For the purposes of the inventory, an analysis of 55 literature sources of useful plant species in the households of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was performed. A total number of 748 plant species have been identified. According to the taxonomy, they are classified into 112 families and 418 genera. The most numerous families within which useful species are cited are: Compositae, Rosaceae, Lamiacae, Apiacae, Brasicaceae, Ranunculaceae and Poaceae. The useful species are mostly used in treatment and nutrition. Some of them are also used in the production of drugs, so they are described in pharmacopoeias such as: the Yugoslav Pharmacopoeia (2000) describing 88 species, the WHO's monographs on medicinal plants describing 62 species, the European Pharmacopoeia (8th edition) with 79 plants. Useful species with the most citations in the literature are: Urtica dioica, Hypericum perforatum, Althaea officinalis, Juniperus communis and Sambucus nigra. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a high diversity of useful plants and significant potential that can be used in the future. A large number of publications indicate that the population throughout history has used biodiversity and natural resources in a traditional and sustainable way. The results are the basis for future research on sustainable management, promotion of natural values, useful plants and and conservation of biodiversity in BiH.

Endocrinological and physiological changes associated with parturition and begining of lactation have negative effects to immune functions, dry matter intake and cows have to go through period of negative energy balance of different intensity and duration. After parturition, about 80% of dairy cows enter the period of negative energy balance in early lactation and body condition score decrease, because of great energy needs for milk synthesis, which is followed with compromising of reproductive performances. Lameness is chronical, painful and stressful condition, associated with lower reproductive performances and it represents one of three most common reason for economical losses in dairy industry. This study had included 44 Holstein Friesian cows. Status of reproductive organs and body condition has been assessed by sonography and for lameness ZINPRO method. More frequent lameness have been observed, where 59% cows had been in category 2, while 32,2% cows in category 3. Cows with insufficient body condition score (BCS) before parturition, during period of puerperium had anovulation of 25%. Farms should have calendar od routine body condition and lameness assessment, because of negative effects, they may have to many physiological functions.

The aim of this study was to examine the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of gluten - free buckwheat dough and crackers based on sour buckwheat dough. For the preparation of gluten-free crackers based on sour buckwheat dough, the dough is prepared by adding lyophilized starter culture. The recipe for gluten-free crackers based on sour buckwheat dough was prepared by mixing wheat gluten-free flour with the addition of 10% and 20% buckwheat sourdough, as well as wheat gluten-free flour with 20% buckwheat flour. Gluten-free wheat dough and crackers were prepared as a control sample. The total polyphenols in the aqueous extract of crackers and crackers were determined by a modified Folin – Ciocalte method. Two different methods, FRAP and DPPH, were used to determine antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity in crackers and crackers was determined by the FRAP method, while the influence of time on the antioxidant activity of crackers was monitored by the DPPH method. The test results showed a higher content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in doughs and crackers produced with the addition of buckwheat sourdough as a result of the action of lactic acid bacteria whose metabolism stimulates the formation of new amounts of polyphenolic compounds.

Using the CIELAB method, the influence of extremely high doses of sulfur dioxide (from about 300 to about 1200 mg/L) in experimental-model white wines prepared from 31 samples of white wines from the Western Balkan region on changes in the chromatic properties of the wine was investigated. By spectrophotometric measurements and calculations, the values of the CIELAB indicators L* (clarity), a* (color along the red-green axis), b* (color along the yellow-blue axis) and ΔE* (overall colorimetric difference between the two wines) were determined. In the analyzed basic wines, the contents of free and total sulfur dioxide were found to be below the legally prescribed maximum concentrations in wines that are on the market. Changes in the values of indicators L*, a* and b* did not follow linear increases in sulfur dioxide content in experimental-model wines. However, on average for all wines, with increases in the content of sulfur dioxide in the specified range, there was an increase in the value of L* by about 1.6 units, a shift in the value of a* by about 1.5 units in a greener direction, and a shift in the value of b* in the direction of less yellow by about 2.3. Setting the value ΔE ≥ 2 as a difference in the color of the wine that could be determined visually, it was found that the modeled strong increase in the content of sulfur dioxide in the wines led to a significant change in color in about 65% of the analyzed wines. The predominant contribution to presumably visible changes in colors of the modeled wine came from changes in the value of the parameter b*. Bearing in mind the significant changes in the color of white wines noted in this research at the first model increase in sulfur dioxide content (by 200 mg/L), it would be useful to investigate changes in the color of white wines at different thresholds of increasing sulfur dioxide content up to this level.

