The extent to which exogenous sources, including cancer treatment, contribute to somatic evolution in normal tissue remains unclear. Here we used high-depth duplex sequencing1 (more than 30,000× coverage) to analyse 168 cancer-free samples representing 16 organs from 22 patients with metastatic cancer enroled in the PEACE research autopsy study. In every sample, we identified somatic mutations (range 305–2,854 mutations) at low variant allele frequencies (median 0.0000323). We extracted 16 distinct single-base substitution mutational signatures, reflecting processes that have moulded the genomes of normal cells. We identified alcohol-induced mutation acquisition in liver, smoking-induced mutagenesis in lung and cardiac tissue, and multiple treatment-induced processes, which correlated with therapy type and duration. Exogenous sources, including treatment, underpinned, on average, more than 40% of mutations in liver but less than 10% of mutations in brain samples. Finally, we observed tissue-specific selection, with positive selection in tissues such as lung (PTEN and PIK3CA), liver (NF2L2) and spleen (BRAF and NOTCH2), and limited selection in others, such as brain and cardiac tissue. More than 25% of driver mutations in normal tissue exposed to systemic anti-cancer therapy, including in TP53, could be attributed to treatment. Immunotherapy, although not associated with increased mutagenesis, was linked to driver mutations in PPM1D and TP53, illustrating how non-mutagenic treatment can sculpt somatic evolution. Our study reveals the rich tapestry of mutational processes and driver mutations in normal tissue, and the profound effect of lifetime exposures, including cancer treatment, on somatic evolution. High-depth sequencing of non-cancerous tissue from patients with metastatic cancer reveals single-base mutational signatures of alcohol, smoking and cancer treatments, and reveals how exogenous factors, including cancer therapies, affect somatic cell evolution.

TIG welding is used when a good weld appearance and a highest quality of the weld are required Nevertheless, the process has also some major disadvantages like relatively shallow penetration capability and low productivity. To increase the penetration and/or productivity, instead of traditional pure Ar, gas mixtures containing gases with high thermal conduction can be used. For austenitic stainless steels, as they are not prone to hydrogen cracking, also H2 is suitable. As H2 is active gas, the process is called Tungsten Active Gas (TAG). In this research, austenitic stainless steel sheet was welded with a competitive welding speed of 40 cm min−1, with pure argon and with Ar+7.5 H2 mixture. With pure Ar, a welding current of 220 A was far too small to reach full penetration in 3 mm sheet. With the 7.5 H2 active gas mixture, only 130 A was sufficient with unchanged welding speed.

A well-known characterization of Jordan vectors of a matrix polynomial $L(z)$ is generalized to a characterization of Jordan vectors of the operator-valued function $Q(z)$ at an eigenvalue $\alpha \in \mathbb{C}$. The results are then applied to solve a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.

This study examined the effects of structured dance programs on motor competence in preschool children. In a 12-week randomized controlled trial, 80 children were randomly assigned to two dance intervention groups (EG1: 2 × 35 min/week; EG2: 3 × 25 min/week) or a control group (CG) following the standard physical education curriculum. Fine motor skills, fine motor integration, and balance were assessed using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, administered both before and after the intervention. Significant improvements were observed in EG1 for fine motor precision (p < 0.001), fine motor integration (p = 0.022), and static balance (standing on one leg on a balance beam with eyes open; p < 0.001). EG2 showed significant gains in dynamic balance (walking forward on a line; p < 0.001). Both dance programs enhanced preschoolers’ motor competence compared to the control, with higher session volume producing superior outcomes. These results support integrating structured dance sessions into preschool curricula to effectively enhance motor competence, offering a practical strategy to promote physical development in early childhood.

