Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Gemini are reshaping education through personalized learning and data-driven decision-making. This study evaluated LLM classroom feasibility by linking them with PISA student-level data. Using R-based processing, 1,000 structured profiles were submitted to ChatGPT and Gemini APIs to identify academic and socio-emotional strengths, risks, and improvement strategies. Unlike systems that rely on predictive modeling, this approach uses LLMs as interpretive assistants that generate context-aware feedback from standardized educational data without custom model training. Thematic analysis revealed strong cross-model agreement $(\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{0. 8 7})$ and alignment with teacher evaluations ($\mathbf{r}$ = 0.76). ChatGPT provided concise, action-oriented feedback; Gemini offered richer contextual explanations. High inter-rater reliability $\kappa=0.79-0.82)$ confirmed consistent content interpretation. However, the reliance on agreement-based validation introduces a circular reasoning risk that limits causal claims. Findings demonstrate LLMs' potential as real-time educational assistants for early detection and personalized guidance, though input data dependence, bias risks, and limited longitudinal validation remain key limitations.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) are widely produced engineered nanomaterials with ongoing human exposure through consumer and occupational uses. Conventional in vitro assays often focus on cytotoxicity and may therefore overlook early or sublethal cellular perturbations. Here, we applied Cell Painting-based phenomics to resolve size-dependent sub-lethal phenotypic signatures of TiO2NP exposure in human HepG2 hepatocytes. Two TiO2NPs (<25 nm and <100 nm) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and evaluated following 24-hour exposure at five concentrations: 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Cell viability was assessed using the alamarBlue assay, and high-dimensional phenotypic profiles were generated using Cell Painting-based phenomics, including automated high-content imaging and CellProfiler-based feature extraction. TiO2NP exposure induced modest reductions in viability at the highest concentration, indicating limited acute cytotoxicity. In contrast, phenomic profiling revealed clear, concentration-dependent phenotypic perturbations for both size fractions, with markedly stronger and more consistent effects for the < 100 nm TiO2NPs. At 100 µg/mL, the < 100 nm TiO2NPs altered 50.9% of the measured phenotypic features, compared with 28.9% for the < 25 nm particles, with prominent contributions from endoplasmic reticulum-, actin/Golgi/plasma membrane-, mitochondria-, and RNA-associated features. Dimensionality reduction and correlation analyses confirmed reproducible, concentration-dependent phenotypic trajectories. Importantly, the TiO2NP-induced phenotypes were distinct from those induced by the reference chemical CA-074Me, which produced broad perturbations and served as a reference chemical to verify assay sensitivity and dynamic range. Overall, Cell Painting phenomics sensitively captures size-dependent, sublethal cellular phenotypes induced by TiO2NPs, supporting its value as a New Approach Methodology for nanosafety assessment beyond conventional viability endpoints.

In conditions where information and communication technologies (ICT) dictate the “rules” of the market, the strong promotion and development of innovation-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are essential. The transition from a traditional, linear system of waste management and fleet management in utility companies to a digital and circular-oriented system represents not only a significant challenge

Highlights What are the main findings? Quantitative 2D and 3D morphometric descriptors, combined with LLM-based interpretation, enable a structured and informed assessment of pediatric foreign-body aspiration risk. Object morphology, including shape, sharpness, and orientation, substantially influences both where an aspirated foreign body lodges in the pediatric airway and the severity of the resulting injury, beyond traditional size-based criteria. What are the implications of the main findings? For practicing pediatricians, incorporating shape-related metrics into hazard assessment may complement existing size-based safety standards and improve the bedside identification of high-risk objects. The proposed framework offers a basis for developing interpretable tools to support prevention strategies, product design, caregiver education, and clinical risk assessment. Abstract Background/Objectives: Foreign-body aspiration (FBA) is a common and largely preventable pediatric emergency, yet current safety standards and risk assessments rely predominantly on object size and on anecdotal descriptions and bronchoscopy findings. We propose a clinically oriented proof-of-concept workflow that combines high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) scanning and calibrated two-dimensional (2D) imaging of retrieved objects with radiomic shape descriptors and large language model (LLM) reasoning to support aspiration risk assessment and guide prevention. Methods: Objects were obtained from the Susy Safe registry and historical series from the University Clinical Centre Tuzla. Each object was digitized with 3D scanning and photographed with a ruler. Morphometric descriptors—including volume, surface area, sphericity, elongation, flatness, curvature and convexity—were computed from stereolithography (STL) meshes; silhouette area, perimeter and Feret diameters were extracted from 2D photographs. Normative airway dimensions from radiographic and computed tomography (CT) studies provided anatomical context. A sharp, irregular metallic object recovered from a child’s laryngo-tracheal tract served as an illustrative case. Results: The object’s major axis approximated the anteroposterior glottic diameter, suggesting potential traversal when longitudinally oriented, whereas its irregular shape increased the likelihood of mucosal laceration and lodging. LLM-based synthesis provided a structured narrative interpretation consistent with a high-risk profile and highlighted preventive implications. Conclusions: Combining 2D/3D morphometry with LLM reasoning provides objective assessment of FBA hazards and may support safer product design, injury-prevention policies, and caregiver education.

