This paper aims to examine the lightfastness of yellow water-based ink using a light-accelerated aging chamber. Mondy Maestro Print uncoated offset paper (120 g/m²) was used as printing substrate. The printing was carried out on an inkjet printing machine using water-based inks, and the light exposure was tested within the Solarbox climate chamber. The study was conducted through the analysis of colour differences, as well as changes in chroma and lightness, across light, mid and dark tonal patches, as well as the paper substrate. It is hypothesised that the paper substrate will influence the tonal patches through its changes, and that the colour differences will be greater with higher tonal coverage. Experimental results obtained throught spectrophotometric measurements indicate significant color differences. It was found that the paper substrate, through its alterations, influenced the yellow tonal patches. Furthermore, higher tonal coverage resulted in more pronounced colour changes. An exception was observed in the 70% tonal value (TV), which exhibited greater changes compared to the solid patch. These studies are crucial for better understanding of the application and efficiency of this type of ink in the graphic arts industry.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The progress of modern society is directly linked to advancements and innovations in information and communication technologies. The new economic and social opportunities that are part of this progress have transformed the urban landscape and led to the emergence of smart cities. Residential buildings, vehicles, and social systems strive to achieve complete connectivity known as the "Internet of Things" (IoT). The use of the IoT in smart cities generates a massive amount of data that must be collected and analyzed. To do this effectively, artificial intelligence (AI) applications are used, as they are the only ones capable of processing such large volumes of data from various sources. Through AI algorithms, it is possible to continuously monitor data, analyze it, optimize resource usage, simplify decision-making, and facilitate the resolution of key urban life challenges in smart cities. This paper explores the ways in which the integration of AI and IoT can contribute to the improvement of various urban aspects. The primary focus of the paper is to highlight the transformative potential of such integration in the scenarios of smart cities.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">The convergence of advanced materials science and circular economy principles is redefining the future of sustainable engineering. This paper explores the transformative role of biocomposites, nanomaterials, and smart materials in minimizing environmental impact and fostering resource-efficient production systems. By integrating these materials into industrial processes, manufacturers can significantly enhance product durability, recyclability, and energy efficiency. A critical aspect of this transition lies in the redesign of production chains, aligning them with circular economy frameworks to reduce waste, extend product lifecycles, and create closed-loop systems. Through a multidisciplinary lens, this study examines the synergy between material innovation and circular economy strategies, offering insights into how engineering advancements can mitigate environmental footprints while fostering economic resilience. By embracing cutting-edge technologies and sustainable design principles, industries can pave the way for a future where efficiency, adaptability, and ecological responsibility are seamlessly integrated into manufacturing ecosystems.</p>

Climate change is expected to reduce the distribution range of major tree species in Europe. As a result, rare and underutilized tree species are gaining importance, despite limited research on their ecological characteristics. One such species is wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz), which has the potential to enhance the resistance, resilience, and adaptability of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper provides an overview of previous research on its autecology, silvicultural characteristics, dispersal potential, and response to climate change. Wild service tree is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and southwestern Asia. It exhibits broad ecological tolerance and thrives in various soil types, with a preference for deep, humus-rich soils while avoiding dry sandy and marshy conditions. In the Balkans, it grows at altitudes between 250 and 1400 meters above sea level, predominantly in thermofillic oak and beech forests, and less frequently in pine communities on sunny exposures. The species tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions, including low winter temperatures and summer droughts. Natural regeneration occurs primarily through root suckers, with seed-based regeneration being less frequent. For successful establishment, young plants should be planted in small groups within cleared patches of oak and beech forests. Post-planting protection against browsing and damage from rodents is essential. From the sapling stage onward, it requires high light availability for optimal growth. Due to limited seed production and strong competition from other tree species, the natural spread of wild service tree is relatively slow. Its expansion is more likely in cleared thermophilic habitats and can be accelerated through targeted afforestation efforts. Wild service tree exhibits high drought tolerance, making it a valuable species for areas affected by climate change. Its range is expected to expand in sessile oak and thermophilic beech forests. When combined with other drought-resistant tree species, it may contribute to stabilizing forest structures and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Adipose tissue is a metabolically active organ with both endocrine and paracrine functions. It secretes a number of cytokines (adipocytokines) that play critical roles in the development of metabolic diseases and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the product of an obese protein (leptin), a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and dyslipidaemia. Moreover, leptin has been identified as a potential and valuable therapeutic molecule for the treatment of glycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and T2D. The aim of this study was to analyse the concentration of obesity protein as an adipocytokine in a population from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study included 26 partici - pants: 13 healthy subjects as the control group, and 13 untreated diabetics. Biochemical parameter, such as glucose, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, and concentrations of the hormones leptin and insulin were analysed. Biochemical parameters were determined using standard IFCC methods, while leptin and insulin concentrations were analysed using an ELISA assay. The measured concentration of obesity protein in plasma was significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in diabetics compared to healthy subjects, with females exhibiting higher leptin levels than males in both groups. Significant differences in concentrations of bi - ochemical characteristics between the diabetic and control groups ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively) were also observed, with elevated values noted particularly in females. These results suggest that leptin can serve as a biomarker for glucose and lipid regulation in untreated diabetic patients.

