A modular three-tier IoT-Cloud-AI architecture for accessible cardiac health monitoring is proposed. Three principal contributions are made: (i) a modular architecture enabling independent evolution of hardware, backend, and AI components; (ii) a hybrid risk assessment method combining deterministic rule-based scoring with large language model (LLM)-generated insights; and (iii) a validated open specification supporting reproducibility. A prototype system, Kardia, was implemented using low-cost components (ESP32, MAX30102) and validated experimentally. Heart rate accuracy was within 3 BPM of reference devices, end-to-end latency remained under 2 seconds, and risk stratification was consistent across all test scenarios. The results demonstrate the feasibility of AI-enhanced, home-based cardiac wellness monitoring.

Electrolysis stacks often exhibit suboptimal performance under constant dc power due to effects such as gas bubbles, making pulsed electrolysis a promising strategy for improving efficiency. However, additional electronic components are required to generate pulsed power, adding cost to the system. Therefore, the cost effectiveness of pulsed electrolysis relative to performance needs to be evaluated to justify the costs. Accordingly, this study presents a techno-economic analysis supported by a case study based on a simple pulsed power topology for large-scale systems. The analysis shows that, in our case study, a modest efficiency gain of 0.8% is enough to justify the additional cost, which is significantly lower than the efficiency enhancement (> 20%) reported in literature. Hence, pulsed electrolysis can be considered a viable solution for enhancing performance of large-scale electrolysis systems.

<p>The paper investigates students&rsquo; perceptions and attitudes toward extracurricular activities (ECAs) organized by the English Language and Literature Department at the University of Zenica (UNZE). While ECAs are widely acknowledged for their pedagogical value, their role in higher education contexts within Bosnia and Herzegovina remains heavily underexplored. In that sense, the study aim was to assess the perceived effect of ECAs, such as quizzes, conferences, and competitions, on students&rsquo; interpersonal, social, and speaking skills, motivation, as well as the practical application of their academic knowledge. Data for this quantitative study was collected through an online questionnaire containing Likert-scale and multiple-choice items, while the respondents included undergraduate students across all four study years. Responses reveal that a majority of students view ECAs positively and show high levels of motivation and willingness to participate in the said activities. In addition, most students recognize that participation in ECAs has enhanced their interpersonal and social skills while many also note improvements in their English speaking skills and increased motivation levels. Hence, study results contribute to discussions on learners&rsquo; motivation in higher education contexts and offer insights that may inform future institutional strategies concerning the general students&rsquo; engagement.</p>

<p>Masovna upotreba generativne vje&scaron;tačke inteligencije u obrazovanju softverskog inženjerstva zahtijeva pristup koji istovremeno omogućava iskori&scaron;tavanje prednosti alata i sprječava prekomjerno oslanjanje studenata na automatizirana rje&scaron;enja. U ovom radu kombinujemo anketno istraživanje provedeno među studentima (N = 79) i hibridni fuzzy&ndash;genetski (GA) model odlučivanja koji kvantificira potrebu za pedago&scaron;kom intervencijom kao funkciju učestalosti upotrebe i percipiranog rizika. Neparametrijska analiza ukazuje na statistički značajne razlike u odnosu na karijerne orijentacije (H = 14,192; p = 0,028) i obrasce učestalosti kori&scaron;tenja, pri čemu intenzivniji korisnici primjenjuju alate u &scaron;irem spektru aktivnosti (učenje programskih jezika, generisanje rje&scaron;enja i razvoj prototipova). Fuzzy sistem zasnovan na devet pravila i<br />trapeznim/trougaonim funkcijama pripadnosti defuzificira izlaz na skali 0&ndash;10 (&bdquo;nisko&ldquo; do &bdquo;urgentno&ldquo;), dok genetski algoritam (GA) optimizira granice funkcija pripadnosti i pragove odlučivanja. Optimizirani model ostvaruje nisku prosječnu gre&scaron;ku predikcije i konzistentno identificira scenarije &bdquo;visoka izloženost + (umjeren ili visok) rizik&ldquo; kao prioritete za intervenciju,<br />čime podržava AI-obogaćeni PBL pristup u kojem veliki jezički modeli preuzimaju rutinske zadatke, a studenti zadržavaju fokus na validaciji, evaluaciji i dizajnu rje&scaron;enja. Rezultati daju jasnu empirijsku i matematičku osnovu za plansku i kontrolisanu integraciju vje&scaron;tačke inteligencije u nastavni plan i program, te nagla&scaron;avaju potrebu sistematskog, dugoročnog praćenja efekata primjene kroz vi&scaron;e predmeta i različite obrazovne institucije.</p>