Multi-modal retrieval-augmented generation (MMRAG) promises grounded biomedical QA, but it is unclear when to (i) convert figures/tables into text versus (ii) use optical character recognition (OCR)-free visual retrieval that returns page images and leaves interpretation to the generator. We study this trade-off in glycobiology, a visually dense domain. We built a benchmark of 120 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from 25 papers, stratified by retrieval difficulty (easy text, medium figures/tables, hard cross-evidence). We implemented four augmentations—None, Text RAG, Multi-modal conversion, and late-interaction visual retrieval (ColPali)—using Docling parsing and Qdrant indexing. We evaluated mid-size opensource and frontier proprietary models (e.g., Gemma-3-27BIT, GPT-4o family). Additional testing used the GPT-5 family and multiple visual retrievers (ColPali/ColQwen/ColFlor). Accuracy with Agresti–Coull 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was computed over 5 runs per configuration. With Gemma-3-27BIT, Text and Multi-modal augmentation outperformed OCR-free retrieval (0.722-0.740 vs. 0.510 average accuracy). With GPT-4o, Multi-modal achieved 0.808, with Text 0.782 and ColPali 0.745 close behind; within-model differences were small. In follow-on experiments with the GPT-5 family, the best results with ColPali and ColFlor improved by 2% to 0.828 in both cases. In general across the GPT-5 family, ColPali, ColQwen, and ColFlor were statistically indistinguishable; ColFlor matched ColPali while being far smaller. GPT-5-nano trailed larger GPT-5 variants by roughly 8-10%. Pipeline choice is capacity-dependent: converting visuals to text lowers the reader burden and is more reliable for mid-size models, whereas OCR-free visual retrieval becomes competitive under frontier models. Among retrievers, ColFlor offers parity with heavier options at a smaller footprint, making it an efficient default when strong generators are available.

In a rapidly growing market like the Albanian one, FinTech platforms are playing an increasingly important role in transforming how financial transactions are conducted. The research aims to perform a strategic assessment of ten FinTech platforms currently operating in Albania based on 12 strategic criteria. The assessment is based on multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM). For this, a model based on the fuzzy approach was developed, allowing for the management of uncertainty and subjectivity in evaluating the performance and suitability of the platforms. Specifically, the fuzzy LMAW method was used to weight the criteria, with Security being assigned the highest weight. The ranking of the platforms was conducted using the fuzzy CRADIS method, with EasyPay achieving the best results. Through this model, the research seeks to provide an objective ranking of the platforms based on each criterion’s relative contribution. The findings are expected to help developers, investors, and policymakers better understand the competitive positioning of current players. The results may also highlight areas for further improvement and growth in Albania's FinTech sector.

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of multilingual cybersecurity text classification using conventional machine learning (ML) models, sentence-transformer embeddings, and open-source large language models (LLMs). We construct a manually labeled dataset of English and German news articles and benchmark models across zero-shot and fewshot settings while accounting for LLM knowledge cutoffs. Our results show that classic ML models, when combined with highquality embeddings, achieve performance equal to or better than state-of-the-art LLMs. For instance, an Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier with multilingual-e5-large embeddings reaches an F1-score of 0.99 in the pre-cutoff setting, matching Qwen2.5-72B's few-shot performance ($F 1=0.99$) post-cutoff. Notably, this level of performance is achieved with over 99% lower computational requirements. Several embedding-based ML pipelines outperform all zero-shot LLMs, highlighting their costefficiency and robustness. These findings challenge the presumed superiority of LLMs and underline the importance of cutoffaware evaluations in practical applications.

The development of civil and commercial law in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been deeply shaped by its complex political history, spanning five key periods: Ottoman rule, the Austro-Hungarian administration, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, socialist Yugoslavia, and the post-independence era. Civil law evolved through a blend of old legal traditions and the Austrian Civil Code, while commercial law had continuity in codification, dating back to the late Ottoman period. The socialist period interrupted legal continuity, introducing new laws that partly remain in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most of these socialist laws were replaced relatively quickly by new legislation. However, due to the new constitutional structure, this new civil and commercial legislation was not adopted at the state level, but at a lower - entity level. Today, civil law codification remains off the agenda, and commercial law continues to evolve in a fragmented way, leading to inconsistencies across jurisdictions. Broader constitutional and political crises continue to divert attention from crucial legal and economic reforms necessary for EU integration and international support.

