The objective of this research was to (1) gain insight into the online and offline video gaming activities participants engaged in over the previous 12 months related to IGD, and (2) examine differences in internet gaming disorder scores between eSports players and gamers. The research was conducted on 62 participants (N=62), 26 of whom are eSports players participating in state-level and regional-level competitions, while the remaining 36 are classified as gamers. Regression analysis and t-test statistical procedures were used to test the hypotheses regarding internet gaming disorder, utilizing the IGD-20 (Internet Gaming Disorder-20) psychological scale. It was hypothesized that age, age of initiation into gaming, weekly hours played, and gamer/eSports player status are statistically significant predictors of internet gaming disorder, while also assuming that eSports players score lower on mood modification, withdrawal symptoms, and conflict subscales of internet gaming disorder. Results indicate that the first hypothesis was partially confirmed, where age (ß=-.275, p<.05) and gamer/eSports player status (ß=.459, p<.001) are statistically significant predictors of internet gaming disorder, while other variables showed no statistical significance. Testing differences between eSports players and gamers, all three hypotheses were confirmed, with eSports players scoring significantly lower on mood modification (t(60)=3.37, p<.01), withdrawal symptoms (t(60)=2.98, p<.01), and conflict (t(60)=2.86, p<.01) subscales. Conclusively, the results imply better mental health, control, and resilience in comparison to gamers, likely due to the organizational aspects of eSports organizations and the professional elements of their roles, which together seemingly serve as protective factors against mental health disorders. This research aimed to raise new questions and briefly introduce important details related to eSports and gaming.

This paper presents a study of air pollution in the vertical profile of the atmosphere during periods with and without temperature inversion in the Zenica valley. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) equipped with sensors for measuring the concentration of suspended particles, atmospheric pressure and air temperature were used for the study. The measurements were carried out at three different locations in the Zenica valley in two different periods. The study shows that pollutants remain below the inversion layer during the inversion period and that concentrations drop sharply at heights above the floor of the inversion layer. The measurements were carried out in December 2024 and January 2025 at three locations (Institut, Kamberovi apolje and Banlozi) along the Zenica valley, which, in addition to industrial sources of pollution, also contains a large number of small house stows distributed on the slopes of the hills surrounding the Zenica valley on three sides.

The aim of the study was to determine the association between motor abilities and the performance of the Osoto Gari (OSOTOG) from the special physical education (SPE) program, as a narrower part of the Physical Education field. The sample consisted of 84 male first-year students from the Faculty of Security Sciences in Banja Luka. The variable sample consisted of sixteen tests for assessing motor skills, which served as independent variables, and the dependent variable, the Osoto Gari, represented the average grades of performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg from the SFE program. This technique differs from the classic Osoto Gari by its training methodology and level of application in defense or attack situations. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that motor skills are significant for the effectiveness of the throwing technique with a backward standing leg, with 46.4% of the total variability of the dependent variable OSOTOG being determined by the independent variables assessing motor skills. The statistically significant individual contributions to explaining the criterion variable OSOTOG were made by the following variables: hand tapping, side steps, twisting, side lying, forward bend on a bench, and standing long jump, which suggests that these variables are predictive for performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg from the SPE program. The obtained results could be used to develop certain motor skills to improve the quality of performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg.

Active Open Thinking (AOM) is a disposition that manifests itself as a tendency to consciously and actively seek, consider and evaluate various arguments based on available evidence when thinking and making decisions with the aim of reaching objective conclusions. According to the study socialization hypothesis, during academic studies, people harmonize their existing system of values, attitudes and beliefs with those that rule in the academic group they attend. In this paper, we try to examine whether the experience of studying in a certain study group has a statistically significant effect on AOM. The research was conducted on a convenient sample of students of the study program of theology (n=82) and psychology (n=205). From each group, students who are at the beginning (first and second year) and at the end (fourth and fifth year) of their studies were tested. Disposition towards AOM was assessed with a Likert-type scale consisting of 20 statements. The hypothesis of the research is that during their studies, psychology students show a significant increase in the tendency towards AOM compared to theology students. The analysis of the results found that, when it comes to the development of AOM, there is no statistically significant interaction between the study group and the length of study. Therefore, it can be concluded that the hypothesis about the effects of study socialization on active open-mindedness was not confirmed, because psychology students already at the beginning of their studies achieve statistically significantly higher average AOM results compared to theology students, and during the course of the studies there is no significant change in the level of AOM in any group.