Understanding students’ environmental values and behaviors is important for fostering sustainable practices through education. In this study, we investigated the measurement properties and structural relationships of the Students Value Environmental Preservation and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors scales from Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2023 within the Norwegian context, using data from students in Grades 5 and 9. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the hypothesized factor structure of both scales, indicating good reliability and validity. Multigroup CFA established partial measurement invariance across genders and showed that girls score significantly higher on environmental values and environmentally responsible behaviors than boys, with the gender gap more pronounced in Grade 9. In a series of structural equation models, we demonstrated that environmental values are a strong, consistent predictor of environmentally responsible behaviors across grades and gender. In contrast, science achievement showed weak or negative associations with responsible behaviors, particularly for Grade 9 boys, suggesting that academic success in science does not necessarily translate into pro-environmental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating environmental values as a foundation for responsible behaviors and underscore the need for gender-responsive science education that connects values with real-world applications.

Background/objectives: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a neurosurgical emergency associated with cerebral vasospasm, representing an important complication. This study assessed the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cerebral vasospasm after aSAH. Methods: This prospective single-center observational study with repeated measurements included 56 patients among 74 screened patients with aSAH; 18 patients were excluded according to predefined exclusion criteria, including infection, unavailable CSF samples or requirement for CSF diversion within the first seven days of onset. The samples were obtained via lumbar puncture on post-hemorrhage days 3 and 7. IL-6 was quantified using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Radiological vasospasm (RV) was assessed by computed tomography angiography, while clinical vasospasm (CCV) was defined as new neurological deterioration unexplained by other causes. Results: Median IL-6 levels were 423.5 pg/mL on day 3 and 726.0 pg/mL on day 7. Day 7 IL-6 levels were associated with RV (p = 0.045) and CCV (p = 0.010), while day 3 IL-6 was associated with CCV only (p = 0.035). Day 7 IL-6 showed modest discriminatory performance for CCV: AUC = 0.722, cut-off 460 pg/mL, sensitivity 75.0%, and specificity 68.8%; for RV: AUC = 0.659, cut-off 451 pg/mL, sensitivity 81.8%, and specificity 56.5%. Conclusions: Elevated CSF IL-6 levels were associated with cerebral vasospasm after aSAH, with a more consistent association observed for CCV than for RV; however, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require validation before clinical applicability can be determined.

<p>This study investigates the usage patterns, attitudes, and perceived effectiveness of mobile devices for learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) among secondary school students in a traditional religious educational context in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 323 students at Elči Ibrahim-pa&scaron;ina Madrasa in Travnik, measuring efficiency, engagement, motivation, and accessibility. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Spearman&rsquo;s rank correlation. The findings indicate predominantly positive attitudes toward Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL), with high levels of autonomous learning both within and beyond the classroom. Notably, general mobile use for entertainment showed no significant negative relationship with perceived educational value. The results suggest that students perceive mobile learning as a motivating and personalized supplement to traditional instruction. The study highlights strong readiness for MALL integration, while emphasizing the need for improved institutional infrastructure, particularly reliable internet access.</p>

