Zeolitic materials incorporating mono- and bimetallic systems of nickel and cobalt were obtained from natural zeolite modified with Ni2+ and Co2+ chloride solutions through traditional ion exchange (IE) and impregnation (Imp) processes. Special attention was given to analyzing the cationic and anionic composition of the resulting materials. The catalytic potential was evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of citral, focused on the formation of unsaturated alcohols. The IE process replaced mainly Ca2+ and Na+ with Ni2+ and Co2+ cations in the zeolite phases (clinoptilolite and mordenite mix), while Imp resulted in higher metal content (2.0–2.7%) but retained significant amounts of chloride (1.9–3.8%), as confirmed by XRD and temperature-programmed reduction. The materials prepared by IE had negligible chloride content (0.02–0.07%), and their specific surface areas (138–146 m2/g) were greater than those of the materials obtained by Imp (54–67 m2/g). The bimetallic systems exhibited enhanced reducibility of the Co2+ and Ni2+ isolated cations, attributed to synergistic interactions that weakened the cation–framework binding. Catalytic activity tests showed that nickel species were primarily responsible for citronellal formation. Among all materials, the bimetallic CoNiIE catalyst, prepared by IE, was the only one to produce unsaturated alcohols, suggesting that synergistic Ni–Co interactions played a role in their formation.

Athlete nutrition is an important aspect of training itself. Athletes must take sufficient amounts of all nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) on a daily basis, as well as vita-mins and minerals that often have a crucial impact on the quality of training. Daily calories vary depending on the intensity of training, gender, and body weight of the individual. Satis-faction with daily caloric needs is crucial in maintaining constant body weight, achieving fast recovery after activity, and growth and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The objective of the study was to determine the differences in eating habits of users of two different fitness cen-ters. The study included 90 subjects of both genders and different ages. Fitness centers are different according to the type of exercise they practice: CrossFit and classic fitness centers. The survey was specially designed for this type of research. In one fitness center, the survey was conducted "live" and in another “online”. The results of the research showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the respondents of the fitness center who practice classical fitness and those who practice CrossFit when choosing foods and the frequency of their use. It was also found that there was no statistically significant difference in water intake on a daily basis between the respondents of both fitness centers

As the use of autonomous mobile robots expands into dynamic and complex environments, the need for them to provide understandable explanations for their actions becomes crucial. This thesis addresses the challenge of developing explainability for robot navigation by leveraging a hybrid model that combines machine learning techniques with symbolic reasoning methods. Furthermore, the thesis explores the modeling of human explanation preferences and the impact of different explanation attributes on explanation recipients' understanding, satisfaction, and trust. The goal is to integrate different explanation aspects and approaches into a unified framework to support explainable navigation in robotics.

Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic herb produced for its bioactive compounds and commercial applications. However, commonly used methods for rosemary propagation have various limitations that impose the need to create appropriate protocols for in vitro propagation of this species. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of light quality and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on rosemary micropropagation. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), meta-Topolin (mT), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), under different light treatments: fluorescent light (FL) and blue (BL), red (RL), and red-blue (RBL) LED lights. The highest fresh mass was formed by explants grown in medium with mT at 1.0 mg/L + 0.1 mg/L NAA under BL (88.05 ± 2.94 mg), while FL with the same PGR combination resulted in the highest dry mass (12.89 ± 0.55 mg). FL, in combination with 1.0 mg/L mT + 0.1 mg/L NAA, produced the highest number of new shoots (2.07 ± 0.04), and RL, in combination with cytokinin-free MS medium, induced the longest shoots (13.16 ± 0.37 mm). The highest number of nodes (3.91 ± 0.08) was recorded under BL in the cytokinin-free medium. For in vitro rooting, BL combined with 0.1 mg/L mT + 0.5 mg/L IBA produced the highest rooting percentage (80.00 ± 5.77%), the highest number of roots (3.92 ± 0.15), and the longest roots (75.30 ± 1.76 mm). This treatment also resulted in the highest plantlet establishment rate (71.13 ± 4.43%), confirming the synergy between BL and mT + IBA in improving the efficiency of rosemary rooting and acclimatization. These results enable a more straightforward selection of the optimal light spectrum and PGR concentrations for individual stages of the rosemary micropropagation process and highlight the potential of LED lights as a more efficient alternative to traditional fluorescent lamps. What is already known about this subject? Previous research on various plant species has shown that light quality and PGRs are important factors in regulating and directing multiplication, rooting, and general development of in vitro plants. LED lights, especially those in the blue and red spectra, showed positive effects on the processes of photomorphogenesis and, in general, the growth and development of explants. However, research on the micropropagation of rosemary has usually been focused on callus formation and active compound production and rarely on developing effective protocols for producing high-quality planting material. What are the new findings? This research showed the potential of LED lighting to outperform standard fluorescent light during in vitro rosemary propagation. Also, mT was found to be more effective than 6-BAP in promoting shoot proliferation and multiplication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously investigate the synergistic effects of light quality and PGRs on rosemary micropropagation. What are the expected impacts on horticulture? The findings of this research provide an efficient and integrated approach to the in vitro propagation of rosemary. Energy-efficient LED lights and optimal PGR combinations allow commercial growers to produce high-quality planting material.