Voda je jedan od najvažnijih prirodnih resursa, ključan za ekosustav, ljudsko zdravlje i održivi razvoj. Izvorske vode predstavljaju značajan dio vodenih resursa, karakteristične po svojoj visokoj kvaliteti i stabilnom dotoku iz podzemnih rezervoara. Njihova čistoća i kemijski sastav ovise o geološkim i hidrološkim uvjetima, ali mogu biti pod utjecajem različitih zagađivača. U ovom istraživanju određeni su parametri kvaliteta vode s lokalnog izvorišta Klokot (Bihać, Bosna i Hercegovina) u zimskom periodu tijekom tri mjeseca, kako bi se ocijenila njena kvaliteta i identificirali potencijalni rizici po okoliš i zdravlje ljudi. Provedena je detaljna analiza fizičkih, kemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara. Dobiveni rezultati su analizirani i uspoređeni sa zakonskim regulativama kako bi se utvrdila ispravnost vode za različite namjene. Određeni parametri su pokazali odstupanja od optimalnih vrijednosti, što ukazuje na potencijalne antropogene utjecaje. Ovi nalazi naglašavaju potrebu za kontinuiranim praćenjem kvaliteta vode i primjenom adekvatnih mjera zaštite izvorišta kako bi se osigurala dugoročna održivost ovog važnog prirodnog resursa.

The aim of the paper is to provide an insight into morphosyntactic and lexical strategies employed to name aged care facilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also necessary to compare their translation equivalents into English in order to reach general conclusions about the naming classification strategies employed and availability of the information in the English language on the internet. Furthermore, as protective euphemisms are frequently related to taboo words and concepts that vary across cultures, the paper also discusses how protective euphemisms may be related to politically correct language and linguistic policy creation. The paper proposes that the varying use of euphemistic strategies employed could be due to the lexical strategies available, cultural differences and differing levels of understanding regarding sensitive language use. The theoretical framework is grounded in research conducted by Burridge (2012), Benczes and Burridge (2015), Felton (1969), Halmari (2011), and Candrian (2015) to provide a more comprehensive understanding of euphemisms and their role in shaping contemporary language use.

Anthelmintic resistance in livestock is a growing concern worldwide, with significant implications for animal health and agricultural productivity. This study explores the perceptions of veterinarians and farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the factors contributing to anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus nematodes. Data were collected through structured questionnaires completed by 106 veterinarians and 188 farmers in 2022 and 2023. The analysis focused on self-reported therapeutic practices, farm management and environmental variables. Logistic regression, including Firth’s penalized approach, was used to assess associations between these perceived factors and the reported occurrence of resistance. Notably, combination anthelmintic treatments were perceived as a significant risk factor (OR > 49.3), while higher altitude was seen as potentially protective (OR = 0.10). Routine prophylactic deworming was associated with an increased likelihood of perceived resistance (OR = 173.7), whereas staying informed about newly registered products was perceived as protective (OR = 0.34). Although the findings are based on the self-reported perceptions and practices of veterinarians and farmers, they align with globally recognized trends and offer the first structured insights into factors perceived to contribute to anthelmintic resistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study underscores the importance of awareness and responsible anthelmintic use and the need for improved diagnostics and ongoing education to combat anthelmintic resistance.

The Western Balkan Six economies have advanced structural reforms to boost economic growth, create new jobs, and bring living standards closer to those in Europe. However, the Western Balkan residents continue to be encouraged to look for career and educational possibilities outside of the region due to the slow rate of convergence and the significant development gap with other European nations. Over the past ten years, the Western Balkan emigration rate has increased by 10%, and as a result, about one-fifth of the population now lives outside of the region. The high levels of emigration that continue can be extremely challenging for development. They may cause skill shortages and labor market distortions, which may discourage potential investors from making investments because they are unable to find the necessary skills. Gaining competitiveness, attracting investment, and navigating the area's ecological and digital transition all depend on human capital and a competent workforce that can meet the labor market's skill requirements and spur innovation. They are also important pillars of an economy's resilience and prosperity, which is important in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changing nature of the global environment. The goal of this paper is to examine how immigrants contribute to innovation in Western Balkans. Using Total Factor Productivity as a measure of innovation. The focus is on the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). The relationship between migration and innovation is examined not only at regional, but also at sectoral level. This makes it possible to quantify the direct impact of immigrants in the industry where they are really employed. To address the potential endogeneity of migration we adopt instrumental variable technique originally devised by Card (2001). Moreover, we carried out the analysis of human capital composition across sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The offered recommendations can be used by policy makers when designing future policies. 

