With the increasing need for efficient traffic surveillance systems, computer vision emerges as a promising technology to address various challenges in this domain. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the application of computer vision in traffic surveillance. It commences by discussing fundamental concepts of computer vision and its role in traffic monitoring, followed by an exploration of various techniques and algorithms used in computer vision systems, including object detection, tracking, and classification. Furthermore, it investigates the integration of computer vision with other technologies such as machine learning and deep learning, emphasizing their impact on enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of traffic surveillance systems. The review explores specific applications of computer vision in traffic surveillance, such as traffic flow monitoring, anomaly detection, and license plate recognition. Additionally, it addresses challenges and limitations associated with the implementation of computer vision in real-world traffic scenarios. Synthesizing existing literature, case studies, and research findings, this review offers a comprehensive insight into the current state-of-the-art in the application of computer vision for traffic surveillance systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of future directions and potential research opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Although people with HIV might be at risk of severe outcomes from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2; coronavirus 2019 [COVID‐19]), regional and temporal differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 testing in people with HIV across Europe have not been previously described.

Recent investigations have reported the benefits of using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dasatinib (DA), as well as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in the management of several solid tumors, including breast cancer. Nevertheless, the outcome of the combination of these inhibitors on HER2-positive breast cancer is not explored yet. Herein, we investigated the impact of DA and PD-L1 inhibitor (BMS-202) combination on HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, SKBR3 and ZR75. Our data reveal that the combination significantly inhibits cell viability of both cancer cell lines as compared to monotreatment. Moreover, the combination inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and reduces cancer cell invasion by restoring E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions and loss of vimentin, major biomarkers of EMT. Additionally, the combination reduces the colony formation of both cell lines in comparison with their matched control. Also, the combination considerably inhibits the angiogenesis of the chorioallantoic membrane model compared with monotreatment. Molecular pathway analysis of treated cells shows that this combination blocks HER2, AKT, β-catenin, and JNK1/2/3 activities. Our findings implicate that a combination of DA and BMS-202 could have a significant impact on the management of HER2-positive breast cancer.

Wood is one of the most important materials that has been used for several millennia. It is therefore not surprising that wood plays an important role in the cultural and technical heritage of several European countries and beyond. An excellent example of cultural and technical heritage is a wooden mill, almost 100-year-old, near Cazin in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These mills played an important role, especially in times of Bosnian war (1992- 95), when this region was cut off from electricity. The microscopic analysis of the wood materials used in the mills revealed that the mills were made of chestnut (Castanea sativa) and oak (Quercus sp.) wood. Sufficient durability of these wood species resulted in good structural integrity of the mills. The surface of the wood materials in the mills showed partial degradation patterns caused by weathering over the years. However, the interior parts of the wood materials were intact probably due to smoke deposits from the open fireplace. It is suggested that the roofing in the mills should be maintained regularly to prevent possible leaks to protect this heritage for future generations.

The sharpnose sevengill shark (Heptranchias perlo) is a rare and poorly understood deep‐sea species, with only a few records in the Adriatic Sea over the last two centuries and a significant gap in sightings. Throughout 2023, three new records are documented in the southernmost Adriatic Sea, found at depths ranging from 391 to 452 m off Vlorë. This study marks the first comprehensive health examination of a deep‐sea shark, investigating potential trauma and injuries resulting from trawling. It encompasses pathological and histopathological examinations, supplemented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The research highlights alarming post‐capture mortality rates in this data deficient species, discusses further conservation implications, and proposes protective measures for the species. Beyond addressing critical knowledge gaps, this study advocates for collaborative efforts with local fishermen to establish long‐term monitoring and obtain data on the frequency and abundance of elusive species.