Understanding the impact of vegetation on organic matter content in sediments is essential for sustainable reservoir management and water quality protection. This study examined the relationship between land cover, erosion processes, and organic matter accumulation in the sediments of four small water reservoirs in the Republic of Serbia. Organic matter content was quantified and analyzed in relation to basin characteristics, including land-use composition, absolute and mean flow gradients, and sediment grain size distribution. Field sampling was conducted across the catchments of four small water reservoirs—Duboki potok, Resnik, Ljukovo, and Sot—with sediment samples collected from main tributaries and accumulation basins. A multi-method approach was employed, combining remote sensing for vegetation-cover assessment, granulometric analysis, organic matter evaluation via loss-on-ignition at 350 °C, and statistical correlation analysis to assess the influence of land use and hydrological gradients on sediment composition. The results revealed a strong correlation (R = 0.892) between forest cover and sedimentary organic matter content, confirming the significant role of vegetation in stabilizing sediments and promoting organic matter deposition. Reservoirs with higher forest and shrub cover (e.g., Sot and Duboki potok) exhibited greater organic matter accumulation (5.79–5.98%), while the agriculture-dominated Ljukovo catchment (76.85% agricultural land) recorded the lowest organic matter content (3.89%) due to increased sediment displacement and reduced erosion resistance. These findings underscore the critical role of vegetation in regulating sediment dynamics and enhancing organic matter retention in small water reservoirs. To mitigate excessive organic matter deposition and improve water quality, sustainable watershed management strategies—such as vegetation buffer strips, afforestation, and erosion control measures—are recommended.

AimCOVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had a profound impact on global health, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which faced unique challenges due to limited testing and high mortality rates. This analysis aimed to identify mutations and detect different SARS-CoV-2 lineages across four pandemic waves.MethodologyA total of 127 SARS-CoV-2 samples were collected and sequenced from patients from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, providing a comprehensive overview of the viral genetic diversity in this region. Two sequencing platforms, Ion Torrent and Illumina, were used, whereby 37 samples were sequenced on the Ion Torrent platform, while others were sequenced on the Illumina platform.ResultsThis study presents a genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina over four distinct pandemic waves, spanning from March 2020 to April 2023. Examination of genomic variations across these waves revealed key mutations associated with transmission and potential virulence.ConclusionThese genomic insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to understand viral evolution and strengthen public health responses to future pandemics.

OBJECTIVE Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are among the most common public health issues in dentistry. The dentist's role in the immediate treatment of traumatic injuries is crucial, as it impacts the long-term outcome of treatment and the patient's quality of life. Dentists should have good knowledge of dentoalveolar trauma to be ready to act promptly in emergencies and to be able to provide appropriate guidance and advice to eyewitnesses or injured individuals at the scene of an accident. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding TDI among dental students and dentists. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants included fourth- and sixth-year dental students, dentists, oral surgery residents and specialists, with a response rate of 61.99% from 1059 participants. Data collection involved face-to-face and email methods. Quantitative data analysis utilised Student's t-test and ANOVA, while categorical data was analysed using Pearson chi-square test, with RStudio and Excel for data analysis. RESULTS Dental students had a mean score of 15.0 ± 4.7, indicating the highest theoretical knowledge of TDI compared to other examined groups. However, 83.5% reported never experiencing TDI. Oral surgical residents scored lowest at 7.8 ± 2.3. Interestingly, dentists with less than 5 years of experience outperformed those with 5-10 years of practice. Most participants (92.4%) prioritised direct tooth replacement, but only 67.7% identified proper tooth-preserving media, and just 38.0% understood the ideal splint for avulsed teeth. CONCLUSION While dental students demonstrated a strong understanding of TDI management, there are areas needing further education, especially among oral surgical residents. Since TDI knowledge tends to decline throughout the years of practice, continuous education on TDI for dental practitioners is essential.

