Rats are opportunistic omnivores, consuming both plant- and animal-derived foods, and therefore represent a suitable animal model for investigating the potential adverse effects of heterogeneous diets on hematological and biochemical blood profiles. The study included 18 Wistar rats of both sexes, aged 1–2 months, randomly allocated into three groups of six animals each. For a period of seven weeks, Group H was fed bakery products, Group M received meat and meat products, while the control Group K was fed a conventional pelleted diet. Biochemical parameters were analyzed from peripheral blood samples collected from the experimental animals. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were identified among the groups for CREA, UREA, PHOS, Ca, TP, ALB, GLOB, ALB/GLOB, CHOL, and LIPA. No significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters. The biochemical findings indicate impaired renal function in rats from the meat-fed group, as evidenced by elevated creatinine, urea, phosphorus, and lipase levels. In addition, reduced concentrations of serum proteins, particularly albumin, were observed across all experimental groups, suggesting inadequate protein synthesis resulting from insufficient intake of essential amino acids and micronutrients required for normal liver function.

The aim of this study was to assess the possible adverse effects of different dietary regimens—namely diets based onbakery products and meat products—on erythrocytes, their morphology, erythrocyte indices, platelets, leukocytes, andthe leukogram in rats during late puerperium. A monotonous diet may affect the hematological profile and potentiallycause pathophysiological disorders. The study included 18 clinically healthy rats in the late puerperal period, divided intothree groups of six animals each: a group fed meat products (Group M), a group fed bakery products (Group H), and acontrol group (Group K) that consumed standard pelleted rodent feed. All groups of rats were fed their respective dietsseparately for a period of 49 days. At the end of the experimental period, hematological blood analyses were performed.Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among the groups for the parameters MCV, MCH, and PLT. It wasalso established that HCT, HGB, MCV, and MCH values in the experimental bakery-product group (H) were lower than boththe physiological reference intervals and the corresponding values in the control group (K). Moderate anulocytosis wasobserved, accompanied by hypochromic erythrocytes of reduced volume. Regarding the experimental group that consumedprocessed meat products, the results indicated the presence of hypochromic anemia, as evidenced by decreasedHGB, MCV, and MCH values. Examination of peripheral blood smears revealed the presence of poikilocytotic erythrocyteforms, namely echinocytes, with a notable percentage occurrence (14.05%) within microscopic fields of view. A diet basedon bakery products led to changes in hematological parameters, resulting in the development of iron-deficiency anemia.Furthermore, prolonged consumption of meat products contributed to the development of hypochromic anemia and suggestedpossible impairment of kidney function. This study demonstrated that rats during the late puerperal period are notimmune to the adverse effects of a monotonous meat-based diet nor to a monotonous diet consisting of bakery products.

Geometric morphometrics has created a significant field in the study of skeletal variation in veterinary osteology by providing a robust framework for investigating shape variation. This technique allows for the analysis of anatomical structures in a variety of biological contexts. This review examines the extant literature, demonstrating how dietary consistency and biomechanical structure significantly shape and often lead to intergenerational morphological changes. The investigation further explores the function of locomotion strategies, including habitat preference and diversity, in the context of the skeletal system. The merits of geometric morphometric analysis are evident in its capacity to facilitate species identification and close relative discrimination in scenarios where conventional methods encounter constraints. The utilisation of geometric morphometric analysis offers distinct advantages in ontogenetic studies, allometric scaling in morphology, and the consideration of developmental constraints. Additionally, it provides a framework for investigating sexual dimorphism and variations in shape across varied species and anatomical regions. From a clinical and welfare perspective, geometric morphometrics provides a powerful framework for orthopaedic surgical planning, detection of pathological changes, phenotyping in animal models, and translational research. Finally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered automation and high-resolution imaging is also being reviewed in studies. These developments position geometric morphometrics as an indispensable method for integrating form, function, and health in veterinary research.

The aim of this study was to characterise mandibular shape variation and asymmetry patterns in three sheep breeds from two geographical regions: Pramenka from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Akkaraman and Kangal Akkaraman from Türkiye. Thirty-four male mandibles (10 Pramenka, 12 Akkaraman, 12 Kangal Akkaraman) were analysed by landmark-based geometric morphometrics, with eleven homologous landmarks digitised on lateral photographs. Generalised Procrustes Analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), allometric regression, and Procrustes ANOVA were performed in MorphoJ. The first three principal components explained 63.37% of total shape variation. In the PCA morphospace, Akkaraman and Kangal Akkaraman specimens overlapped almost completely, whereas Pramenka formed a clearly separated cluster. DFA confirmed significant shape differences in all pairwise comparisons, with cross-validated classification accuracy of 79.2% between the two Anatolian breeds and 100% for both Pramenka comparisons. Shape differences were most pronounced in the pars incisiva, pars molaris, corpus mandibulae, and ramus mandibulae. Centroid size explained only 2.51% of shape variation (P = 0.3467), indicating no significant allometric effect. Fluctuating asymmetry exceeded directional asymmetry for both size and shape; directional asymmetry in shape nevertheless remained statistically significant, consistent with a degree of masticatory laterality.Mandibular morphology therefore differs primarily between geographically distant breeds, while the two Anatolian breeds remain morphologically close, and the observed asymmetry patterns point to developmental instability as the principal source. These data provide morphometric reference values for future work on breed differentiation, functional adaptation, and zooarchaeological identification of ovine remains.

