Background: The Lung adenocarcinoma, a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer, exhibits diverse histopathological patterns, impacting prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. Objective: This study explores the correlation between smoking habits and the prevalence of different histopathological subtypes in invasive lung adenocarcinoma (IAC). Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study included 140 patients with surgically treated, histopathological verified lung adenocarcinoma. The patients were classified based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) histopathological patterns, and smoking status data were collected from medical records. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: The predominant histopathological subtypes were acinar (47.9%) and solid (30.7%) IAC. Smokers constituted 84.3% of the patients, with a majority (61.7%) consuming more than 20 cigarettes per day. A weak, statistically significant correlation was found between histopathological patterns and smoking habits among smokers (rho=0.054; p=0.04). Acinar IAC was more common in those consuming up to 20 cigarettes daily, while the solid pattern predominated in those smoking more than 20 cigarettes (rho=0.189; p=0.04). No significant correlation was observed with the duration of smoking history. Conclusion: The study reveals a predictive relationship between smoking habits, including the number of cigarettes consumed, and the histopathological pattern of IAC in resected specimens. Acinar and solid subtypes were more prevalent, with distinct associations to smoking behaviors. Understanding these relationships can contribute to personalized treatment approaches and further research on lung adenocarcinoma.

The increased need for smart management of agricultural resources resulted in the preparation and implementation of H2020 project SMARTWATER. This publication aims to present the main outcomes of SMARTWATER in three years of implementation (2021-2023), to encourage relevant target groups to participate in the action in 2024 and to promote smart management of agricultural resources. During project implementation different results were obtained. SMARTWATER team will continue with different twinning activities in 2024 aiming to promote smart agriculture practices, increase the competencies of scientists and young researchers and disseminate the project outcomes.

: This study explores the accessibility of critical infrastructures (CRITIS) in urban planning, focusing on the City of Sarajevo. CRITIS, essential for societal functioning, encompasses diverse services vital to social, economic, political, health, educational, and administrative systems. The authors leverage geographic information system (GIS) tools to construct an accessibility model for Sarajevo, analysing the spatial availability of critical functions. Six groups of CRITIS indicators, composed of 29 CRITIS elements, were used in the derivation of critical infrastructure accessibility index. The methodological framework was based on implementation of network GIS analysis, interpolation method (IDW) and GIS multi-criteria analysis, which could be applicable to similar research studies. Local communities concentrated in the strict urban core (Ferhadija, Baščaršija) have the best accessibility of CRITIS, while peripheral local communities with a large area, such as Mošćanica and Reljevo, have the lowest. Results suggest a zonal categorization of the urban area, providing valuable insights for spatial planning and future urban development management. The study reveals that the highest value of CRITIS accessibility doesn't necessarily align with the most densely populated areas at local community level.

Remote sensing plays a vital role in analyzing urban changes. In this regard, various datasets collected from satellites today serve as a foundation for decision-makers and urban planners. This study compares the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as indicators for the creation of surface heat islands. Using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C2 L2 images, spatial correlations between land surface temperature (LST) were examined for August 2013, 2019 and 2023. Urban heat islands (UHI) are a contemporary phenomenon and increasingly common in large urban areas compared to surrounding, less populated areas. With the advancement in remote sensing, it is possible to adequately determine the spatial differentiation and prevalence of urban heat islands (UHI). The study is based on Landsat 8 satellite image sets for the Sarajevo basin in August 2013, 2019 and 2023, which were used to analyze LST, NDVI, and NDBI indices. This work indicates a relationship between LST and NDVI but varies depending on the analyzed year. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) serves as a suitable indicator for surface UHI effects and can be used as an indicator to assess its spatial distribution within a larger urban environment.

The contemporary demographic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a very active topic in academic, but also in wider political and public discourses, particularly in the context of increased depopulation trends. Distinctly negative processes in the natural change and net migration are the result of post-war and transitional circumstances, as well as the socio-economic status of the country. Demographic disparities conditioned by a complex social background (economic, social, political, cultural and environmental factors) are often the subject of geographic research in this area, however, few studies have resulted in a comprehensive demographic categorization of municipalities and cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which would be the first step in detection precise causes of demographic regression. Demographic categorization of municipalities on the basis of as many available demographic indicators as possible is a useful instrument in planning, through which concrete revitalization measures can be created primarily aimed at reducing polarization effects in development and depopulation of continuously deprived regions. This study used demographic data from the last 2013 population census, as well as those from more recent publications of national and entity statistical agencies. Special focus is placed on the index of total population change, population density, vital index, ageing coefficient and share of highly educated population. These indicators were analysed from the aspect of regional disparities, whereby special categories of municipalities and cities were created for each of them, in relation to how favourable is local demographic situation. In the second phase, their multi-criteria data integration was carried out, which more clearly indicate the general level of demographic development of individual municipalities/cities.

