: This study explores the accessibility of critical infrastructures (CRITIS) in urban planning, focusing on the City of Sarajevo. CRITIS, essential for societal functioning, encompasses diverse services vital to social, economic, political, health, educational, and administrative systems. The authors leverage geographic information system (GIS) tools to construct an accessibility model for Sarajevo, analysing the spatial availability of critical functions. Six groups of CRITIS indicators, composed of 29 CRITIS elements, were used in the derivation of critical infrastructure accessibility index. The methodological framework was based on implementation of network GIS analysis, interpolation method (IDW) and GIS multi-criteria analysis, which could be applicable to similar research studies. Local communities concentrated in the strict urban core (Ferhadija, Baščaršija) have the best accessibility of CRITIS, while peripheral local communities with a large area, such as Mošćanica and Reljevo, have the lowest. Results suggest a zonal categorization of the urban area, providing valuable insights for spatial planning and future urban development management. The study reveals that the highest value of CRITIS accessibility doesn't necessarily align with the most densely populated areas at local community level.

Remote sensing plays a vital role in analyzing urban changes. In this regard, various datasets collected from satellites today serve as a foundation for decision-makers and urban planners. This study compares the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as indicators for the creation of surface heat islands. Using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C2 L2 images, spatial correlations between land surface temperature (LST) were examined for August 2013, 2019 and 2023. Urban heat islands (UHI) are a contemporary phenomenon and increasingly common in large urban areas compared to surrounding, less populated areas. With the advancement in remote sensing, it is possible to adequately determine the spatial differentiation and prevalence of urban heat islands (UHI). The study is based on Landsat 8 satellite image sets for the Sarajevo basin in August 2013, 2019 and 2023, which were used to analyze LST, NDVI, and NDBI indices. This work indicates a relationship between LST and NDVI but varies depending on the analyzed year. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) serves as a suitable indicator for surface UHI effects and can be used as an indicator to assess its spatial distribution within a larger urban environment.

The contemporary demographic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a very active topic in academic, but also in wider political and public discourses, particularly in the context of increased depopulation trends. Distinctly negative processes in the natural change and net migration are the result of post-war and transitional circumstances, as well as the socio-economic status of the country. Demographic disparities conditioned by a complex social background (economic, social, political, cultural and environmental factors) are often the subject of geographic research in this area, however, few studies have resulted in a comprehensive demographic categorization of municipalities and cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which would be the first step in detection precise causes of demographic regression. Demographic categorization of municipalities on the basis of as many available demographic indicators as possible is a useful instrument in planning, through which concrete revitalization measures can be created primarily aimed at reducing polarization effects in development and depopulation of continuously deprived regions. This study used demographic data from the last 2013 population census, as well as those from more recent publications of national and entity statistical agencies. Special focus is placed on the index of total population change, population density, vital index, ageing coefficient and share of highly educated population. These indicators were analysed from the aspect of regional disparities, whereby special categories of municipalities and cities were created for each of them, in relation to how favourable is local demographic situation. In the second phase, their multi-criteria data integration was carried out, which more clearly indicate the general level of demographic development of individual municipalities/cities.

The global trend of incorporating students with disabilities into mainstream education is on the rise, a phenomenon observed in countries like Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the attitudes of parents with typically developing children play a pivotal role in shaping the educational journey of students with special needs within regular school systems. This study aims to delve into the level of sensitization among parents of typically developing students concerning their peers with diverse developmental disabilities in Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data for this investigation were collected through a survey comprising 10 questions, each offering 3/4 possible responses. The sample size includes 90 parents of typically developing students attending regular schools across North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thematic analysis of survey results unveils challenges and barriers in the inclusive education process, shedding light on parental sensitization. This exploration identifies specific issues and proposes potential solutions to enhance the inclusivity of the education system. The identified issues emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions and proactive measures to raise awareness among parents, fostering a more supportive and inclusive educational environment. By suggesting plausible solutions, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on inclusive education, serving as a foundation for further research and practical initiatives.