Abstract Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a highly infectious viral disease that affects birds, including wild water birds and poultry. The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains, such as H5N1, have raised concerns due to their potential to cause severe outbreaks and cross the species barrier, leading to human infections and global public health emergencies. In this study, we report the first case of HPAI H5N1 detection in Montenegro. Twenty-six carcasses of dalmatian pelicans were found in Skadar Lake, Montenegro, and the H5N1 subtype was confirmed through molecular testing in the samples from pelicans. The whole influenza genome was sequenced and belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b was determined.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common chronic liver condition. Due to pathophysiological processes, MASLD's relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unclear, especially when the role of adipocytokines is taken into consideration. Objective: This study aims to examine the potential predictive value of adiponectin and resistin for MASLD in T2DM. Patients and methods: In a two-year study, 71 T2DM patients were categorized into MASLD-T2DM and non-MASLD-T2DM groups according to MASLD development. Serum samples were tested for resistin, adiponectin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. An appropriate equation is used to calculate the adiponectin/resistin (A/R) index. The optimal cut-off values for differentiating MASLD patients from non-MASLD patients were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC). To predict the onset of MASLD in patients with T2DM, a logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: There were significant differences in adiponectin (p<0.001), resistin (p<0.001), and A/R index (p<0.001) between T2DM individuals with and without MASLD. The ROC curve for resistin produced an AUC of 0.997 (p<0.001) with a sensitivity of 96.1% and a specificity of 100% for the cut-off point of 253.15. Adiponectin (OR, 0.054; 95% CI, 0.011-0.268; p<0.001) and resistin (OR, 1.745; 95% CI, 1.195-2,548; p=0.004) were found to be independent predictors for MASLD by logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of adiponectin and resistin as predictors of MASLD development in T2DM.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the frequency, severity, and risk factors associated with Hickman catheter-related complications in children with hemato-oncological malignancies at the largest pediatric tertiary care unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on a cohort of pediatric cancer patients who underwent Hickman central venous catheters (CVCs) between January 2019 and December 2022. Mechanical, infectious, and thrombotic Hickman catheter-related complications were evaluated and analyzed. We also investigated possible risk factors associated with these complications. RESULTS Seventy-one Hickman CVCs were inserted in 68 children (44 boys and 24 girls) at a mean age of 6.9 ± 4.6. Forty (58.8%) children had hematological malignancies and 28 (41.2%) solid cancers. The median follow-up after Hickman CVC insertion was 190 days (95% CI [160-212]) for 12 644 catheter days. During follow-up, 10 (14.1%) mechanical, 7 (9.9%) infectious, and 1 (1.4%) thrombotic complications were recorded (0.8, 0.48, and 0.08 for mechanical, infectious, and thrombotic complications per 1000 catheter days, respectively). A slightly higher incidence of complications was recorded in children with hematological malignancies (1.59 per 1000 catheter days) compared with children with solid cancers (1.22 complications per 1000 catheter days). CONCLUSION Using Hickman CVCs for long-term venous access in infusional chemotherapy for pediatric cancer patients is safe but is associated with significant morbidity.

SMAD4 is a tumour suppressor gene that is mutated in up to 60% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumours. Activins are members of the TGF-b signalling superfamily which signal through SMAD4 and are generally associated with an oncogenic process, with differing effects on tumour and stromal cells, such as cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We sought to further elucidate the role of activin within PDAC and perturb activin signalling in vitro and in vivo. Analysis was performed of publicly available human datasets alongside human and murine single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets to study the effect of activin expression on survival and tumourigenesis. We developed anti-activin monoclonal antibodies to perturb activin signalling in PDAC mice, with deep analysis of tumour composition including immune cells and CAFs via a multitude of basic science techniques. We demonstrated that circulating activin levels are higher in PDAC patients than in healthy volunteers, whilst activin overexpression is associated with reduced overall survival in PDAC patients. Activin was shown to be predominantly expressed by contractile (collagen-depositing) CAFs, as opposed to inflammatory CAFs. Activin expression co-localises with fibroblasts, and anti-activin antibodies can reduce the collagen content of dense PDAC tumours. Additionally, anti-activin antibodies led to a statistically significant increase in CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltration into murine PDAC tumours. We have shown that activin is overexpressed in PDAC, and high expression is associated with a more aggressive disease process. Anti-activin antibodies can alter the composition of desmoplastic PDAC tumours and increase the immune infiltrate of these typically “immune cold” tumours.

: Variants of proportional navigation (PN) are perhaps mostly used guidance laws for tactical homing missiles. PN aims to generate commanding missile lateral acceleration proportional to line of sight (LOS) angular rate, so that missile velocity vector rotates in such a way to assure interception of a target. In order to generate commanding lateral accelerations, the guidance system needs measurements of LOS angular rate and the closing velocity between the missile and the target, or the missile velocity. A device which provides guidance information is referred to as the missile seeker. In the case of imaging based seekers (visible light (EO), infrared light (IIR)), LOS rate is estimated using imaging sensor, while closing or missile velocity is measured using appropriate sensors or guess estimated. In this paper, we present the design and simulation of a missile homing system which includes: true PN guidance law, linear multiloop acceleration autopilot, and gimbaled imaging based missile seeker. Target seeker uses advanced deep machine learning object detection YOLO (You only look once) model, for target detection and tracking as well as LOS rate estimation. Comprehensive simulation model, consisting of full 6DOF missile and controls dynamics, 3D world and camera model, is developed. Intensive simulation results show performances of the proposed missile homing system.