The global trend of incorporating students with disabilities into mainstream education is on the rise, a phenomenon observed in countries like Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the attitudes of parents with typically developing children play a pivotal role in shaping the educational journey of students with special needs within regular school systems. This study aims to delve into the level of sensitization among parents of typically developing students concerning their peers with diverse developmental disabilities in Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data for this investigation were collected through a survey comprising 10 questions, each offering 3/4 possible responses. The sample size includes 90 parents of typically developing students attending regular schools across North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thematic analysis of survey results unveils challenges and barriers in the inclusive education process, shedding light on parental sensitization. This exploration identifies specific issues and proposes potential solutions to enhance the inclusivity of the education system. The identified issues emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions and proactive measures to raise awareness among parents, fostering a more supportive and inclusive educational environment. By suggesting plausible solutions, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on inclusive education, serving as a foundation for further research and practical initiatives.

Background: Prior to 2012, the mesentery was perceived as a fragmented structure, lacking distinct functional and anatomical characteristics, and was merely considered part of other digestive organs. Dr. J. Calvin Coffey's in 2012 in his study redefined the mesentery as a distinct organ with a clearly defined anatomical and histological structure, although its specific function remains under investigation. The continuous structure and unique tissue properties of the mesentery classify it as the 78th independent organ in the human body. Insights into mesenteric adipose tissue have enhanced our understanding of normal metabolic processes and disease etiology, impacting health significantly. Experimental and clinical research highlights the vital roles of visceral adipose tissue, influencing neighboring organ function. The interaction within the brain-gut-liver axis is illuminated by the newfound functions of mesenteric adipose tissue, emphasizing its independent organ status. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the latest findings on the structure and function of the mesentery, focusing on visceral-mesenteric adipose tissue, and assess its role as a new organ in the brain-gut-liver axis. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of clinical and experimental studies on the mesentery's structure and function was conducted, focusing on recent discoveries regarding mesenteric adipose tissue and its role in the brain-gut-liver axis. Results and Discussion: Recent research has revealed the mesentery's unique functions, particularly in mesenteric adipose tissue. Mesenteric adipose tissue plays a crucial role in metabolic functions and influences disease onset. It acts as a vital link in the brain-gut-liver axis, directly influencing hepatic metabolism and disorders such as metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Scientific evidence confirms the mesentery's anatomical and functional specificities, solidifying its status as the 78th independent organ in the human body. It serves as a crucial link in the brain-mesentery-small intestine-liver axis, impacting health and disease. Ongoing research holds promise for advancing our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment approaches for metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases.

Background: COVID-19 affects all organ systems, including the visual organs. Clinical manifestations encompass all segments of the eye. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations are rare and can occur during the acute phase of the illness, during recovery, or in the course of Long COVID. These clinical manifestations include optic neuritis and various forms of encephalomyelitis. Optic neuritis more commonly occurs during the recovery phase from the acute form or during Long COVID. Family physicians are in a position to first diagnose optic neuritis in the early stages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present a case of optic neuritis occurring in the early stages of the disease, diagnosed in the prehospital period in a family medicine practice with consultations from ophthalmologists, infectologists, and neurologists. Such close collaboration enabled the early administration of corticosteroid therapy. Case report: A case of a 28-year-old woman is presented, who exhibited symptoms of COVID-19 with a confirmed positive antigen for the SARS-CoV-2 virus (PCR nasopharyngeal swab). On the fourth day of illness, sudden loss of vision in the right eye occurred along with headache. Early diagnosis and early administration of corticosteroid therapy led to significant improvement in vision. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of eye diseases can occur in the early stages of COVID-19 as a direct consequence of viral infection. Ophthalmologist and neurologist examinations are necessary in the early stages of the disease for timely diagnosis of various ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders and adequate therapy.

Value changes in the real estate market affect both the quality of bank loan portfolios and financial stability and the real economy. The Republic of Serbia is one of the countries facing an upward trend in demand for housing. This paper investigates the impact of macroeconomic and banking variables on the real estate price index in Serbia for the period from 2014 to 2023 on a quarterly basis. Also, panel regression and correlation analysis are applied in this research. The selected independent (explanatory) variables are the gross domestic product, the consumer price index, the interest rate on bank loans, the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the Euro and household saving. The research results showed that the independent variable consumer price index had the most significant impact on the housing price index. On the other hand, the following independent variables had the most significant negative impact on the dependent variable (housing price index): interest rate on bank loans and the domestic currency against the Euro.