A proper diet that provides balanced nutrients according to species, breed, age, sex, and purpose is essential for achieving optimal animal growth, development, and physiological function. In relation to this statement, the aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the effects of different dietary regimens on the morphometric characteristics of the small intestine of late puerperal rats, with a emphasis on the duodenum and jejunum. The research included measurements of the height and width of intestinal villi, and the depth of crypts, in order to determine specific morphological changes associated with the influence of the diet. The experiment involved 18 adult rats divided into three groups: the first group received standard commercial rat feed (control group), the second group was fed bakery products, and the third group was given a diet consisting exclusively of meat. Over a 49-day period, body weight, organ weights, and intestinal segment lengths were measured. Histological analyses of duodenum and jejunum samples were performed, alongside detailed morphometric assessment of the intestinal mucosa. Significant alterations in intestinal villi were observed. In the duodenum, the greatest villus height and width, as well as crypt depth, were observed in rats that had meat-based diet. Similarly, in the jejunum, rats from the same group exhibited the greatest villus height and crypt depth, while the mean measure of the villus width was almost identical to mean measure in rats that were fed with commercial food. These findings suggest that diet composition profoundly influences intestinal architecture and function. Overall, the study emphasizes the critical role of balanced nutrition in maintaining gastrointestinal health, systemic homeostasis, and optimal development, not only in laboratory animals but also in a broader veterinary and biomedical context.

Endocrinological and physiological changes associated with parturition and begining of lactation have negative effects to immune functions, dry matter intake and cows have to go through period of negative energy balance of different intensity and duration. After parturition, about 80% of dairy cows enter the period of negative energy balance in early lactation and body condition score decrease, because of great energy needs for milk synthesis, which is followed with compromising of reproductive performances. Lameness is chronical, painful and stressful condition, associated with lower reproductive performances and it represents one of three most common reason for economical losses in dairy industry. This study had included 44 Holstein Friesian cows. Status of reproductive organs and body condition has been assessed by sonography and for lameness ZINPRO method. More frequent lameness have been observed, where 59% cows had been in category 2, while 32,2% cows in category 3. Cows with insufficient body condition score (BCS) before parturition, during period of puerperium had anovulation of 25%. Farms should have calendar od routine body condition and lameness assessment, because of negative effects, they may have to many physiological functions.

ABSTRACT Background Studying the hyoid bone in dogs is of significant importance in veterinary surgery and anatomy, as it aids in understanding how variations in this structure may affect tongue mobility, swallowing and vocalisation across breeds. Objectives This study aims to provide preliminary insights into the relationship between structural differences in the hyoid bone and breed‐specific functional adaptations in tongue shape and movement by analysing shape variations within the hyoid apparatus. Methods Hyoid bones from computed tomography images of 26 dogs were modelled, and principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine shape variation in the hyoid bones. Additionally, the influences of age and weight on hyoid bone shape were assessed. Results PCA showed that PC1 (42.4%) reflected a relatively conservative pattern related to hyoid and skull morphology, whereas PC2 and PC3 indicated greater individual variation. Brachycephalic breeds exhibited a more dorsoventrally positioned and compact hyoid structure, while mesocephalic breeds showed a more aligned and elongated configuration of the stylohyoid and thyrohyoid bones. No significant correlations were found between hyoid shape and age, weight or Procrustes distance, suggesting a stronger influence of genetic factors. Conclusions Understanding the morphological variation of the hyoid bone in dogs contributes to veterinary anatomy and has practical applications in veterinary medicine, particularly in surgical and rehabilitation practices. Given the hyoid apparatus's critical role in swallowing and vocalisation, insights from this study may enhance clinical approaches to treating conditions linked to hyoid bone morphology.

Simple Summary This study examined whether two neighboring areas on the inner surface of the skull base differ in three native sheep breeds. These areas are difficult to study using traditional methods, but imaging techniques allowed us to examine them in detail. We found differences between breeds in both size and shape, although the differences in shape were more noticeable. The two regions were partly independent but also changed together in a coordinated way. In contrast, their sizes were not strongly related. Overall, the results show that subtle differences between breeds can be detected even in hidden parts of the skull. They also suggest that nearby areas of the skull base are connected in how they vary, which may be useful for future studies of skull structure and development.

Three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods have emerged as a pivotal tool in veterinary anatomy, taxonomy, clinical research, and studies of morphological diversity. This article summarizes the key stages, applications, clinical potential, and recommendations for data standardization in 3D morphometrics. Datasets are typically acquired using radiological modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3D surface scanning, each offering specific advantages and constraints contingent on the research context. Standardized landmark sets are essential in 3D morphometric studies to ensure reproducibility and comparability of results across independent investigations. Consistent use of reference landmarks enables repeatable analyses, but the number of landmarks directly influences the required sample size and statistical power. Consequently, a minimal yet balanced landmark configuration is critical. This article proposes a standardized, minimal landmark set for the skulls of horses, cattle, and sheep to enhance inter-study reproducibility and comparability. Landmark selection prioritizes anatomically distinct points to avoid excessive landmarking, which may complicate analyses or compromise interpretability. Applications of 3D morphometric methods include orthopedic surgical planning, biomechanical modeling, and assessment of congenital anomalies, providing enhanced precision in diagnostics and research. In conclusion, 3D geometric morphometric methods represent a robust analytical framework in veterinary anatomy, morphology, and clinical research. Their significance is poised to grow through integration with automated landmarking, artificial intelligence-driven analyses, and international data-sharing networks, thereby advancing scientific inquiry in novel dimensions.