The primary objective of this research was to determine the threshold of sensory detection of wine sweetness (sweetness threshold) modelled by adding a sucrose solution in dry white wines and identification of the possible influence of acidity on the wine sweetness threshold. The study was done on 11 samples of regional dry still white wines. The sugar content and total acidity of wines were measured in a laboratory, followed with the sensory evaluation of their quality (OIV rating scale up to 100 points). Seven experienced wine consumers tasted untreated dry wines and the same wines with modelled sugar concentrations trying to find the lowest concentration of sugar by which the sweetness of wine was undoubtedly recognized. The obtained results showed that the wine evaluators have registered wine sweetness thresholds at relatively low concentrations of sugar (the lowest 3.79 g/L, the highest 6.07 g/L). Analysis of the relations between the acid contents of the wines and the wines' sweetness thresholds pointed out their high positive correlation (correlation coefficient +0.786). This is in accordance with some previously published researches concluding that the sensory recognition of the sweetness of wine is conditioned by their acidity, i.e. that wine acidity to some extent suppress its sweetness.

Nowadays, farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are facing climate change-related problems almost constantly. Treats such as late frost, extreme temperature or precipitation events, drought, floods and hail are becoming frequent and more devastating.In order to achieve sustainable production and rational use of water resources together with environmental protection and reduction of risk, farmers should use decision-support tools such as the irrigation calendar or chart. Using such calendars can save up to 30% of water while maintaining yields and requiring minimum data or need for developing new skills. In this study, irrigation calendars for orchard production (apple, pear and plum) in Tuzla Canton taking in consideration different soil characteristics were developed. Critical month for the irrigation in Tuzla Canton is July. Average orchard water requirement is around 667 mm, or 146 mm in the critical month. Under normal weather conditions, daily irrigation requirements in July amounts to 2.64 l of water per m2, if conditions are dry or extremely dray then these values should double.

The research aims to determine the phenological characteristics of seven introduced almond cultivars (Ferragnes, Ferraduel, Tuono, Genco, Supernova, Texas, Nonpareil), in Herzegovina, in a private plantation located near the settlement of Gnojnice, Mostar municipality. The area of Herzegovina - Mostar is very favorable for intensive almond cultivation. The phenological observations covered two vegetation years (2017-2018). Phenological observations are considered as sensitive methods for recognizing the plant reactions to climate change. The flowering period is a significant characteristic of almonds because it is important to avoid late frosts that affect the production of almonds with early flowering. Based on the study of the phenological phases of almond flowering, it can be concluded that all introduced almond cultivars belong to the group of medium to late flowering, which shows a satisfactory adaptation to the ecological conditions of Herzegovina. There are significant differences in the time of the beginning of ripening of almond cultivars in 2017 and 2018, which is the result of the agro-ecological conditions. Based on the phenological research that referred to the late flowering, the most promising cultivar for the area of Herzegovina is Supernova, and it can be recommended for wider production. In addition to the late flowering phenophases, Supernova is self-fertile cultivar. In the future, it is necessary to continue and intensively research both the introduction and autochthonous genotypes of almonds in Herzegovina for genetic characteristics and breeding programs.