Abstract Objectives Rescue stenting (RS) has emerged as a bailout strategy after failed reperfusion during endovascular treatment (EVT). Optimal blood pressure (BP) management after RS remains unclear. Our aim is to evaluate the association of BP levels and blood pressure variability (BPV) during the first 24 h after RS with short-term and long-term patient outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of an international registry where data from adult patients who underwent either RS or rescue angioplasty after failed EVT were collected. Patients who received RS with large vessel occlusion and at least 4 BP measurements in the first 24 h were included. Results RS was performed in 437 patients (40.5% female, mean age 67.1 ± 13 years). Admission median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 12 (IQR 7–18) and history of hypertension was present in 74.2% of patients. Μean Systolic BP (SBP) in the first 24 h was 137.4 ± 14.6 mmHg. Higher values of BPV (coefficient of variation, standard deviation, average real variability and successive variation) were associated with lower odds for Modified Rankin Scale score 0–2 at 90 days (adjusted odds ratio ranging 0.55 [0.38, 0.79] to 0.99 [0.98, 0.99] per 10 units increase). No associations were found between any SBP measure and death, sICH as well as neurological deterioration at 24 h. Conclusion In our study, higher BPV was associated with worse clinical outcomes in stroke patients treated with RS as bailout therapy after failed reperfusion. No association was shown between mean, maximum, minimum and delta SBP and clinical outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Endovascular therapy (EVT) has become an increasingly important part of acute stroke management. However, the lack of trained neurointerventionalists represents a key barrier in expanding availability of EVT in Europe. This project aimed to investigate the association between the number of neurointerventionalists and overall EVT rates. Patients and methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease Report 2021 and the Stroke Action Plan for Europe (Stroke Service Tracker). Data on the number of neurointerventionalists across 35 European countries were surveyed through a structured survey distributed via the Resident and Research Fellow Section (RRFS) of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN). Correlation analyses were performed to estimate the association between neurointerventionalist density per served population, EVT rates and stroke-related mortality and morbidity. Results Survey response rate was 71% (25/35 countries). The proportion of acute ischaemic stroke patients treated with EVT ranged from 0.05% to 14.96% of people with ischaemic stroke, and the number of neurointerventionalists ranged from 9 to 137 per country and from 0.3 to 7.5 per million inhabitants. There was a positive correlation between the number of neurointerventionalists per population served and EVT rates (Spearman coefficient ρ = 0.507; 95% CI, 0.209–0.719). Greater availability of trained neurointerventionalists was moderately associated with lower national ischaemic-stroke mortality (ρ = −0.473; 95% CI, −0.746 to −0.065) and lower overall disability-adjusted life years (ρ = −0.444; 95% CI, −0.729 to −0.027). Discussion and conclusion The number of neurointerventionalists correlates positively with the annual volume of EVT across European countries; higher EVT rates were also associated with lower stroke-related mortality and disability; however, these associations are unadjusted for other important confounders and causality cannot be inferred. These data suggest an urgent need to increase neurointerventional capacity in Europe, for example, by expanding dedicated national training programmes and enhancing support from national and international professional societies.