<p>University language centres (ULCs) are often positioned as auxiliary service units responsible for foreign language instruction and proficiency testing. Yet, intensified internationalisation, the spread of English-medium instruction (EMI), and rising expectations for academic staff to teach and publish in English have expanded their role to staff development, language policy implementation, and research-quality support. Building on language policy theory, the multicompetence<br />perspective, and recent scholarship on EMI and university language centres, this review synthesises key strands of research and policy and proposes a conceptual framework that repositions ULCs as strategic institutional infrastructures. Evidence is drawn from peer-reviewed studies, cross-sector policy reports on institutional language policy in European higher education,<br />and illustrative institutional policies and organisational models. The analysis highlights five interlinked domains of ULC contribution: (1) internationalisation at home and campus multilingualism; (2) learner and staff language development for EMI; (3) assessment, certification, and quality assurance; (4) academic literacy and research communication; and (5)<br />language-policy mediation and governance. Persistent tensions between Englishisation and multilingual commitments, uneven governance visibility, and resourcing constraints remain key challenges. The paper concludes with propositions and a framework that can guide universities in integrating language centres into institutional strategy and quality assurance.</p>

Spinal injuries represent a significant public health concern, causing severe impairments in bodily functions, including disrupted postural control and the loss of the ability to maintain an upright position. These functional difficulties substantially affect patients' quality of life and their engagement in daily activities. Traditional rehabilitation approaches often demonstrate limited effectiveness in achieving functional recovery. Consequently, recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in technological innovations within the rehabilitation process for spinal injuries. The integration of robotic systems, wearable technologies, and neurostimulation, presents new opportunities for improved therapeutic outcomes. These innovations not only enhance the precision of therapy but also enable personalized approaches tailored to the specific needs of each patient. Particular emphasis is placed on technological advancements that facilitate verticalization and improve postural control, as these functions are crucial for maintaining balance and participating in everyday activities. This paper aims to present and analyze some of the technological innovations in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal injuries, with a particular focus on verticalization and postural control. Future research should concentrate on optimizing technological solutions, developing personalized therapeutic approaches, and ensuring accessibility to maximize functional benefits for individuals with spinal injuries. Keywords: technological innovations, verticalization, postural control, spinal cord injury

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent environmental pollutants that bioaccumulate in living organisms and are increasingly implicated in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Mitochondria, as central regulators of energy and lipid metabolism, represent key subcellular targets of PFAS toxicity. While emerging studies have examined PFAS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction using whole-cell analyses, studies focusing on mitochondria-enriched cellular fractions and their functional alterations under steatotic conditions, despite their clinical significance, remain limited. Here, we analyzed mitochondria-enriched cellular fractions and the extracellular secretome from human HepaRG hepatocytes exposed to a PFAS mixture under both steatotic and non-steatotic conditions by using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The PFAS mixture composition and concentrations reflected those commonly reported in human epidemiological data. We observed PFAS- and steatosis-driven effects on metabolism, including lipid buildup in mitochondria-rich fractions due to mitochondrial-lipid droplet contact, disturbances in cardiolipin levels, and increased extracellular abundance of acylcarnitines. Notably, PFAS-induced impact on mitochondrial metabolism was exacerbated in steatotic hepatocytes. Pathway analysis identified disturbances in lipid metabolism and inflammation-related pathways, including leukotriene metabolism, squalene and cholesterol biosynthesis, highlighting a shared metabolic signature across the PFAS-steatosis axis. Functional mitochondrial assays further showed that PFAS exposure suppressed respiratory capacity under both conditions, whereas steatosis alone increased basal mitochondrial activity but nearly abolished spare respiratory capacity. Together, these findings indicate that steatosis is associated with greater PFAS-related alterations in mitochondrial respiration and metabolic composition within the mitochondria-enriched fraction, supporting heightened susceptibility of steatotic hepatocytes to acute PFAS exposure.