Introduction Prisoners are at a higher risk of communicable diseases (such as HIV and hepatitis) than the general population. Therefore, medical screening is crucial for early diagnosis, treatment, identifying those at higher risk of infection, and prevention of infection spread. Objective The main objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with hepatitis B and C seropositivity in the prison population in Montenegro in two consecutive study years. Method Prisoners of Prison for Short and Long prison terms in Spuž, Montenegro, were included in two cross-sectional studies during 2012 and 2021. Data on socio-demographic factors, risky behavior, and preventive measures related to blood-borne viruses were collected. The data were statistically processed by statistical testing of differences and applying regression models in SPSS Windows, version 19. Results A total of 506 prisoners (2012–298; 2021–208) were included in this study. One fifth of prisoners were seropositive for viral hepatitis B (2012–0.7%; 2021–3.4%) or C (2012–21.8%; 2021-20.7%) or both (2012–0.33%; 2021–0.0%). Factors associated with viral hepatitis B and C seropositivity in both years were shorter prison terms served and injection drug use. Additionally, factors associated with prisoners seropositivity in 2012 were ever drug use and lack of free hygiene kits in prison, and in 2021 were condom use with a permanent partner, non-condom use with non-permanent partner, and availability of free syringes and needles distribution. Conclusion and recommendation Prevalent risky behaviors and the lack of harm reduction interventions are more common among seropositive prisoners. Establishing a prison hospital, improving the surveillance system, introducing new or improving old harm reduction interventions is imperative.

Even when remission is achieved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastrointestinal symptoms may persist. These can be classified as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms in IBD in remission. Further scientific research and debate are required to clearly define this entity and to improve the quality of IBD care.

Methods: A experimental study involved the participation of 207 soccer coaches (B, A and PRO UEFA coaching license). The subscale of the questionnaire refers to coaching and leadership competencies, contains 47 items and was created from the existing questionnaires. Responses to the items of the third subscale are also given in the form of a five-point Likert scale, where respondents were required to indicate the level of agreement with the given statements. The questionnaire examines coaching and leadership competencies contained in 6 groups of competencies. Each competency (communication competencies, football and other competencies, organizational competencies, leadership competencies, technical and motivational competencies, training technology competencies - performance monitoring and training/match analysis) consists of 7 or 8 items. The validation of the developed instrument in this empirical study was conducted using two procedures: (1) factor analysis (PCA with oblique rotation) and (2) an internal consistency assessment (Scale Reliability Analysis – Cronbach's Alpha). Results: By applying principal component factor analysis to the data of the "coaching and leadership competencies" subscale with oblimin factor rotation, 7 significant factors with a Kaiser value greater than 1 and 64.671% of the total variance were identified. Conclusions: The non-objectivity of the respondents was established by applying a self-evaluation scale, and it was confirmed that such questionnaires cannot be used to assess the accuracy of an individual's assessment. It is noticeable that the general opinion of coaches about the importance of certain competencies is probably wrong.

Abstract Developmental abnormalities in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) are rarely documented, with reported cases primarily involving fin or cranial deformities. Monozygotic twinning, the formation of identical twins from a single zygote, is particularly rare in these species and has been observed overwhelmingly in viviparous elasmobranchs. Here, we document a rare case of monozygotic twinning in an oviparous shark, the Small‐spotted Catshark Scyliorhinus canicula (Linneaus, 1758). This case was characterized by two embryos connected to a single yolk sac via separate yolk stalks within the egg capsule. The embryos exhibited normal development until mortality at developmental Stage 31 (Ballard et al., 1993) or stage 4 (Musa et al., 2018), likely due to stressors such as oxidative stress and allostatic overload, resulting from shared resources within the capsule. This is the first confirmed instance of mortality in monozygotic elasmobranch twins, highlighting the plausible challenges of polyembryony in oviparous elasmobranchs. These findings underscore the importance of understanding reproductive abnormalities and their implications for fecundity, particularly in light of ongoing anthropogenic pressures that threaten elasmobranch populations globally.