Objective Older adults constitute a heterogeneous group, and the focus of the individual physical exercise is often subject to the reasoning and experience of health professionals or exercise physiologists who prescribe them. Thus, this is the first effort to explicitly conceptualise the planning of individualised physical exercise training (IPET) for older adults in an outpatient setting and investigate individual exercise preferences. Design The concept of IPET was developed by researchers, exercise physiologists and health professionals from a real-life outpatient setting using an iterative approach. Health indicators assessing aerobic capacity, strength, balance and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort sites form the basis of physical exercise recommendations. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the basis of implementing IPET. Setting Outpatient setting. Participants We included 115 older adults (70 females) from an outpatient setting with a median age of 74 years. Outcome measures Health indicators assessing aerobic capacity, strength, balance and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort sites were collected and informed the concept of IPET that structures exercise programmes based on the individual citizen’s needs and physical exercise preferences. Exceeding a health indicator cut-point results in exercise content mitigating the risk associated with the health indicator. Results We included 115 older adults (70 females) from an outpatient setting median age of 74 years. Approximately two-thirds of participants exceeded at least one health indicator cut-point for aerobic training. One-third of the participants exceeded the cut-point for upper extremity strength, and almost all participants >99% exceeded the cut-point for lower extremity strength. Approximately two-thirds of the participants exceeded the cut-point for functional/balance training. The most prevalent site of musculoskeletal pain was the lower extremities. Eight of 20 training combinations were used, clustering the 115 participants primarily in three main training combinations. Discussion This study shows that older adults vary in physical functioning, indicating that exercise preferences and rehabilitation needs are individual. Trial registration number NCT04862481.

Abstract Parasitic diseases of wild animals represent an important area of research. In addition to the significant impact on wildlife health and fitness, many parasitic diseases have zoonotic implications. Due to limited scientific information, this research aimed to investigate parasitic diseases in wildlife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), focusing on the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H), emphasizing zoonotic species. In the period from April 2020 to November 2022, we conducted research on 9 wildlife species. We analyzed fecal samples to detect and identify diagnostic stages (eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts) of various animal endoparasites using coprological methods, such as sedimentation, flotation, and the Baermann technique. The MERIFLUOR® Cryptosporidium/Giardia test was also used for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. In the case of red foxes, intestinal samples were examined using the intestinal scraping technique to detect adult helminths. All collected muscle samples were subjected to the artificial digestion method for Trichinella detection. From 1,278 samples, 70.9% were positive. Parasitic infections were confirmed in 15.9% (11/69) of bears; 83.7% (262/313) of red foxes; 67.6% (44/65) of wolves; 25% (1/4) of wildcats; 20% (1/5) of badger; 43.7% (7/16) of martens; 39.7% (76/191) of wild boars; 84.5% (350/414) of deer, and 77.1% (155/201) of hares. The finding of zoonotic parasites (Toxocara canis, Uncinaria spp., Trichinella spp., Echinococcus spp. etc.) is particularly important due to their potential detrimental effects on human health, which highlights the need for further investigations.

In recent decades, conventional medicine has begun to include natural remedies and spiritual therapy in the treatment of people with mental disorders, and in recent years, physicians and healthcare professionals more often refer to alternative and complementary methods in the treatment of mental disorders. Alternative medicine includes “other treatments” and a more suitable term would be complementary medicine which supplements the definition of conventional medicine accepted by the World Health Organization. After the rise of pharmaceutical industry in the second half of the 20th century and significant advancement in the treatment of mental disorders, comes a period of disappointment and acceptance of the fact that synthetic drugs are not omnipotent and may have serious and unpleasant side-effects. Due to this fact, there is a growing interest in the treatment of mental disorders with the use of complementary methods. It is important to note that these methods are not a substitute for standard treatment procedures and their appropriate application does not diminish the importance of classical treatment of psychiatric disorders. Numerous patients refuse classical therapy and seek the help of complementary medicine methods. It is therefore important for physicians and healthcare professionals to have knowledge of complementary medicine which is science based and advises on treatment methods provided they are scientifically justified. Key words: complementary medicine, psychiatry

Objective: This retrospective (matched paired) clinical trial aimed to compare the efficacy of dexamethasone vs. methylprednisolone at equipotent (high) doses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: A total of 347 patients with moderate and severe COVID-19-associated ARDS were administered either a high (equipotent) dose of dexamethasone (32 mg) or methylprednisolone (180 mg) for a duration of up to 10 days. All participants received the standard of care for critically ill COVID-19 patients. Results: The primary outcomes included length of stay in the ICU, ICU mortality, and discharge from the hospital. Based on the obtained results, a tendency towards more favorable clinical outcomes concerning the length of stay in the ICU (in the group of patients treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), p<0.05), ICU mortality, and discharge from the hospital (in the group of patients who were intubated, p<0.05) in patients receiving the high dose of dexamethasone compared to those receiving methylprednisolone was observed. Conclusion: It appears that severe cases of COVID-19, especially intubated ones, treated with high doses of dexamethasone have a more favorable clinical outcome than the use of equipotent doses of methylprednisolone. However, larger multicenter studies are needed to validate our observations.