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of initial periodontal therapy on the periodontal status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease underwent initial periodontal therapy. Relevant data on HbA1c laboratory test results and periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and again three months later. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 13.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To compare periodontal indices between the initial and follow-up examinations, the General Linear Model – Repeated Measures (GLM-RM) was used. Additional variables that could potentially influence the outcome (therapeutic option, HbA1c levels, and presence of diabetes mellitus) were included as covariates. Descriptive statistics are presented as absolute values (n), relative values (%), and as means with standard deviations or interquartile ranges. Comparisons between variables were conducted using the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test, depending on the distribution of the data. Based on our study, it can be concluded that initial periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, when analyzed in correlation with HbA1c levels, resulted in a reduction in clinical periodontal inflammatory parameters. The duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and HbA1c levels did not have a statistically significant effect on the periodontal indices monitored in this study.

Root canal instrumentation is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. Among the various factors that influence the effectiveness of instrumentation, torque is particularly important. Adjusting the torque during root canal instrumentation not only improves dentin cutting efficiency but also decreases the potential for instrument fracture, canal transportation, or perforation. This paper explores the role of torque in endodontics, including its definition, measuring methods, effects on instrumentation, and implications for clinical outcomes. It specifically examines the parameters that influence torque generation during root canal instrumentation.

<p>The changes in pH and conductivity during the rinsing of the pumpkin peel and the biosorption of Cu²⁺ ions were the subject of this work. The obtained data showed that the pH value of the solutions increased during the rinsing of the biosorbent, as a result of the transfer of H⁺ ions from the aqueous phase into the structure of the pumpkin peel. An increase in the conductivity value was observed in the initial period of rinsing the pumpkin peel, followed by a decrease. The increase in conductivity in the initial phase contributed to the self-leaching of the alkali and alkaline earth metal ions from the structure of the pumpkin peel, which were transferred into the aqueous phase. The further decrease in conductivity is a result of the dilution of the aqueous phase. The pH value decreased during the biosorption of Cu²⁺ ions, as hydrogen ions were transferred from the pumpkin peel structure into the solution, and then exchanged with Cu²⁺ ions. The conductivity value increased during the biosorption process, with a rapid increase in the initial period of 5 minutes, due to the transfer of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions into the solution.</p>

Introduction: Medical interventions involving the zygomatic region, including maxillofacial surgery, implantology, and aesthetic procedures, require a comprehensive understanding of the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF) to minimize the risk of injury during surgical manipulation. Materials and Methods: This study examined the location, number and prevalence of zygomaticofacial foramina (ZFF) in fifty-seven dry human skulls of known age and sex. The lateral surface of the zygomatic bone was divided into four regions (A, B, C, and D) to assess the regional distribution of ZFF. Additionally, the distance between each ZFF and the most prominent point of the lateral zygomatic surface (ZP) was measured, using this point as the center of an imaginary clock to precisely determine foramina positioning. Results: Among the 114 sides analyzed, the ZFF was absent in 4.4% of cases. The distribution of foramina per side was as follows: one (40.4%), two (36.8%), three (10.5%), four (5.3%), and five (2.6%). The mean distance between the ZFF and the most prominent point of the zygomatic bone was 8,62 ± 2.54 mm. On the right side, mZFF were most frequently located at 1 o'clock (23.8%), 12 o'clock (25.0%), and 11 o'clock (28.5%), while on the left side, they were most commonly found at 1 o'clock (26.1%), 11 o'clock (28.9%), and 12 o'clock (31.9%). Conclusions: The anatomical variability of the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF) in terms of its number and position should be carefully considered when administering regional block anesthesia or performing surgical and aesthetic procedures in the zygomatic region.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of impacted canines among the orthodontic patients, and to examine the distribution of impactions in relation to gender (male vs. female), affected jaw (upper vs. lower), type of impaction (unilateral vs. bilateral) and affected side of the jaw (right vs. left). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs of 3432 patients (1467 males and 1965 females) who attended the Department of Orthodontics, University of Sarajevo – Faculty of Dentistry with Dental Clinical Center. The radiographs were screened to determine the position of the canines, its angulation and relationship with adjacent teeth and surrounding structures. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and differences between categorical variables, (such as gender /male and female/, affected jaw /upper vs. lower/, type of impaction/unilateral vs. bilateral/, and affected side of the jaw /right vs. left/) were tested using the chi-squared and Z-test. Results: In the sample of orthodontic patients, impacted canines were found in 3.82% subjects. The prevalence was higher in females (2.24%) compared to males (1.57%). The majority of the impacted canines were unilateral (3.29%) compared to bilateral (0.52%). The ratio of maxillary to mandibular impaction was 17.714:1 in favor of maxillary impactions. Conclusion: Impacted canines were found in 131 out of 3432 patients (3.82%). Females (2.24%) demonstrated a higher impaction rate than males (1.57%). However, the difference was not statistically significant.