The paper addresses the multifaceted challenges faced by post-mining regions, including environmental degradation, resource management, and socio-economic revitalization. Focusing on the city of Prijedor (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina), the study proposes a holistic approach to land reclamation that integrates geoscientific data, hydrogeological analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to identify optimal locations for spa and wellness development. The methodology combines fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms to process uncertain and multi-criteria datasets, such as aquifer characteristics, mineral water composition, geological formations, and infrastructure accessibility. The resulting model supports strategic planning by classifying zones based on their suitability for water resource exploitation and therapeutic use. Beyond ecological and economic considerations, the research highlights the importance of psychophysical health and complementary medicine. The envisioned transformation of former mining sites into “oases of wellness” includes facilities for yoga, meditation, reiki, and balneotherapy, promoting holistic regeneration of both land and community. This interdisciplinary framework exemplifies how AI-driven geoscientific strategies can foster sustainable development, turning degraded landscapes into centers of health, tourism, and environmental balance – honoring the past while shaping a resilient and innovative future.

U doba brzoga tehnološkog napretka i intenzivne medijske hiperprodukcije kreativne i zabavljačke industrije nailaze na brojne i nagle promjene, posebice u domeni pisanja scenarija, gdje tradicionalne metode pisanja dolaze u kontakt s tehnologijama umjetne inteligencije (UI). Uspoređujući tradicionalno scenarističko pisanje koje obavlja ljudski scenarist, i scenarističko pisanje koje provodi UI, može se primijetiti da ta dva različita pristupa na svojstven način scenaristički doprinose, nadopunjuju ili odstupaju u kreativnom procesu. Ljudski scenaristi prirodno uključuju bogatstvo emocionalnih nijansi, složenost likova i stilske nepravilnosti koje često doprinose autentičnosti i dubini priče. Nasuprot tome, UI scenarist, ne samo da analizira postojeće narative, nego i samostalno generira koherentne i kreativno složene scenarije. Ujedno pokazuje impresivnu sposobnost u generiranju narativa s visokom strukturalnom koherencijom, učinkovitim pripovijedanjem i značajnom brzinom produkcije, posebno u dobro definiranim i strukturalno ograničenim narativnim okvirima. Stoga je cilj rada na temelju analize uzorka scenarija koji je napisao scenarist i onoga koji je napisala UI analizirati scenarističku narativnu strukturalnu koherenciju, kreativnost narativa, emocionalnu dubinu, dijalošku dinamiku i stilsku složenost. Ključne riječi: scenarij; scenarist; umjetna inteligencija; analiza; narativ

Abstract: The Sava Center in Belgrade is one of the most iconic architectural and cultural landmarks of Yugoslav Modernism. Built between 1976 and 1979, it functioned as a major congress and cultural venue, embodying ideals of civic ambition, technological innovation, and public accessibility. With its monumental Brutalist aesthetic and an all-encompassing spatial program, it remains a uniquely significant example of the region’s architectural innovation and technological advancement. This research presents a performance-based retrofit framework for historically significant buildings of this scale and typology, using the Sava Center as a hypothetical case study. Developed through a multi-method approach - bridging architectural history, building science, and digital performance modeling - the study demonstrates how design, technology, and heritage values can be aligned to improve energy performance without compromising architectural and cultural integrity. Methods include archival research, BIM modeling, hygrothermal and thermal envelope simulations (Revit, WINDOW, THERM, WUFI), and whole-building energy analysis (IES VE). Results suggest that the proposed design strategies could reduce energy use by over 50% while preserving the building’s original character, programmatic intent, and civic function. Initiated in 2021, the study coincided with actual renovations to the Sava Center’s Congress Hall building following its simultaneous privatization and designation as a cultural heritage site. These interventions, though aimed at energy efficiency, were completed rapidly, with minimal transparency and significant programmatic changes. Although the renovations concluded before the study’s completion, the presented case study remains a critical reference for more systematic and preservation-sensitive retrofits. In a region where too many significant buildings built between 1945 and 1991 are being rapidly privatized and, unfortunately, demolished, this framework helps illuminate the substantial potential for their protection - both through cultural heritage designation and sensitive, energy-efficient renewal. This research introduces the overarching framework, key findings, and policy implication, with future work to expand on detailed analysis.

