Obesity is a chronic, complex, relapsing disease impacting healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. We aim to analyze the utilization trends of antiobesity drugs, and their reimbursement status on drug lists of health insurance funds (HIF) in selected European countries. The DDD/1000 inhabitants/day methodology is used for utilization trend analysis, where data from official national utilization reports were used. For the reimbursement status analysis of 5 antiobesity drugs (orlistat, semaglutide, liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, setmelanotide), the websites of national health insurance funds (HIF) of 22 European countries were screened. Trend analysis revealed fluctuation for almost all antiobesity drugs (the highest decrease seen for orlistat in Serbia, and the highest increase for liraglutide in Croatia). Novel antiobesity drugs show an increasing utilization trend in almost all the countries. In two out of three European countries, 437 antiobesity drugs are not covered by the HIF. Slovenia and Denmark reimburse most of the antiobesity drugs. The Netherlands is the only country where the cost of setmelanotide is paid by the HIF. Our results emphasize the importance of prioritizing the introduction and implementation of new strategies and reimbursement scheme models in global and national antiobesity policies.

The paper examines the possibilities of applying solar cooling in B&H, since the potential of solar energy is great. The goal is to reduce primary energy consumption, as well as to reduce emissions of harmful gases, primarily CO2. The feasibility of a single-stage H2O/LiBr absorption cooling device powered by heat from solar collectors for a building in Tuzla was investigated, as well as a comparison with the existing compression cooling device. A solar cooling system was selected for the calculated heat load values. A mathematical model for the absorption single-stage cooling cycle has been developed that includes mass and energy balance equations as well as heat exchange equations. The absorption system is designed for the maximum cooling load of the specified facility.

Atherosclerotic diseases are among the leading causes of mortality in the world and in our country. In the last few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of the disease. Interest in risk factors for atherosclerotic disease began at the beginning of the last century when hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperuricemia were first emphasized. In later research, the World Health Organization introduced the term metabolic syndrome (MSy). In 2001, the Expert Group for the Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) provided a new definition of MSy that is considered the most widely used in clinical practice, where the presence of MSy is determined by the presence of three of the following five risk factors: abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL level and hyperglycemia. This definition has undergone a whole series of corrections, of which the definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) should be singled out, which tightened the criteria for abdominal obesity, which became a mandatory risk factor and hyperglycemia. It is estimated that the frequency of MSy in the older population over 20 years is over 30%, and in the patients with atherosclerotic disease over 55%. In addition, healthy habits can also contribute to the risk of developing atherosclerotic diseases, primarily physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking and dietary habits. Early recognition and detection of risk factors for atherosclerosis is the most important way to prevent the disease and its complications.

The acute and chronic effects of dehydration on athletes' health are well known, but it is less known about the relationship between dehydration and sports performance. There is an overall consensus in the literature that dehydration ≥ 2% body mass represents a threshold at which endurance, as aerobic performance, becomes impaired. Dehydration degrades aerobic performance by various mechanisms, such as a decrease in VO2 max, a decrease in circulatory volume and consequent decrease in cardiac stroke volume. At higher levels of dehydration, there is an increase in heart rate, body temperature, carbohydrate oxidation and muscle glycogenolysis. The effect of dehydration on anaerobic sports performance, such as muscle strength and power, is less known. The high osmotic stress that usually accompanies high levels of intracellular dehydration can modulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, alter the neuronal firing of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus, and potentially affect the excitability of motor output pathways. Studies have shown that acute dehydration impairs muscle strength and endurance and increases the perception of fatigue but without changes in markers of central and peripheral neuromuscular function. In addition to the physical, dehydration also affects the mental performance of athletes. Symptoms of dehydration (dry mouth, thirst, headache, fatigue) affect the athletes' cognitive functions and their cognitive resilience. Therefore, personalized rehydration strategies play a key role in athletes' safety during sporting activities, as well as in optimizing sports performance. In this paper, the role of dehydration on physical and mental athletes' performance will be reviewed, as well as the latest recommendations for adequate rehydration.

