Introduction Acute psychotic disorders are increasingly being diagnosed in people addicted to PASA part of these patients develops chronic psychotic disorders for reasons that still insufficently known. Objectives The aim of the study was to determine preventive potential of antipsychotics in the development of chronic psychotic disorders as well as possible side effects of theur use. Methods The prospective retrospective qualitative study conducted in the period Septmeber 2017-September 2022.Data from medical records and electronic databases were used in the study.A structured questionnare for conductin research,a clinnical psychatic inteview,MMPI 202,tests to determine of ilegal PAS in body flluids. Results According to the results of the study adequate treatment of the underlying desease,fewer or complete abscence of relapses,social and psychoteraapeutic support had the greater effects.In the group of opiate addicts an adequate dose of supstitution therapy it often played a crucial role. Conclusions In experimental conditions the hypotesis about the preventive effect of antipsychotics on the development of psychotic disorders in peoplle addicted to PAS.On the contrary a whole series of new questions has beenopened. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa. Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being^ 1 – 6 . Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m^–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.

Background: Medical nutritional therapy (MNT) is a key component in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus (DM). MNT is completely individual and should be present in the treatment of diabetes from the very beginning, continuously with pharmacological therapy, taking into account lifestyle, dietary habits and the type of antidiabetic therapy. Mistakes that are made when planning the diet are the absence of individual adjustment of the diet, which means that the number and time of meals, as well as the amount of UH per meal, is not adjusted to the patients' oral or insulin therapy according to their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Objective: This study investigated the effect of MNT with reduced carbohydrate content (MNT M-ADA) on the efficacy of human and analogue premix insulin in patients with T2DM. Methods: Subjects were randomized into two groups (human and analog premix insulins), and then each group into two subgroups of 30 subjects each. One subgroup each on therapy with human and analog biphasic insulins was educated about MNT and learned to count UH, and then they applied MNT M-ADA for 24 weeks, unlike the other two subgroups. In this review, we present only the subgroup analysis on human and analog premix insulins that applied MNT M-ADA (200 g UH/day). Efficacy outcomes in the analysis of these subgroups were estimated changes in each subgroup from baseline to end point (week 24) and differences between subgroups at the end of the study in levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), self-measured glucose values (SMBG) and frequency of hypoglycemia. Results: Both subgroups of subjects with MNT M-ADA improved glycemic control, which was assessed by improvements in HBA1C, SMBG levels, without an increase in the frequency of hypoglycemia, but at the end of the study there was no statistically significant difference in the mentioned parameters between the subgroups. Conclusion: The effectiveness of MNT M-ADA in people with T2DM did not depend on the type of insulin, both insulin regimens are effective if the amount of ingested UH is taken into account.