This paper investigates characterization of low-frequency electromagnetic transients occurring in power networks with the Stockwell transform (S-transform). Three characteristic cases of real network events are considered. The experiments are conducted in the 35 kV network, and voltage and current signals are recorded. The S-transform is applied to analyze voltage and current signals recorded during earth fault, ferroresonance and transformer inrush. The obtained results demonstrate that application of the S-transform enables identifying and distinguishing different low-frequency electromagnetic transients. The S-transform scalograms and energy spectrum diagrams provide necessary information to enable more efficient protection measures against problems in the network caused by different low-frequency electromagnetic transient phenomena.

Introduction: Legionella spp. is opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that cause two forms of the disease: more severe, more frequently diagnosed - Legionnaires' disease, and milder, less frequently diagnosed Pontiac fever. Research objectives: The primary objective of the study was to examine the presence of Legionella spp. in the air conditioning systems of the studied facilities. Methods: The study was conducted in the Sarajevo Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research included air conditioning systems in public facilities. Sampling was carried out over a two-year period. Water samples and samples collected using the wet swab method were obtained. The samples were laboratory analyzed for the presence of Legionella spp. in accordance with a standard method. During the period of sample analysis, the laboratory was undergoing accreditation in accordance with the relevant standard. A survey was also conducted in the included facilities. Results: Legionella spp. was detected in air conditioning devices of 8 (21%) facilities. No relation was established between knowledge, external education and management with bacterial colonization. Internal training of employees is carried out in three (37.5%) facilities compared to eight facilities in which bacteria were detected (p<0.05). Also, bacteria detected in 4 (40%) facilities where employee absenteeism was associated with respiratory diseases (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for a systemic approach to risk management and the improvement of practices that contribute to safer stay of users and employees in the air-conditioned spaces of public facilities in the Sarajevo Canton. Keywords: Legionella, Bacterial Colonization, Education, Risk Factors, Facility Users

Introduction: Cannabinoids are natural compounds present in plants of the cannabis family. The most important cannabinoids from a medical perspective are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). The correct dose and appropriate frequency of application are successful in using cannabis as a medicine for medical purposes. Aim: To gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and thoughts of society on the legalization of cannabis in BiH, with a special emphasis on the prejudices that have developed through the influence of the legal and social system. Also, the aim is to determine the extent to which social and cultural context influences people's thoughts on legalization and how these attitudes may vary depending on generation, education or social environment. Result: The research included 210 respondents. The demographic data, attitudes and awareness of the respondents about the therapeutic use of cannabis were analyzed, including their familiarity with the pharmacological forms of cannabis and potential therapeutic effects. The research showed that the majority of the respondents positively assess the therapeutic effect of cannabis, while there is uncertainty among a small part of the population who still feel insufficiently informed.Conclusion: The research provided insight into the attitudes of society towards the legalization of cannabis, confirming the hypothesis that the majority of the public has a positive attitude towards its therapeutic use. However, it indicates the need for additional education and reduction of uncertainty among citizens regarding its effect and potential risks. Keywords: cannabis, therapeutic use of cannabis, attitudes, education, abuse

BACKGROUND Vaccination coverage declined in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We evaluated a telephone-based outreach intervention implemented in primary healthcare facilities (PHCs) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The intervention targeted missed routine vaccinations among children aged 0-7 years. METHOD Using a programmatic, non-randomized pre-post design, healthcare teams reviewed registries to identify under-vaccinated children, and parents were contacted by phone to facilitate catch-up visits. RESULTS Among age-eligible children, vaccination coverage increased from 66.5% to 74.2% for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) dose 1, from 43.4% to 51.7% for MMR dose 2, and from 50.4% to 55.9% for the fourth dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib). Mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and clustering by facility and canton showed higher odds of vaccination post-intervention for MMR dose 1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.65), MMR dose 2 (aOR 1.61), and DTaP-IPV-Hib dose 4 (aOR 1.39; all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results show that registry-based, proactive outreach can yield significant improvements in routine childhood vaccination coverage in real-world settings and may be a scalable approach for decentralized health systems recovering from pandemic disruptions.