Introduction/Objective. Diabetic retinopathy, peripheral vascular disease, and other diabetic complications may lead to a lowering of quality of life, significant comorbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to analyze the risk factors of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy due to type 2 diabetes. Methods. We analyzed 63 patients having diabetic retinopathy (33 patients without and 30 patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease). All the patients were asked for demographic data, medical history, physical findings, laboratory and vascular status. Results. Patients having confirmed peripheral occlusive arterial disease suffered from diabetes significantly longer (32.67 vs. 9.71 years, t = 12.834, p < 0.001), were more often smokers (23:13, ?2 = 8.92, p < 0.05), had ischemic heart disease significantly more frequently (24:10, ?2 = 15.643, p < 0.001), used statins more frequently (21:14; ?2 = 4.84, p < 0.05), had claudications (25:4, ?2 = 32,075, p < 0.001), depilations (30:9, ?2 = 35,240, p < 0.001), thinned atrophic foot skin (30:12, ?2 = 28.64, p < 0.01), foot ulcers (10:1, ?2 = 10.013, p < 0.01), significantly higher HbA1c values (9.31:7.17, t = 5.250, p < 0.001), as well as glycemic control (11.60:8.20, t = 4.913, p < 0.001). Conclusion. It has been shown that the duration of type 2 diabetes, smoking, poor regulation of blood glucose levels and HbA1c significantly contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy in patients having peripheral artery occlusion.

Background: RV dysfunction has been recognized as a powerful independent predictor of poor prognosis. Therefore, accurate evaluation of RV function is helpful for risk stratification in patients with HF, so as to guide clinicians to choose the best treatment and improve the prognosis of patients. Therefore, assessment of RV function is clinically important in almost all patients with heart disease. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: We evaluated a prospective cohort of 126 patients with known or suspected HFrEF referred for echocardiographic evaluation. All underwent measurement of RV free-wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) by 2D transthoracic echocardiography. The primary study endpoint was the occurrence of death for any cause or hospitalization for heart failure. Results: From 126 eligible patients with chronic heart failure, 10 (8%) with RVFWLS not suitable for strain analysis were excluded, leaving a final study population of 116 patients. During the follow-up period of 24 months, 44 patients (38%) reached the composite end point: 18 patients died (15%), and 26 patients (22%) were hospitalized for worsening HF. Compared with patients without events, patients who reached the composite end point were older and prevalently men (P <0.05). Patients with events also showed higher LV volumes, lower LVEF%, increased left atrial volume index (LAVI), increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and higher prevalence of severe MR and TR than event-free patients. Diastolic RV diameter was also significantly greater in this group. In this study, we found that a RVFWLS less negative of -19.3% was associated to outcomes with 75% sensitivity and 67% specificity P < 0.001. A value of RVFWLS less than -19.3% was strongly associated to outcome with HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.487–2.7; P < 0.001. Conclusion: RV free wall longitudinal strain seems to be more sensitive and accurate for the diagnosis of RV systolic dysfunction in patients with HFrEF, therefore assessment of RV function should be implemented by analysis of RVFWLS in patients with HFrEF, to improve identification of patients who are at high risk for adverse events.

The study investigates how the main characters Alexander (Daniel Brühl) and Christiane (Katrin Sass) and their complex and dynamic relationships are characterized through film dialogue in the German film Good Bye, Lenin! directed by Wolfgang Becker in 2003. Since dialogues often serve as carriers of socio- historical circumstances and interpersonal relationships, which is also evident in this film, the aim of the study is to analyze the gradual revelation of the protagonists’ personal identities, their psychological “currents,” perception of reality, and motives for their actions based on three selected dialogues. In order to follow the emotional depth as well as the internal conflicts in the context of the socio-political upheavals of that time (for example, Christiane’s comatose alertness can be interpreted as a powerful metaphor for the collapse of East Germany), the discourse analysis will also include the linguistic-stylistic features that permeate and contribute to its development.

U radu su prikazane interpretacije rodno zasnovanog nasilja kroz međunarodnopravne, a sprimarnim fokusom na standarde UNa i Vijeća Evrope. Koristeći primarno logičku i lingvističkumetodu u pravu prikazani su načini na koje se tumači rod u sintagmi 'rodno zasnovano nasilje' i kako,u odnosu na ova tumačenja, varira i opseg pojma. Specifičan fokus rada su kontekstualneinterpretacije u lokalnom, bosanskohercegovačkom diskursu. Ovakav pristup motiviran je prvenstvenoanti-rodnim kampanjama u 21. stoljeću u Evropi i Americi (Paternotte i Kuhar, 2017, str. 7; Sosa,2021, str. 3) strukturiranih kao desničarski populizam koji redefinira i demonizira značenje riječi rod(Graff i Korolczuk, 2022, str. 4, 7). Anti-rodne kampanje imaju svoje refleksije i u Bosni i Hercegovinii državama u regionu koja posebno dolazi do izražaja kroz tumačenje 'rodno zasnovanog nasilja' uprevođenju međunarodnih standarda u nacionalno zakonodavstvo.