Introduction Developmental predisposition to schizophrenia can be a consequence of early experienced traumas. Transgenerational trauma is process in which traumatic experience of one generation is passed on to the next generation. Objectives To show connection between transgenerational transmission of trauma and development of schizophrenia. Methods Psychiatric interview, psychological testing. Results Patient G.E. age 29, admitted to Psychiatry Clinic due to altered behavior, aggressiveness and presence of delusions and hallucinations. First mental problems in form of a catatonic stupor appeared 6 years ago. Patient has history of earlier abuse of psychoactive substances. A drug test performed at admission was negative. Patient was born in Srebrenica in 1993, he escaped to Tuzla with his mother in July 1995, while father survived escaping on foot. Patient is a first child from his father’s second marriage. The father’s first wife and two minor children were shot by Bosnian Serbs in early 1992. Patient was born a year and a half after death of his siblings and was named after his half-sister. Patient’s father consumed alcohol after the war and was aggressive towards children. In the last two years, patient had frequent hallucinations, he told his parents that voices were telling him to kill his mother and told his father that his children were still alive. Diagnostic processing was performed and diagnosis of schizophrenia was stated. During hospitalization, patient was treated with olanzapine and low doses of haloperidol, along with haloperidol decanoate, which resulted in significant reduction of productive psychotic symptoms. A partial remission is achieved, negative schizophrenic symptoms and cognitive impairments verified by psychological instruments remain. Conclusions Case report emphasize transgenerational transmission of trauma: father‘s untreated trauma, alcohol dependency and abuse of the patient in childhood. These findings are important for treatment and therapeutic considerations. Mentalizing is a possible mediator between childhood abuse and negative symptoms. Parental bonding was explored within high expressed emotions theory as a risk factor for relapse to psychosis, especially the “affectionless control” in the parental (mainly father‘s) bonding style. Studies also stated that psychotic patients often show insecure attachment representations. Possible pathway for further analysis could be discussed: a cold parental bonding style leading to experienced emotional neglect and attachment avoidance might be reflected in lower capacity to mentalize. To improve the mentalization capacity, it would be essential to establish a sustainable therapeutic treatment frame. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract Periodontal disease is inflammatory pathological conditions in the gingiva and dental support structures that usually results in extracellular matrix and connective tissue destruction. During periodontitis, inflammatory cells facilitate collagen and connective tissue loss, affects the number and activity of fibroblasts and its production of local collagen networks. Aim of this study was to evaluate collagen density and accumulation of collagen producing fibroblast and macrophages in affected tissue of periodontal disease. Histological and immunohistochemical analyzes were performed on paraffin embedded tissue sections of gingival biopsies, obtained from 30 patients with diagnosis of periodontal disease and 10 healthy donors. Tissue sections of gingival of patients with periodontal disease had significantly decreased collagen volume density and visible fragmentation and lysis of the collagen fibers, decreased number of fibroblasts, accompanied with increased accumulation of macrophages. Presented data implicate that macrophages accumulation may be the cause of enzyme mediated collagen destruction

Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a worldwide known vegetable plant, known for its heavy metal accumulation abilities. This study analyzed the phytoremediation potential of domestic BiH kale varieties, grown in a controlled environment and with different concentrations of Cadmium (Cd). Cd is a known pollutant found in small concentrations in soil under normal environmental conditions. Real-Time PCR was used to analyze the gene expression activity of Cd heavy metal correlated genes (MAPK2 and NRAMP6). The root analysis assay confirmed shorter root length after Cd treatment, confirming severe Cd impact on plant cell growth, implying shorter growth in roots in all treated kales. Gene expression results showed that Cd triggers the expression of MAPK2 and NRAMP6 suggesting their significant involvement in Cd metabolizing processes. Based on the combined results, kale from the Stolac region is found to be the most resistant variety, while the only hybrid kale, accumulates the most Cd suggesting its phytoremediation potential.

Background: Heart attack, or cardiac arrest, became a leading cause of death after the turn of the century. Defibrillation is one of the most important medical advances of the twentieth century. Defibrillation is a critical step in the treatment of cardiac arrest as it can be the only way to restore a normal heart rhythm and save the life of the individual. However, it is important to note that defibrillation is only effective if it is performed quickly and in conjunction with other life-saving measures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The history of cardiac defibrillation therapy is long and fascinating, spanning several centuries, many countries and continents. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide historical information about technical and scientific advances in cardiac devices and the development of today defibrillators. Methods: Review of the available literature, historical data, personal contacts, others and personal experience in this field. Discussion: In 1947, Beck published the first paper describing open chest defibrillation of the human heart. Ten years later, Kouwenhoven demonstrated that the heart could be defibrillated through a closed chest. The first external defibrillator weighed 120 kg and delivered 500 v of alternating current (AC) potential. The mere size of the defibrillator restricted its use to surgical suites or other areas hospital locations. In many cases, cardiac arrhythmias recurred. This was thought to be related to the amount of energy used to defibrillate the heart which it was believed caused myocardial damage. These factors limited the practical application of defibrillators. By 1956, a unit was built that could be wheeled into the emergency room, plugged into a wall outlet, and deliver 1000 volts. By 1962, Lown realized that AC current resulted in a high frequency of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac damage. A direct current (DC) defibrillator, consisting of a battery, a capacitor to store energy, and a transformer was developed. The therapy spread from operating rooms to coronary care units and emergency departments and in the late 1960s left the hospital and started appearing on mobile intensive care units. The first portable EMS defibrillators (used by paramedics) emerged in the early 1970s. In 1980 the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was invented. Automated external defibrillators began appearing in the late 1980s allowing the therapy to be delivered by EMTs and lay people. The ‘father’ of the modern automated external defibrillator (AED), Professor James Francis (1916-2004) was a physician and cardiologist from Northern Ireland who transformed emergency medicine and paramedic services with the invention of the portable defibrillator. Conclusion: Defibrillators are critical resuscitation devices. The use of reliable defibrillators has led to more effective treatments and improved patient safety through better control and management of complications during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). The 75th anniversary of the world’s first successful human cardiac defibrillation represents the landmark event that defined the future of cardiovascular medicine and ushered in a new era of advanced cardiac life support.