Background: Radical surgical resection for pancreatic head carcinoma offers a chance for cure but unfortunately is only available to a limited number of patients. For a significant number of patients, palliative surgery remains the only option. The question of the most effective approach for patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head carcinoma (BRPHC) remains unresolved. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the morbidity and mortality following R1 duodenocephalic pancreatectomy and double palliative bypass to explore the most optimal surgical treatment for patients with BRPHC. Methods: Our retrospective cohort study included 64 patients with BRPHC who underwent surgery from 2012 to 2019, with postoperative follow-up for three years. Morbidity and mortality parameters were examined based on the type of surgical treatment: R1 duodenocephalic pancreatectomy or palliative double bypass. Chi-square test, univariate regression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used as basic statistical methods in the analysis of the results. Results: Patients undergoing R1 duodenocephalic pancreatectomy had a 3.69 times higher risk of developing biliary leak (p=0.039; 95%CI:1.066, 1.181) and shorter survival compared to those undergoing palliative double bypass (p=0.022). No statistically significant association was found between the type of surgical procedure and other postoperative complications. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the double palliative bypass procedure may be a better option than R1 resection for patients with BRPHC.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Studies often consider colon and rectal cancers together. The combination of CA 19-9 and CEA markers is used to improve diagnostic accuracy, but there are no reports on the use of this combination as a prognostic predictor for CRC. The study by Kamada et al. was the first to use the "tumor marker index" (TMI), the geometric mean of normalized CEA and CA 19-9 in CRC, demonstrating the prognostic capabilities of this novel marker. However, it is not known how the preoperative value of TMI compares and fits into the current system of prognostic factors for preoperative prediction of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Objective: The aim was to investigate the significance of preoperatively determined TMI in predicting three-year overall survival (3Y-OS) and three-year disease-free survival (3Y-DFS) in patients with stage III adenocarcinoma of the upper and middle rectum. Methods: Our retrospective cohort study included 93 patients who underwent open anterior resection of the rectum between January 2015 and December 2020. Optimal cut-off values of the markers were determined by ROC analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 and R 4.4.0. Results: Patients with TMI ≥1.0158 had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of mortality within three years (p=0.012). Patients with TMI ≥0.979 had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of disease-free survival of less than three years (p=0.003). Compared to CEA and CA 19-9, TMI had the highest AUC for predicting 3Y-OS (0.740, p=0.020) and 3Y-DFS (0.780, p=0.012). Adding TMI to other predictors increased the AUC for predicting both 3Y-OS (from 0.748 to 0.853) (p=0.001) and 3Y-DFS (from 0.711 to 0.850) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our study confirmed previous findings on the usefulness of preoperative TMI as a prognostic marker, further expanding knowledge about its accuracy by comparing and combining it with established prognostic factors, including CEA and CA 19-9.

Background: Human papillomavirus is a risk factor in the development of cervical cancer. Other risk factors are frequent vaginal infections, cigarette smoking, use of oral contraceptives, but also lack of lacrobacillus in women with HPV infection. Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the risk factors for the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions in women with normal and pathological Pap test results. Methods: The research is a prospective study conducted in the Gynecology Center "Dr. Mahira Jahić" Tuzla and Dom Zdravlja Tešanj since February. 2023 to March 2024. The research included 200 respondents aged 25 to 50. Tested group: 100 subjects with pathological Pap smear findings (ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL) and a control group of 100 subjects with normal Pap smear findings. Sociodemographic data were obtained from the subjects during interviews and examinations: age, cigarette consumption and frequency of previous vaginal infections and the presence of lactobacilli. The obtained results were processed using the methods of descriptive statistics, student's t test and X2 test. A difference for a value of p<0.5 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the dpbo examined group was 38.1±1.7, while in the control group it was 39.6±1.9 years. Cigarettes were consumed by 62 (31%), 38 (19%) of the examined group, and 24 (12%) of the control group with a statistically significant difference of p<0.05. Out of a total of 100 in the examined group, 60 subjects had LSIL, 9 subjects had HSIL (CIN 2 two subjects and CIN 3 had 7), and ASCUS 29 and ASC-H 2 subjects. Subjects with pathological findings had significantly more vaginal infections during one year (p<0.05). HPV was positive in 65 (65%) subjects with a pathological Pap smear test, and negative HPV in 35 (35%). HPV 16,18 was present in 19 (19%) test subjects in combined form, and mono-isolate HPV 16 in 14 (14%) and HPV 18 in one case. In the combined form of several HPVs, HPV 16 and HPV 31, 33, 35, 45, 56 were found in 5 (5%), and HPV 18 in 4 (4%) with HPV 36, 59, 68. The most frequently isolated HPV 16 in 38 (38%) as monoisolate and in combined form. Lactobacilli were present in 26 (13%) subjects in the test group and in 60 (30%) subjects in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The presence of Lactobacillus in subjects with a regular Pap test is significantly more frequent compared to women with cervical intraepithelial lesions (ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H and HSIL) ) in the finding of the Pap test. Conclusion: Altered microflora of the vagina, lack of lactobacilli, frequent vaginal infections and smoking are risk factors for the development of CIN lesions in women positive for high-risk HPV.