Background: Prior to 2012, the mesentery was perceived as a fragmented structure, lacking distinct functional and anatomical characteristics, and was merely considered part of other digestive organs. Dr. J. Calvin Coffey's in 2012 in his study redefined the mesentery as a distinct organ with a clearly defined anatomical and histological structure, although its specific function remains under investigation. The continuous structure and unique tissue properties of the mesentery classify it as the 78th independent organ in the human body. Insights into mesenteric adipose tissue have enhanced our understanding of normal metabolic processes and disease etiology, impacting health significantly. Experimental and clinical research highlights the vital roles of visceral adipose tissue, influencing neighboring organ function. The interaction within the brain-gut-liver axis is illuminated by the newfound functions of mesenteric adipose tissue, emphasizing its independent organ status. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the latest findings on the structure and function of the mesentery, focusing on visceral-mesenteric adipose tissue, and assess its role as a new organ in the brain-gut-liver axis. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of clinical and experimental studies on the mesentery's structure and function was conducted, focusing on recent discoveries regarding mesenteric adipose tissue and its role in the brain-gut-liver axis. Results and Discussion: Recent research has revealed the mesentery's unique functions, particularly in mesenteric adipose tissue. Mesenteric adipose tissue plays a crucial role in metabolic functions and influences disease onset. It acts as a vital link in the brain-gut-liver axis, directly influencing hepatic metabolism and disorders such as metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Scientific evidence confirms the mesentery's anatomical and functional specificities, solidifying its status as the 78th independent organ in the human body. It serves as a crucial link in the brain-mesentery-small intestine-liver axis, impacting health and disease. Ongoing research holds promise for advancing our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment approaches for metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases.

Background: COVID-19 affects all organ systems, including the visual organs. Clinical manifestations encompass all segments of the eye. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations are rare and can occur during the acute phase of the illness, during recovery, or in the course of Long COVID. These clinical manifestations include optic neuritis and various forms of encephalomyelitis. Optic neuritis more commonly occurs during the recovery phase from the acute form or during Long COVID. Family physicians are in a position to first diagnose optic neuritis in the early stages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present a case of optic neuritis occurring in the early stages of the disease, diagnosed in the prehospital period in a family medicine practice with consultations from ophthalmologists, infectologists, and neurologists. Such close collaboration enabled the early administration of corticosteroid therapy. Case report: A case of a 28-year-old woman is presented, who exhibited symptoms of COVID-19 with a confirmed positive antigen for the SARS-CoV-2 virus (PCR nasopharyngeal swab). On the fourth day of illness, sudden loss of vision in the right eye occurred along with headache. Early diagnosis and early administration of corticosteroid therapy led to significant improvement in vision. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of eye diseases can occur in the early stages of COVID-19 as a direct consequence of viral infection. Ophthalmologist and neurologist examinations are necessary in the early stages of the disease for timely diagnosis of various ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders and adequate therapy.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common rheumatic disease characterized by pain, structural changes and impairment of quality of life. This disease has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, and the main role is attributed to mechanical factors. There is a primary and secondary form of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis diagnosis is carried out on the basis of history, clinical picture and radiological examinations. Osteoarthritis is a major cause of absenteeism for middle-aged people. In the treatment of osteoarthritis, the triad is important: education, rehabilitation and supportive therapy with chondroprotective drugs. As part of the study, 60 patients with clinical and radiographic signs of knee osteoarthritis were given Cartinorm (1500mg glucosamine sulfate, 800mg chondroitin sulfate, 5000mg forti gel, 250mg vitamin C). After 3 months of treatment, there was an improvement in movement, a reduction in pain and an improvement in activities of daily living as measured by the Oswestry score. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction of pain, improvement of the clinical picture and improvement of the quality of life, after three months of supportive therapy with chondroprotective drugs (Cartinorm -1500mg glucosamine sulfate, 800mg chondroitin sulfate, 5000mg forti gel, 250 mg vitamin C). Methods: In a study that is prospective, analytical and descriptive, 60 subjects of both sexes with clinical and radiological signs of knee osteoarthritis were included. The study was conducted in six cities (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka, Mostar, Zenica and Bijeljina) and lasted three months. During the study for pain relief, patients could only use Paracetamol and all patients took Cartinorm 1x a day. Pain Scale and Ostwestry index tests were performed for each patient to assess the quality of life at the beginning of the study, at the end of the first, second and third month. Results and Results: Total number of 60 subjects with clinical and radiological signs of knee osteoarthritis were included in the study. The analysis of the gender structure showed the dominance of the female gender (43 respondents), compared to the male population (17 respondents). The largest number of respondents had bilateral knee osteoarthritis. Assessment of pain through the VAS pain scale on the first day and at the end of the 3-month study showed a statistically significant reduction in pain. Analysis of the quality of life at the beginning of the study showed that 22 subjects performed activities with many difficulties, and at the end of the study only 5 subjects performed activities with many difficulties, which shows an improvement in the quality of life after 3 months of taking Cartinorm. Conclusion: Proper education of subjects with knee osteoarthritis and application of chondroprotective drugs (Cartinorm) for a period of 3 months showed an improvement in terms of pain reduction measured through the VAS scale, improvement of knee mobility and improvement of quality of life measured through Oswestry Scor.