Everyday communication is dynamic and multisensory, often involving shifting attention, overlapping speech, and visual cues. Yet, most neural attention tracking studies are still limited to highly controlled lab settings, using clean, often audio‐only stimuli and requiring sustained attention to a single talker. This work addresses that gap by introducing a novel dataset from 24 normal‐hearing participants. We used a wearable electroencephalography (EEG) system (44 scalp electrodes and 20 cEEGrid electrodes) in an audiovisual (AV) paradigm with three conditions: sustained attention to a single talker in a two‐talker environment, attention switching between two talkers, and unscripted two‐talker conversations with a competing single talker. Analysis included temporal response functions (TRFs) modeling, optimal lag analysis, selective attention classification with decision windows ranging from 1.1 to 35 s, and comparisons of TRFs for attention to AV conversations versus side audio‐only talkers. Key findings show significant differences in the attention‐related P2 peak between attended and ignored speech across conditions for scalp EEG. Interestingly, our results revealed strong cross‐condition generalization, with models trained in one condition maintaining good performance when evaluated on the other two. No significant change in performance between switching and sustained attention suggests robustness for attention switches. Optimal lag analysis revealed a narrower peak for conversation compared to single‐talker AV stimuli, reflecting the additional complexity of multi‐talker processing. Classification of selective attention was consistently above chance (55%–70% accuracy) for scalp EEG, whereas cEEGrid data yielded lower correlations, highlighting the need for further methodological improvements. These results demonstrate that wearable EEG can reliably track selective attention in dynamic, multisensory listening scenarios and provide guidance for designing future AV paradigms and real‐world attention tracking applications.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogeneous joint disorder traditionally considered mechanically driven; however, evidence indicates that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to symptom expression. Exploratory analyses of peripheral biomarkers may provide insights into systemic inflammation in symptomatic knee OA, but formal phenotypic validation requires dedicated clustering or longitudinal studies. Objective: To examine associations between clinical pain, functional impairment, and circulating inflammatory biomarkers in patients with knee OA compared with healthy controls. Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, patients aged 40–80 years with radiographically confirmed knee OA and chronic knee pain were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Pain intensity and functional status were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Circulating inflammatory biomarkers, including cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, were quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Statistical analyses included adjusted linear regression models, with age and BMI as covariates, and multiple testing correction using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (FDR alpha error 5%). Results: OA patients exhibited higher circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-3, TNFSF13, TNFSF13B, and pentraxin-3 compared with controls (p < 0.01). No significant sex differences were observed. KOOSs correlated with IL-6 and IL-10 levels, suggesting an association between systemic inflammatory activity and functional limitation. All findings are presented as exploratory and associative. Conclusions: Patients with knee OA display systemic inflammatory biomarker differences associated with pain and functional impairment. These results support the role of inflammation in OA symptoms within an exploratory framework. Larger, longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these observations.

This study examines the key competencies required of teachers in contemporary education and their role in preparing future generations. These competencies are widely recognized as foundational to societal development across multiple domains. In this context, the 4Cs model in initial teacher education was developed to establish conceptual and pedagogical preconditions for integrating critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication competencies into teacher education programs. The study investigated the perceptions of students enrolled in teacher education programs at the University of Sarajevo regarding instructional activities through which university teachers foster and develop 4Cs competencies in higher education teaching. The findings indicate that, from the students’ perspective, instructional activities most strongly support the development of communication competency, followed by critical thinking and collaboration, whereas creativity is the least consistently fostered. This finding suggests that the integration of 4Cs competencies in higher education remains predominantly declarative rather than transformative, revealing a gap between curricular expectations and pedagogical practice. Furthermore, the results indicate a highly significant correlation between instructional activities fostering critical thinking and creativity. Significant correlations were also observed among the other competency scales, indicating that these competencies are interrelated and mutually reinforcing rather than developed in isolation. These findings highlight practical implications for teacher education programs.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) therapies that restore SMN expression improve survival and motor function but often fail to fully stabilize distal motor units or sustain endurance. We propose a hypothesis-driven adjunctive approach, intended to complement SMN-restoring therapies, in which localized nanotube-enabled interfaces acting at or near the distal motor unit and neuromuscular junction enhance neuromuscular transmission reliability in surviving, remodeled motor units. The model predicts a temporal cascade: improved junctional reliability and reduced activity-dependent failure, followed by consistent motor unit output across repeated activation, and ultimately, enhanced endurance and functional reserve. Phenotype-specific responsiveness identifies patients most likely to benefit, specifically those with preserved-but-limited residual motor unit substrate accompanied by measurable neuromuscular junction instability. Drawing on shared mechanisms from ALS, spinal cord injury, and other neuromuscular disorders, we discuss mechanistic, translational, safety, regulatory, and ethical considerations. This framework links objective physiological constructs to functional outcomes, offering a mechanistically grounded path for adjunctive therapy development in SMA and related conditions.