tourism supply is based on different products and activities: speleology; walking in nature; bicycling; riding; hiking; alpinism; fishing; hunting; skiing; and collecting medicinal herbs and mushrooms. The aim of the paper is to represent the Biambare tourist image based on identifying its central natural attributes and according to the evaluation of the visitor’s experience. The two relevant parameters for understanding tourist impressions are: “satisfaction” and “loyalty”. These are higher among foreign than resident visitors, particularly among Middle Eastern tourists, who favour this site above many others in Canton Sarajevo.

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Nature Protection Law complies with significant European directives and conventions intended to safeguard hab­itat and biodiversity. The objectives of the paper are to investigate Bosnia and Herzegovina’s legal framework for managing natural resources and to identify protected areas as the spots of sustainable tourism. Bosnia and Her­zegovina is home to a wide range of biodiversity due to its three distinct ge­ographical zones, the Mediterranean, Euro Siberian-Bore American, and Al­pine-Nordic Highlands. As a result, more protected areas are being estab­lished, with Sarajevo creating the first protected area that adheres to IUCN guidelines. Recently, new protected areas have been added to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s tourism supply to meet the rising demand for natural plac­es. Bosnia and Herzegovina is perceived as an ecotourism destination by the majority of its citizens, hence the trend toward protected areas is seen as favorable.

Background: Biochemistry is the science of the chemical composition of living things and of chemical changes in living things. Biochemical–laboratory diagnostics occupy a prominent place in medicine. Today's knowledge in the field of laboratory diagnostics enables reliable diagnostic verification of the physiological and pathological condition of the subject and monitoring of the patient's therapy. Objective: The aim of this article is to look at the economic and communication aspect of laboratory diagnostics in family medicine and present some statistically relevant data related to the already mentioned topic. Methods: Author used a few important sost analysis to assess every diagnostic and therapeutic procedure which should be analyzed from the aspect of its profitability, i.e. To determine their effectiveness and safety of application as stated in the Accreditation Standards for Health Centers. Results: A total of 5333 laboratory tests are represented in 1000 requests. The percentage representation of the most frequent individual laboratory tests in the requests of all teams of doctors involved in the health care system was in order; GUK (14%), BS (14%), urine (13.9%), SE (10.3%), total cholesterol (8.5%), triglycerides (8.4%), aminotransferases (6.7 %), creatinine (6.7%), urea (4.8%), bilirubin (0.9%), fibrinogen (0.9%), CRP (0.8%), AF (0.8%), HDL cholesterol (0.7%), calcium in serum (0.6%), phosphorus in serum (0.5%), acidum uricum (0.5%). Of the general practitioners, the largest number of patients referred to the biochemical and hematology laboratory were diagnosed with diabetes, followed by diseases of the urinary system and hypertension. The same is the case with family medicine doctors, while from specialist doctors, the largest number of patients are sent to the biochemical and hematology laboratory with diseases of the urinary tract, followed by diseases of the respiratory tract, endocrinological system and anemia. Conclusion: An economic analysis of the number of required laboratory tests by disease indicates a different number of points per required test and by disease. The highest costs are related to diabetes, followed by the costs of respiratory diseases, urinary diseases and finally hypertension.