Nasilje u partnerskim odnosima već dugo je predmet istraživačkog interesa sa fokusom naodrasle osobe. Od 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pokazuje se povećani interes za nasilje u vezamamladih kao i njihov kvalitet veze. Prve emotivne veze u ljudskim životima u pravilu se i javljaju zavrijeme adolescentnog perioda, i donose sa sobom nova iskusva i doživljaje. Važna komponentaodnosa sa suprotnim spolom je osjećaj zaljubljenosti. Mladi se u ovom periodu suočavaju s vrlovažnim razvojnim izazovom – pokušavaju uspostaviti novi oblik bliskog odnosa sa osobom koja im jeprivlačna na potpuno novi način. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati percepciju kvalieta emotivnih veza kodmladih i utvrditi prisustvo nasilja sa posebnim osvrtom na njegove pojavne oblike. Uzorak ispitanikasu činili mladi u dobi od 18 do 25 godina. Zadovoljstvo emotivnom vezom predstavlja stepen u kojempojedinac svoju romantičnu vezu procjenjuje kvalitetnom, a ova procjena zadovoljstva ovisi od odnosadobitaka i gubitaka u vezi. U svrhu procjene korištena je Skala procjene kvalitete veze (RelationshipAssesment Scale – RAS) (Adaptirana prema Šunjiić i Penezić, 2014). Za potrebe istraživanjakonstruisan je i Upitnik vezan za prisustvo nasilja u mladenačkim vezama.Rezultati istraživanjaobrađeni su detaljnom deskriptivnom analizom. Rezultati pokazuju da mladi imaju različitupercepciju kvaliteta emotivne veze. Također se pokazalo da su mladi u svjesni postojanja problemanasilja u vezi i da prepoznaju nasilne obrasce ponašanja. U nasilna ponašanja najčepće ubrajaju onakojima se nastoji dominirati i kontrolisati partner. Rezultati istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao baza zakreiranje programa za prevenciju nasilja u mladenačkim vezama.

The research was conducted on a sample of 102 respondents (teachers/professors) employed in elementary schools in the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main goal of the research is to determine the attitudes and possible differences in the attitudes of teachers and professors regarding the early recognition and development of athletically gifted students who transition from classroom to subject classes, in the activities that the student engages in with regard to the gender, work status, age and level of education of the respondents. As a measuring instrument in the research, a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was used, in which each statement has 5 answers (I do not agree at all, I do not agree, I have no opinion/I am neutral, I agree, I completely agree). The survey questionnaire contained seven indicators for the assessment of early recognition and support for the development of sports gifted students, as well as questions related to the respondent’s gender, workplace/position, age and level of education. The results of the t-test and the analysis of variance of the different groups with LSD Post Hoc comparison tests were used to determine any statistically significant differences between the groups of respondents with regard to gender, workplace/position, age and level of education. The obtained results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of teachers/professors regarding the early recognition and development of athletically gifted students in the activities that the student engages in with regard to gender and age, and the differences in the attitudes of the respondents were determined with regard to work status and level of education of the respondents.

The ratio of concentrations of total nitrogen and five-day biochemical oxygen demand in the sanitary wastewater of an energy infrastructure facility in Serbia is many times higher than usual, resulting in only half of the total nitrogen being eliminated in wastewater treatment plants (membrane bioreactor with anoxic and aerobic reactors) by denitrification. The first step of analysis was mathematical modelling of the composition and origins of the input wastewater. The model was developed based on the scientific literature data on composition of human excrement and the data on composition of water used for sanitary purposes. Next, it was successfully verified by comparisons to the experimental data of the wastewater composition. In the next step, a model for wastewater treatment simulation was created by using the BioWin software (Envirosim Associates, USA) in order to examine functioning of the plant and test the effects of several possible modifications of the process. A good agreement with the qualities of the influent and effluent determined by laboratory analyses was achieved after model calibration. The results of simulations showed a tenfold decrease in the total nitrogen concentration and a fortyfold decrease in the total phosphorous concentration in the effluent after introducing the following modifications to the simulated process: ferric chloride dosing, increasing dosing of acetate in the anoxic reactor by a factor of seven, increasing of the waste activated sludge rate by a factor of four and increasing the recirculation flow rate by a factor of three.