Resin and charcoal production have historically shaped the cultural and economic life of Bosnia and Herze-govina, particularly in its rural and mountainous regions. Drawing on a historical-descriptive methodological approach, this overview traces the evolution of resin tapping and charcoal production in Bosnia and Herze-govina, outlines traditional and modern techniques, and evaluates their present industrial relevance as well as future development prospects. Although largely supplanted by modern industry, traditional practices continue to provide valuable ecological and engineering insights, particularly for sustainable forest management. In the context of climate change and the growing demand for renewable raw materials, these forest-based activities may acquire renewed significance. Potential directions include the modernisation of production tech - nologies, the integration of circular economy principles, and the diversification of biomass resources. With its abundant forest resources, inherited expertise, and established industrial base, Bosnia and Herzegovina is well-positioned to re-emerge as a competitive and sustainable producer of resin, charcoal, and related products for regional and European markets.

Zakon o digitalnim uslugama EU nastoji da uredi usluge koje se pružaju na internetu i suzbije zloupotrebu ličnih podataka i proliferaciju štetnih sadržaja poput govora mržnje i dezinformacija, odnosno da unapredi opštu bezbednost korisnika. S obzirom na njegovu složenu i slojevitu strukturu, implementacija ovog propisa predstavlja izazov za EU i države članice. Pored prikaza same strukture i pozicioniranja novog propisa u širem kontekstu politika EU u oblasti digitalnih tehnologija, centralno pitanje ovog rada jeste dejstvo Zakona o digitalnim uslugama na legislativu Zapadnog Balkana. Kroz analizu trenutnih prilika u pravnim okvirima u Bosni i Hercegovini i Srbiji, rad izdvaja ključne odredbe ove regulative iz perspektive potencijalnih rizika i interesa za ekonomije Zapadnog Balkana, ukazuje na moguća lokalna rešenja principa podele nadležnosti između institucija EU i država članica, te druga pitanja implementacije.

Research Question (RQ): Start-up companies represent the support of the development of every economy. However, this is a more fragile part of the economy, because a large number of start-up companies fail in the first years of their development. The results of previous research indicate that there are several reasons for the failure of start-ups, and one of the key ones is the difficult application of innovations. In today's modern and turbulent times, in the embrace of globalization, innovations are an absolute must have. All companies that are not innovatively oriented are doomed to failure. Even large, multinational companies pay for the lack of innovation, so this is a signal to start-ups that investing in innovation is the most important thing in their budget. However, there are numerous challenges and obstacles in the application of innovations at start-ups. The main problem of the research is to detect what are the most important obstacles and challenges for the application of innovations in Bosnian start-ups, and by what methods it is possible to overcome them. Purpose: The main purpose of the research is to point out the obstacles and challenges faced by start-up companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to give adequate recommendations for start-ups as well as all interest groups, how to eliminate them effectively, in order to make the economy and business operations of the company more propulsive and proactive. Method: In the theoretical explanation of the problem, sufficient information contained in previous researches will be gathered, regarding the considered issue. Through empirical research, it will be determined what the most common types of obstacles are and challenges faced by start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, what types of innovations are most often implemented in start-up companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and which methods and ways can be used to overcome the mentioned obstacles. The research will be done on a sample of 10 start-up companies in BiH. Results: The results of the research will show what are the obstacles and challenges in the implementation of innovations recorded in the sample of observed start-ups, what types of innovations are most often implemented in start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and how to most effectively overcome obstacles in the implementation of innovations in start-ups, with the aim of their better and more successful business. Organization: Through research of this type, managers of start-ups (or those who intend to become one) can more easily identify the basic obstacles in the implementation of innovations in their business, and use the proposed methods to overcome them, in order to make their business more stable and sustainable. Society: Increasing the stability of start-ups brings long-term benefits for the entire society. Socially responsible business of start-ups can contribute to a better distribution of resources in society, which is desirable for all participants in society, but also for the environment. Originality: Research of this type represents one of the rare researches on start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a pioneering research in the context of challenges and obstacles in the implementation of innovations at start-ups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Limitations / further research: Limitations: small sample size, difficulties in data collection. Recommendations: research on the implementation of innovations according to the areas in which start-ups operate.