The aim of this study was agro-pomological evaluation of ‘Clery’ strawberry cultivated in three different growing systems (open field, under low and high tunnel). The experiment was conducted during three seasons (2013-2015) at a commercial orchard in Celic (North eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina). By cultivation system of ‘Clery’ strawberry under high tunnel were achieved better results related to the development of crowns, yield per plant, fruit size, the ratio of marketable fruits and content of soluble solids in the fruit. Obtained results indicate that it is possible to adopt cultivation system in the strawberry culture in order to improve the total and marketable yield as well as fruit quality.

The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is a pest that causes significant damage to tomato production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to previous research, the inadequate application of older generation insecticides in the control of tomato leaf miner has led to a series of harmful consequences, such as increased resistance of the pest, reduction of the natural enemies population and an increase in pesticide residues in the agricultural products and in the environment. The aim of this work was to examine the efficacy of the newer insecticides generation in controlling of tomato leaf miner in greenhouse production in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Testing the efficacy of insecticides was carried out on tomato plants (Matias hybrid) in greenhouses in the localities of Višići, Gabela and Klepci. The effectiveness was tested on the following variants of insecticides: Indoxacarb, Emamectin benzoate, Methoxyfenozide, Lufenuron, Chlorantraniliprole, Azadirachtin, Spinosad and the combination of Abamectin + Lufenuron. Based on the number of live larvae in the mines, according to Abbott, the efficiency values of the applied insecticide variants were calculated. The combination of insecticides based on the active substances Abamectin and Lufenuron showed the highest percentage of efficiency (53.52%). The insecticide based on the active substance Spinosad showed the lowest percentage of efficiency. Lower efficiency values of the majority tested insecticides are probably a consequence of their specific mechanism of action, physical-chemical properties and environmental conditions in which they were applied.

Metabolism in high yield dairy cows considering their genetic predisposition for high milk production from one side and reproductive demands from other is very strained and constantly exposed to changes, which as consequence may have disorders in function of different organ systems, including reproductive system. Minerals play important role in keeping of reproductive potential, as well as maintanence of healthy genital organs in domestic animals. Research had been conducted with 46 Holstein cows in dry period from two farms, 20 cows in farm „A“ and 26 cows in farm „B“. Blood is spectometrically analysed for levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p) and Magnesium (Mg). Obtained average values of Ca, P and Mg in blood were mostly within physiological range, but significant differences could be found among three categories of cows within same or different farms. Higher values of Ca, P and Mg had been found in cows with shorter open days period. 

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of sheep from the area of Livanjsko Polje and Mount Vlasic. A total of 117 sheep of the breed pramenka were included in the research. The sheep were divided into groups according to the sampling area through different periods (July, August, and September). Using an automatic analyzer (Kodak Ektachem analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Module, and DTE Module), the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in the serum of sheep. In the area of Livanjsko Polje, the highest established value of cholesterol in sheep serum was in the second sampling period, with statistical significance compared to the other two sampling periods. Cholesterol values in the Vlasic Mountain area were within the physiological range. The highest established triglyceride concentration in the area of Livanjsko Polje was also the second sampling period, with statistical significance (p <0.05) compared to other sampling periods, as well as the same period from the Travnik area. The results of triglycerides in the blood serum of sheep from the Vlasic mountain area show a tendency to decrease in the third sampling period, at the end of the lactation period. These results may be due to the effects of various factors, such as age, gender, health, lactation status, and sheep breed.