Introduction: The primary healthcare reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina began in 1999. The focus was on the introduction of family medicine, in comparison to the existing dispensary model of care based on the practice of general medicine. The reform is an ongoing process, and all changes are being implemented to improve patients' satisfaction. Our objective is to analyze patients' satisfaction and the impact of socio-demographic factors on patients' satisfaction with the work of family medicine teams. Methods: This research is an observational and descriptive study conducted in family medicine clinics of the Primary Healthcare Centre in Banja Luka from February 1st to April 1st 2022. The data was gathered using the EUROPEP questionnaire which is a standardized instrument for the evaluation of patients' satisfaction with primary healthcare, as well as a questionnaire with socio-demographic information. The study comprised 250 patients from family medicine clinics in the city, suburbs, and countryside. Results: The analysis of 250 questionnaires has provided answers to 23 questions in the EUROPEP instrument assessing four domains: doctor-patient relation X̅ (4.22) SD (0.85); medical care X̅ (4.32) SD (0.90); information and support X̅ (4.04) SD (0.94); and organization of services X̅ (3.81) SD (0.98). Socio-demographic and other patient characteristics greatly impact family medicine patients' satisfaction with healthcare services. Conclusions: In general, the patients are satisfied with the care provided by the family medicine teams of the Primary Healthcare Centre in Banja Luka, and least satisfied with the organization of services. According to individual questions in the EUROPEP questionnaire, the patients are most unsatisfied with reaching their doctors by phone, receiving advice from them, spending a lot of time waiting in the waiting rooms, and scheduling their appointments.

Background: One of the main goals of any organization is to achieve certain success, in fact it is the reason for the existence of any organization. Management provides the framework and basis for the control system required to maintain each organization. Management theorists believe that the knowledge and management skills are universal and apply equally to all business processes. Objective: The aim of this article is to present development of health management through history based on facts from appropriate literature as sources. Methods: The method is systematic review of the facts described in the published scientific papers about general and health management stored in scientific databases PubMed Central, Hinari, Scopus, EBSCO, etc., which are relevant to be used in the praxis. Results and Discussion: Management as a method or management skills traces its roots back to the original creation of the human society. In primary community, a human was performing its duties intuitive, and later taught preceding experience, began to plan and organize work activities to help them to more efficiently perform it. That is why it is claimed that management, as a complex activity, is old as human civilization itself. Health management plays a key role in providing a good health care quality, ultimately improving the health of an entire population. Therefore, it is important to provide good education in management to physicians who aspire to be managers and to lead hospitals, clinics and different health institutions. Management in the health care system is an area of scientific management which in terms of economic, socio-economic and socio-political change, crisis and political change, crisis and extraordinary circumstances requires more attention. The world clearly shows a significant interest in the role of all managers in the health sector and highlights the importance of a good and professional managers to solve problems in the functioning of health institutions and their services. At the same time, in the developed countries, the schools of management flourishing by training the managers in managerial skills. Efficiency refers to doing things in a right manner. Scientifically, it is defined as the output to input ratio and focuses on getting the maximum output with minimum resources. Effectiveness, on the other hand, refers to doing the right things. It constantly measures if the actual output meets the desired output. Therefore, efficiency is generally an internal measure and effectiveness an external measure. Conclusion: Health care services, like any other business, need effective managers. Medical and health service managers are either specialists, supervising a clinical department, or generalists, overseeing an entire facility. All management theory in one way or another were good, but could never be uniform for all organizations. That is why today the new theory is based on the fact that each organization requires specific that and that every requires form of management appropriate for it.

In this work, the solubility of creatine, creatinine, guanidinoacetic acid, and their hydrochlorides in water at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range T = (293.15 - 313.15) K was determined by the gravimetric method. The thermodynamic parameters of dissolution in water for the mentioned compounds were calculated. The solubility increases significantly by converting the zwitterionic structures of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid into a cationic form, i.e. hydrochloride salt. The effect of increasing solubility is more pronounced for guanidinoacetic acid and decreases with temperature for both compounds. A simple process of transforming electrically neutral zwitterionic structures into cations represents a good way to increase the solubility in water and bioavailability of biologically active compounds.