Abstract Addressing the existing gap between currently available mitigation strategies for greenhouse gas emissions associated with ordinary Portland cement production and the 2050 carbon neutrality goal represents a significant challenge. In order to bridge this gap, one potential option is the direct gaseous sequestration and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in concrete through forced carbonate mineralization in both the cementing minerals and their aggregates. To better clarify the potential strategic benefits of these processes, here, we apply an integrated correlative time- and space-resolved Raman microscopy and indentation approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms and chemomechanics of cement carbonation over time scales ranging from the first few hours to several days using bicarbonate-substituted alite as a model system. In these reactions, the carbonation of transient disordered calcium hydroxide particles at the hydration site leads to the formation of a series of calcium carbonate polymorphs including disordered calcium carbonate, ikaite, vaterite, and calcite, which serve as nucleation sites for the formation of a calcium carbonate/calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) composite, and the subsequent acceleration of the curing process. The results from these studies reveal that in contrast to late-stage cement carbonation processes, these early stage (precure) out-of-equilibrium carbonation reactions do not compromise the material's structural integrity, while allowing significant quantities of CO2 (up to 15 w%) to be incorporated into the cementing matrix. The out-of-equilibrium carbonation of hydrating clinker thus provides an avenue for reducing the environmental footprint of cementitious materials via the uptake and long-term storage of anthropogenic CO2.

Various synthetic and natural antioxidants are used to reduce oxidation and its negative impact on the oil during the food frying process. Considering that some studies show the negative impact of synthetic antioxidants on the health of consumers, natural alternatives are being used more and more. BHA and BHT are synthetic antioxidants that are widely used in the food industryand a large number of natural compounds such as phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, vitamins, etc. show antioxidant properties. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of oregano and rosemary essential oil was tested and compared with the antioxidant capacity of BHA and BHT. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the removal of DPPH radicals and by iron reduction (FRAP). The results of this study showed that the studied essential oils exhibited antioxidant capacity. These oils have a high antioxidant capacity, however, compared to synthetic antioxidants, they show a significantly lower antioxidant capacity but they can be used as natural antioxidants during food processing. KEYWORDS:antioxidant capacity; essential oils; synthetic antioxidants; lipidoxidation

The Balkan Peninsula region has a very diverse agricultural and livestock tradition, and almost every country has its own local breed of sheep. Different breeds of sheep and different breeding traditions, despite the small geographical distance, determine the morphological and morphometric variability among animal breeds. In this study, this morphological diversity among the skulls of sheep breeds of some countries in the Balkan region was examined by the geometric morphometric method. 2D images of 86 sheep skulls from five different countries were analyzed from the dorsal view.Sixteen landmarks were used. The Bardhoka and the Ivesi breed have the broadest distributions of skull shape amongst the sheep breeds. The Ruda sheep is the most morphologically conservative. The sheep from Turkey (Ivesi) and Kosovo (Bardhoka) seem to differ mainly from sheep from other Balkan countries. Bardhoka and Ruda differ most from each other (p <0.0001). The next biggest differences were between Ivesi and Ruda (p < 0.0011) and between Bardhoka and Sharri sheep (p < 0.0016). The sheep breeds Dubska and Lara e Polisit differ the least from each other. Geometrics morphometric analysis is a useful tool to detect differences in the shape of the skull of different sheep breeds and can therefore be used successfully for taxonomic purposes.

To present a 29‐year‐old immunocompetent patient with neurosyphilitic changes characterized by multiple acute ischemic brain strokes along with significant narrowing of several large intracranial arteries. Ceftriaxone treatment for 14 days followed by benzathine benzylpenicillin weekly for additional 3 weeks, showed improvement in meningovascular changes.