The lifetime risk of stroke for adults of 25 years of age or older is approximately 25%, while stroke constitutes the second most common cause of mortality and the second most common cause of disability worldwide. In addition to the clinically manifest acute ischaemic stroke, the presence of cerebral infarction in patients without apparent clinical symptoms and signs attributed to ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack was first described by Fisher in a series of autopsies. Over the years, the term ‘silent brain infarction’ has been replaced by the term ‘covert cerebrovascular disease’ (CCD). Despite the well-established evidence surrounding the associated sequelae of CCD, the current diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms in this particular group of patients are not well defined. With this case series, we showcase potential aetiologies and the value of individualised work-up and treatment strategies.

Abstract This paper examines the application of Benford’s Law in the forensic analysis of cash flow statements of business entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through empirical research, the following hypotheses were tested: increasing and decreasing items in cash flow statements follow Benford’s Law, and there is no statistically significant difference in the first-digit distribution between increasing and decreasing items. The results show that decreasing items follow Benford’s Law, while increasing items exhibit statistically significant deviations. Additionally, for most digits, no statistically significant difference was found between increasing and decreasing items, except for the digit 3. The findings indicate the need to educate auditors about the application possibilities of Benford’s Law, as well as its wider use with the aim of reducing audit costs and increasing audit efficiency.

Abstract This paper examines the factors influencing the ethical conduct of accountants and auditors in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), focusing on four key dimensions: personal interests and motives, work experience and professional competence, legal protection and market factors, and moral attitudes and the cultural environment, including religion and social norms. The research was conducted on a sample of 89 accountants and auditors using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Respondents expressed their views on various aspects of ethical behaviour within the profession. Parametric statistical methods, the Z-test and Repeated Measures ANOVA, were employed to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that the cultural environment, including national customs and social norms, exerts a stronger influence on the ethical behaviour of accountants and auditors than religious beliefs. The study provides empirical evidence on the relative importance of different factors shaping ethical behaviour in the accounting and auditing profession, with particular emphasis on the role of culture as opposed to religion.

<p>In a period of global social and economic change, the teaching profession in transition countries is undergoing a profound transformation. Teachers of natural sciences and mathematics are particularly affected, as their role becomes crucial in developing the competencies necessary to understand and implement the principles of sustainable development. This paper analyzes the challenges and perspectives of the teaching profession in the context of educational reforms, technological changes, and the demands of the green economy. Using a comparative approach, the research examines the state of teacher education in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics in transition countries, with a special focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that it is necessary to redefine teachers&rsquo; professional development through innovative pedagogical models, the integration of digital and environmental competencies, and an interdisciplinary approach to teaching. Particular emphasis is placed on strengthening teacher autonomy, continuous professional learning, and institutional support to empower teachers as agents of change within educational systems. The paper concludes that the future of the teaching profession, especially in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics, plays a key role in building a knowledge-based society and supporting a sustainable transition toward a green and inclusive economy.</p>

<p>In the pursuit of sustainable industrial transformation, additive manufacturing has emerged as more than a technological revolution&mdash;it represents a new philosophy of production. This paper explores how 3D and 4D printing technologies can serve as key enablers of waste reduction and resource optimization across diverse sectors. By shifting from traditional subtractive methods to digitally controlled additive processes, 3D printing minimizes material loss and energy use through precision, customization, and local production. Going a step further, 4D printing introduces smart, stimuli-responsive materials capable of self-adaptation and regeneration, creating systems that not only reduce waste but actively extend product lifecycles. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the study examines material innovation, eco-design principles, and the integration of artificial intelligence and digital twins for real-time optimization of manufacturing processes. The findings highlight the transformative potential of additive and time-evolving manufacturing in supporting circular economy objectives, Industry 5.0 paradigms, and the broader goals of the European Green Deal. Ultimately, the paper argues that the convergence of digital intelligence and material adaptability offers a tangible pathway toward regenerative, zero-waste production ecosystems. Its originality lies in bridging technological foresight with applied sustainability practice, offering actionable insights for industries and policymakers seeking to redesign value chains through intelligent, resourcepositive manufacturing.</p>