Background: Launois-Bensaude syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the accumulation of fat deposits under the skin. This disorder is most commonly found in individuals from Mediterranean countries, particularly those who are chronic alcohol consumers. The exact cause of this syndrome is still not fully understood. Objective: Launois-Bensaude syndrome, as the case of the patient with chronic hepatitis B infection we presented. Case report: A case study was conducted on a female patient admitted to the Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo. The patient underwent liposuction in the back of her neck after a thorough clinical examination and radiological assessment. She also had chronic hepatitis B virus infection along with other medical conditions. Discussion: Based on Schiltz's classification, the patient was diagnosed with type Ia Launois-Bensaude syndrome, which is characterized by fatty deposits in the neck region, often referred to as a "buffalo hump". Following the liposuction procedure, the patient was monitored for 2 years and did not experience a recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: Research suggests that liver disease plays a crucial role in the development of Launois-Bensaude syndrome. This highlights the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this rare disorder.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) defines human resource pl anning in the healthcare industry as "The process of estimating the number of people, knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to achieve a set of goals".Human resource planning is the most important part of the work of organizational management. Objective: The aim of the study was to point out the importance of timely and optimal planning of human resources and their impact on the work efficiency of healthcare professionals. Methods: This research is a comparative, descriptive-analytical study which used a questionnaire created according to the Likert model. The questionnaire containes statements related to factors affecting work efficiency, work analysis, position systematization, human resource planning, professional selection, work process design, management and manager's style, etc. Results and Discussion: A total of 450 respondents (healthcare professionals, both docotrs and nurses) participated in this research. Participation (inclusion) critaria in the research is employment in healthcare institutions in Canton Sarajevo, of different ages, of both genders. The planning process begins with a quality job analysis and human resource analysis to get an answer to several very important questions. How many people are needed to realize the set goals of the organization? What kind of people are needed: what skills, knowledge, and abilities? How to attract the necessary people (internal, external filling, selection procedure). How to adjust the current employee’s training so that they can adequately respond to all work tasks in the future, more demanding business environment of the health organization? The lack of human resources that have the necessary skills and knowledge, and the burden of inadequate resources (disabled workers), have slowed down the development of many companies. We are experiencing significant negative manifestation on the existing staff through reduced work efficiency and reduced quality of health care provided. Due to the above, it is necessary to timely plan human resources as an integral part of planning, business, and development of the entire organization. The planning of human resources in a health institution is influenced by the following factors: a) institutional factors b) level of health care c) type of health care institutiond) size of health care institution e) infrastructure of the existing institution. Conclusion: Human resource planning is a fundamental management activity from which all other activities arise,and contents of human resource management planes are based.

Background: As a complex socio-economic concept, financial inclusion is related to the improvement of access and use of formal financial products and services (such as bank deposits, loans, insurance, etc.) by all participants in the financial system. More inclusive financial systems contribute to poverty reduction, decrease in inequalities among different income groups leading to economic growth, and economies more resilient towards macroeconomic shocks. Purpose: This paper aims to assess the relationship between financial inclusion and inflation in Southeast European countries, focusing on Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, and Turkey in the period from 2011 to 2021. Study design/methodology/approach: The financial inclusion index was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The connection between the financial inclusion index and inflation was investigated using panel regression modeling (OLS, fixed-effect, and random-effect models). Findings/Conclusions: The research showed that countries with higher levels of financial inclusion are more resilient to inflation. This finding is consistent with other research implying that policymakers and other stakeholders within a financial system should contribute to promoting financial inclusion and building more inclusive financial systems. Limitations/future research: The main limitation of the research is related to data availability for multidimensional index construction. Future research should be directed to providing a better understanding of whether the relationship between financial inclusion and inflation is under the influence of other monetary policy instruments, such as interest rates.

Value changes in the real estate market affect both the quality of bank loan portfolios and financial stability and the real economy. The Republic of Serbia is one of the countries facing an upward trend in demand for housing. This paper investigates the impact of macroeconomic and banking variables on the real estate price index in Serbia for the period from 2014 to 2023 on a quarterly basis. Also, panel regression and correlation analysis are applied in this research. The selected independent (explanatory) variables are the gross domestic product, the consumer price index, the interest rate on bank loans, the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the Euro and household saving. The research results showed that the independent variable consumer price index had the most significant impact on the housing price index. On the other hand, the following independent variables had the most significant negative impact on the dependent variable (housing price index): interest rate on bank loans and the domestic currency against the Euro.