Objective To achieve consensus on the definition and clinical approach of Monogenic Inflammatory Immune Dysregulation Disorders (MIIDDs), a collective term for rare conditions marked by inflammation, immune dysregulation, and infection susceptibility. These consensus guidelines specifically apply to pathogenic (or likely pathogenic) gene mutations affecting both innate and adaptive immunity, excluding variants of unknown significance (VUS). Methods A multi-step, evidence-based, multidisciplinary consensus process was employed, consisting of: (1) a systematic literature review across four electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE via PubMed), updated through December 31, 2024; (2) a pre-Delphi electronic survey completed by 95 international adult and pediatric immunologists and rheumatologists; and (3) a modified online Delphi process with an international multidisciplinary expert panel, where statements were iteratively analyzed and refined until achieving consensus (≥ 80% agreement among panelists). Results Fifteen experts from 12 countries participated in two rounds of the Delphi process, resulting in the development of eight overarching principles and 10 consensus statements. These were categorized into five domains: (1) definitions and conceptual framework, (2) diagnostic and monitoring considerations, (3) treatment and therapeutic strategies, (4) multidisciplinary and collaborative care, and (5) patient education and support. Conclusion This consensus defines MIIDDs and provides a structured clinical framework to streamline research efforts and improve patient outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12969-025-01109-z.

In this study, polyphenolic compounds from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) were extracted using different extraction methods. Three techniques were applied for polyphenol extraction: Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and maceration. These methods varied in the time required for extraction and the yield of dry extract. For Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction, two solvents were used: methanol and ethanol. While maceration is simple and cost-effective, it was found to be the least efficient method for extraction. The removal of ethanol and methanol from the extracts was successfully achieved through evaporation, ensuring the purity of the extracts.The results obtained showed that Soxhlet extraction with methanol gave the highest yield of 33.5% compared to the ethanol solvent with 30.45%.Ultrasound-assisted extraction also yielded significant results, but the difference in yield was more pronounced depending on the solvent used. The goal of this study was to determine and present the efficiency of each extraction method. Further research will focus on assessing the antioxidant capacity of the extracted polyphenolic compounds.

In this article, we review the extensive and complex fabric of literature concerning the ontogenesis of spatial representations from earliest childhood to the elderly, including normal and abnormal aging (dementia and Alzheimer’s disease). We also revisit fundamental concepts of the neuronal representations of space, egocentric vs. allocentric reference frames, and path integration. We highlight a thread of contradictions in spatial cognition from infant cognition to the first breakthrough at around the age of four. The contradictions reemerge in the literature on age-related decline in spatial cognition. We argue that these contradictions derive from the incorrect assumption that path integration is exclusively associated with allocentric frames of references, hence, signatures of path integration are often taken as evidence for allocentric perspective-taking. We posit that several contradictions in the literature can be resolved by acknowledging that path integration is agnostic to the type of reference frame and can be implemented in both egocentric and allocentric frames of reference. By freeing the frames of reference from path integration, we arrive at a developmental trajectory consistent across cognitive development studies, enabling us to ask questions that may dissolve the obscurity of this topic. The new model also sheds light on the very early stage of spatial cognition.

This article provides an overview of Direct Energy Deposition – Arc technology (DED-Arc), also known as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), which involves the deposition of metal wire using an arc power source and a CNC or robotic manipulator. The high deposition rate of WAAM justifies its use for the manufacturing of small to large-size components with lower resolution and less complex geometry. However, the use of wire as feedstock in the WAAM process has certain advantages and disadvantages, which are explained in detail. The WAAM specialties are in-situ alloying and the production of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Various sensors, path planning, process control, and FEM simulation from WAAM are used to reduce material and energy consumption and make the process more sustainable. Post-processing techniques are also discussed as a method of improving the quality of the final product. Finally, the prospects of the WAAM process are presented.

Objectives Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools can enhance the quality and efficiency of medical research, but their improper use may result in plagiarism, academic fraud and unreliable findings. Transparent reporting of GAI use is essential, yet existing guidelines from journals and institutions are inconsistent, with no standardised principles. Design and setting International online Delphi study. Participants International experts in medicine and artificial intelligence. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure is the consensus level of the Delphi expert panel on the items of inclusion criteria for GAMER (Rreporting guideline for the use of Generative Artificial intelligence tools in MEdical Research). Results The development process included a scoping review, two Delphi rounds and virtual meetings. 51 experts from 26 countries participated in the process (44 in the Delphi survey). The final checklist comprises nine reporting items: general declaration, GAI tool specifications, prompting techniques, tool’s role in the study, declaration of new GAI model(s) developed, artificial intelligence-assisted sections in the manuscript, content verification, data privacy and impact on conclusions. Conclusion GAMER provides universal and standardised guideline for GAI use in medical research, ensuring transparency, integrity and quality.

This study presents a digital twin approach to quantifying the durability and failure risk of concrete gravity dams by integrating advanced numerical modelling with field monitoring data. Building on a previously developed finite element model for dam–reservoir interaction analysis, this research extends its application to the assessment of existing, fully operational dams by using digital twin technology. One such case study of a digital twin is given for the concrete gravity dam, Salakovac. The numerical model combines finite element formulations representing the dam as a nonisothermal saturated porous medium and the reservoir water as an acoustic fluid, ensuring realistic simulation results of their interactions. The selected finite element discrete approximations enable the detailed analysis of the dam failure mechanisms under varying extreme conditions, while simultaneously ensuring the consistent transfer of all fields (displacement, temperature, and pressure) at the dam–reservoir interface. A key aspect of this research is the calibration of the numerical model through the systematic definition of boundary conditions, external loads, and material parameters to ensure that the simulation results closely align with observed behaviour, thereby reflecting the current state of the ageing concrete dam. For the given case study of the Salakovac Dam, we illustrate the use of the digital twin to predict the failure mechanism of an ageing concrete dam for the chosen scenario of extreme loads.