Cultural and event tourism plays a key role in the global tourism industry, contributing significantly to national, regional, and cross-border development strategies. It attracts visitors interested in cultural heritage, artistic events, and local traditions, supporting the preservation and promotion of local identity. Assessing cultural tourist flows become essential to understand their economic and social impact, and this article proposes an integrated methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, including data collection on cultural events, participant estimation, economic analysis, satisfaction assessment, data visualization, reporting, and continuous monitoring. The proposed model ensures a comprehensive evaluation of cultural tourist flows and supports the sustainable development of cultural tourism. Its relevance is both theoretical and applied: it offers a conceptual and analytical framework for studying this complex phenomenon, but also, it provides useful insights for decision-makers and stakeholders involved in tourism development, helping to design effective policies and strategies for promoting and managing cultural tourism. The novelty of the research lies in the proposal of a detailed and integrated methodology tailored to the specific challenges of evaluating cultural tourism, aiming to improve data accuracy, strategic planning, and long-term sustainability.

<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the early stages of energy transition. There is an obvious increased pressure to modernize existing waste management and environmental protection systems. Actions and actions at the EU and regional levels mark the ever-present need to develop hydrogen technologies and a circular economy. Waste is becoming a resource. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be a leader in changes of this kind. Sarajevo should be a model to be followed by other cities in the region. This city and its surroundings produce a huge amount of waste, which, if considered a resource, can, through the application of certain technological and technical solutions, become a source of energy and other raw materials for some industries such as the construction or metal industries. Therefore, Sarajevo has a special challenge and is expected to respond correctly and quickly. The Sarajevo landfill, Smiljevići, is the cause of serious problems that are reflected in large quantities of waste, its separation, the capacity of landfill surfaces, and the emission of gases and leachates. These problems have been unsolved for decades and are still a major challenge. They are two-dimensional as a<br />technical problem, but also as an institutional problem.</p>

<p>The bird fauna of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to the tri-border area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Croatia, was studied. The habitats and migrations were analyzed over a five-year period with the aim of long-term monitoring and protection of species. The methods used for monitoring, marking, recording, and data processing included: the kilometer transect method, point census, free-route field surveys, and the &ldquo;playback&rdquo; method. Previous studies of bird fauna in this park were analyzed in order to synthesize results.The main results obtained from field research include a systematized list of bird species and maps indicating key nesting habitats. The results will contribute to stakeholders&rsquo; efforts to protect species and secure habitats in this area.</p>

Background. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A disturbance in the number of white blood cells results from direct damage to cells, primarily lymphocytes, by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Aim. The work aims to examine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the laboratory parameter values ​​in bedridden patients during hospitalization. Results. To determine the impact of COVID-19 infection on laboratory parameter values ​​, the study included 80 respondents hospitalized at the UCC Tuzla Infectious Diseases Clinic from 1.1.2021. - 31.12.2021. year. Among the respondents, 58.75% were men and 41.25% were women. A review of laboratory findings shows that there is a statistically significant difference between erythrocyte values ​​and the time of measurement (P=0.028). At admission, 93.75% of subjects had high C-reactive protein (CRP) values, 87.50% of subjects on day 5 of measurement, and 67.50% of subjects had high values ​​at discharge from the hospital. There was a statistically significant increase in CRP values ​​compared to reference values ​​(P=0.000). There was a statistically significant increase in platelets in subjects measured on admission (11.25% of subjects), on the 5th day of hospital stay (28.75% of subjects), and at discharge (33.75% of subjects) (P=0.000). Conclusion. Given the results obtained, we can conclude about the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the disruption of laboratory parameter values, especially the decrease in the number of erythrocytes and the increase in ferritin and C-reactive protein.

Background: Refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a rare condition, but poses a clinical challenge after failed standard ablation. Very high-power, short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation has not yet been explored in slow pathway ablation/modification. Case Summary: A 61-year-old woman with recurrent AVNRT despite two prior ablations and multiple antiarrhythmics underwent successful slow pathway ablation using a 90-watt, 4-s vHPSD protocol. CARTO-guided mapping localized the presumed slow pathway, followed by several 90 W applications. Transient second-degree AV block (Wenckebach type) occurred and resolved spontaneously. The patient remained arrhythmia-free at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: This is the first reported clinical use of 90 W/4 s RF energy for AVNRT. The vHPSD approach may offer an effective alternative for patients with refractory AVNRT.