The technology and quality of indigenous Lider goat cheese are examined in this research. It is a hard, full-fat cheese produced from pasteurized goat's milk. Goat's milk is obtained from goats that are raised in the mountainous area of Nikšić, Montenegro. The aim of the work is to present the Lider goat cheese technology as well as to examine the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of this cheese. Cheese samples were tested after ripening for 21 days (three weeks). The average chemical composition of the cheese was (g/100 g): dry matter 61.85; fat 30.17; proteins 27.59; salt 3.96 and lactic acid 0.185. The average content of fat on dry basis (FDM), moisture on fat-free basis (MFFB) and salt in moisture (S/M) were 48.94%, 54.42% and 10.89%. Average pH was 5.25, water activity 0.895, while hardness and adhesiveness were 13.844N and -0.213N. The average rind thickness of 2.57 mm was established, while the average cross-sectional height and cross-sectional area of the cheese were 33.33 mm and 9.57 cm2/100g. The average density of the cheese was 1.338 g/ml. The total sensory evaluation averaged 17.34, which places this cheese in the high first class. One-way analysis of variance (p<0.05) revealed that there is a statistically significant influence of the production day on all physico-chemical and sensory parameters of the cheese, except for the external appearance and color. 

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses because of its negative impact on agriculture production. This widespread pathogen has a very wide range of hosts, and it infects more than 1300 plant species, including crops, vegetables, ornamentals and weeds. According to the literature, it has been experimentally confirmed that cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the seeds of the following plant species: Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita melo, Cucurbita moshata, Echynocistis lobata, Lupinus angustifolus, Spergula arvensis, Vinga unguiculata, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum, Cerastium holostioides, Senecio vulgaris and Portulaca oleracea. In this study, the possibility of CMV transmission by seeds of naturally infected Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine) plants was investigated.Investigation in naturally infected plants greater celandine was performed by DAS-ELISA test and RT-PCR. The virus was detected in plants grown from infected seeds by biological methods and DAS-ELISA test. The results of experimental research has shown that the cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the greater celandine seeds. This is the first data concerning CMV transmission by Chelidonium majus L. seeds.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ethology and development cycle of tomato leaf miner in laboratory conditions on populations collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina in a period of three year. For the purposes of this study, tomato hybrid Matias was used, which is often grown in our area. During the study of ethology, it was noticed that adult individuals of the tomato leaf miner copulate very quickly after the ecclesia, often even after the first flight. Copulation usually takes place on the surface of a tomato leaf. The female approaches egg-laying immediately after copulation. The female lays the largest number of eggs in the first 24 hours after copulation, laying one by one, but most often the eggs are laid in smaller groups of two to five eggs. For laying eggs, the female looks for leaves without mines, but the laid eggs can also be found on leaves with already formed mines. It has been determined that female tomato leaf miner usually lay between 120 and 230 eggs. Most often the eggs are laid on the topp part of leaf, and less often on the botton part of leaf. After sawing, the caterpillar is polypoid and faces the ventral side of the body towards the surface of the leaf, where it stays for a short time, and then burrows into the leaf after a few minutes. During the research of the development and life of caterpillars, it was stated that a larger number of caterpillars can be found inside the connected mines. From the life activities of the caterpillar arises the overall importance of the tomato leaf miner as a pest, which should certainly be taken into account when taking appropriate control measures. The development cycle of the tomato leaf miner on the tomato hybrid Matias was slowed down and lasted longer at a lower temperature (20°C). The development cycle of the tomato leaf miner lasted an average of 29.16 days at a temperature of 20°C, while at a temperature of 25°C it lasted an average of 22.60 days.

During the 21st century, lepidopterological research on the Prenj mountain was performed on several occasions. The first such research by S. Lelo and M. Kašić-Lelo in 2007 resulted in the discovery of a small number of species (33), so the graduates of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, J. Karačić and S. Sućeska, did more thorough research (graduate thesis) at several sites during the vegetation season in 2011, which resulted in significantly better results (85 identified species). At the same time, it was agreed that A. Abaza and D. Žujo Zekić would conduct even more detailed research only at the Rujište site (during which 73 species were noticed). Based on earlier data from the 20th century, 89 species were noticed and described on Mount Prenj, while 113 species were noticed in research in the 21st century. According to recent data, the total number of species found so far on the Prenj mountain is 127. A significantly higher number of noticed species in the 21st century is the result of targeted and systematic research, during which a very small number of expected species were absent.